On the subspace L((x ∧ y)m) of Sm(∧2?4)

We take the exterior power ℝ⁴ ∧ ℝ⁴ of the space ℝ⁴, its mth symmetric power V = S ^m (∧²ℝ⁴) = (ℝ⁴ ∧ ℝ⁴) ∨ (ℝ⁴ ∧ ℝ⁴) ∨ ... ∨(ℝ⁴ ∧ ℝ⁴), and put V ₀ = L((x ∧ y)∨ ... ∨(x ∧ y): x, y ∈ ℝ⁴). We find the dimension of V ₀ and an algorithm for distinguishing a basis for V ₀ efficiently. This problem arose in vector tomography for the purpose of reconstructing the solenoidal part of a symmetric tensor field. Original Russian Text Copyright ? 2009 Gubarev V. Yu. The author was supported by the State Maintenance Program for the Leading Scientific Schools of the Russian Federation (Grant NSh-344.2008.1). __________ Novosibirsk. Translated from Sibirskiĭ Matematicheskiĭ Zhurnal, Vol. 50, No. 3, pp. 503–514, May–June, 2009.     

Hyperidentities and solid varieties

Let V be a variety of type τ. A type τ hyperidentity of V is an identity of V which also holds in an additional stronger sense: for every substitution of terms of the variety (of appropriate arity) for the operation symbols in the identity, the resulting equation holds as an identity of the variety. Such identities were first introduced by Walter Taylor in [27] in 1981. A variety is called solid if all its identities also hold as hyperidentities. For example, the semigroup variety of rectangular bands is a solid variety. For any fixed type τ, the collection of all solid varieties of type τ forms a complete lattice which is a sublattice of the lattice L(τ) of all varieties of type τ. In this paper we give an overview of the study of hyperidentities and solid varieties, particularly for varieties of semigroups, culminating in the construction of an infinite collection of solid varieties of arbitrary type. This paper is dedicated to Walter Taylor. Received July 16, 2005; accepted in final form January 3, 2006. This paper is an expanded version of a talk presented at the Conference on Algebras, Lattices and Varieties in Honour of Walter Taylor, in Boulder Colorado, August 2004. The author’s research is supported by NSERC of Canada.     

On finite hyperidentity bases for varieties of semigroups

For any varietyV of semigroups, we denote byH(V) the collection of all hyperidentities satisfied byV. It is natural to ask whether, for a givenV, H(V) is finitely based. This question has so far been answered, in the negative, for four varieties of semigroups: for the varieties of rectangular bands and of zero semigroups by the author in [8]; for the variety of semilattices by Penner in [5]; and for the varietyS of all semigroups by Bergman in [1]. In this paper, we show how Bergman's proof may in fact be used to deal with a large class of subvarieties ofS, namely all semigroup varieties except those satisfyingx ² =x ^2+m for somem. As a first step in the investigation of these exceptional varieties, we also present some hyperidentities satisfied by the variety B_1,1 of bands, and, using the same technique, show thatH(V) is not finitely based for any subvarietyV of B_1,1. These proofs all exploit the fact that the particular variety in question has hyperidentities of arbitrarily large arity. We conclude with an example of a variety for which even the collection of hyperidentities containing only one binary operation symbol is not finitely based.Presented by W. Taylor.Research supported by Natural Sciences & Engineering Research Council of Canada.     

Ockham algebras with double pseudocomplementation

The variety dpO consists of those algebras (L; ∧, ∨, f, *, ⁺, 0, 1) with ∧, ∨ binary, f, *, ⁺ unary and 0, 1 nullary, and where (L; ∧, ∨, f, 0, 1) is an Ockham algebra and the unary operations f and * commute, f and⁺ commute. We describe completely the structure of the subdirectly irreducible algebras that belong to the subclass dpK_1,1, characterised by the property f³ = f. This paper is dedicated to Walter Taylor. Received September 29, 2004; accepted in final form September 8, 2005.     

L-fuzzy ⋎ and ⋏ hyperoperations and the associated l-fuzzy hyperalgebras

In this paper we study two fuzzy hyperoperations, denoted by ⋎ (which can be seen as a generalization of ∨) and ⋏ (which can be seen as a generalization of ∧). ⋎ is obtained from a family of crisp ∨; _p hyperoperations and ⋏ is obtained from a family of crisp ∧ _p hyperoperations. The hyperstructure (X, ⋎, ∧) resembles ahyperlattice and the hyperstructure (X, ∨, ⋏) resembles adual hyperlattice     

A note on the congruences of the nakano superlattice and some properties of the associated quotients

In this paper we explore theNakano superlattice (H, ⊔, ⊓), where ⊔, ⊓ are the Nakanohyperoperations x⊔y={z:x∨z=y∨z=x∨y},x⊓y={z:x∧z=y∧z=x∧y}. In particular, we study the properties of congruences on the Nakano superlattice and the associated quotients. New hyperoperations are introduced on the quotient and their properties studied.     

Generalized fuzzy <Emphasis Type="Italic">n</Emphasis>-ary subhypergroups of a commutative <Emphasis Type="Italic">n</Emphasis>-ary hypergroup

In this paper, by means of a new idea, the concept of (invertible) (∈,∈∨q)-fuzzy n-ary subhypergroups of a commutative n-ary hypergroup is introduced and some related properties are investigated. A kind of n-ary quotient hypergroup by an (∈, ∈∨q)-fuzzy n-ary subhypergroup is provided and the relationships among (∈, ∈∨q)-fuzzy n-ary subhypergroups, n-ary quotient hypergroups and homomorphism are investigated. Several isomorphism theories of n-ary hypergroups are established.     

Commuting double Ockham algebras

In this paper,we study a certain class of double Ockham algebras (L;∧,∨,f,k,0,1), namely the bounded distributive lattices (L;∧,∨,0,1) endowed with a commuting pair of unary op- erations f and k,both of which are dual endomorphisms.We characterize the subdirectly irreducible members,and also consider the special case when both (L;f) and (L;k) are de Morgan algebras.We show via Priestley duality that there are precisely nine non-isomorphic subdirectly irreducible members, all of which are simple.     

Interpreting arithmetics in the ideal lattice of a free vector lattice ℱ<Subscript><Emphasis Type="Italic">n</Emphasis></Subscript>

A vector space V over a real field R is a lattice under some partial order, which is referred to as a vector lattice if u + (v ∨ w) = (u + v) ∨ (u + w) and u + (v ∧ w) = (u + v) ∧ (u + w) for all u, v, w ∈ V. It is proved that a model N of positive integers with addition and multiplications is relatively elementarily interpreted in the ideal lattice ℱ _n of a free vector lattice ℱ _n on a set of n generators. This, in view of the fact that an elementary theory for N is hereditarily undecidable, implies that an elementary theory for ℱ _n is also hereditarily undecidable. __________ Translated from Algebra i Logika, Vol. 47, No. 1, pp. 71–82, January–February, 2008.     

Binary hyperidentities of lattices

Summary An equational identity of a given type involves two kinds of symbols: individual variables and the operation symbols. For example, the distributive identity: x (y + z) = x y + x z has three variable symbols {x, y, z} and two operation symbols {+, }. Here the variables range over all the elements of the base set while the two operation symbols are fixed. However, we shall say that an identity ishypersatisfied by a varietyV if, whenever we also allow the operation symbols to range over all polynomials of appropriate arity, the resulting identities are all satisfied byV in the usual sense. For example, the ring of integers Z; +, satisfies the above distributive law, but it does not hypersatisfy the same formal law because, e.g., the identityx + (y z) = (x + y) (x + z) is not valid. By contrast, is hypersatisfied by the variety of all distributive lattices and is thus referred to as a distributive latticehyperidentity. Thus a hyperidentity may be viewed as an equational scheme for writing a class of identities of a given type and the original identities themselves are obtained as special cases by substituting specific polynomials of appropriate arity for the operation symbols in the scheme. In this paper, we provide afinite equational scheme which is a basis for the set of all binary lattice hyperidentities of type 2, 2, .This research was supported by the NSERC operating grant # 8215     

On isometries in GMV-algebras

Let A = (A,⊕,⁻,^∼, 0, 1) be a GMV-algebra and ρ: A × A → A the distance function on A defined by ρ(x, y) = (x∨y)−(x∧y) for each x, y ∈ A.     

Retracts and monomorphism monoids in semigroup varieties

If a semigroup varietyV contains the variety of commutative three-nilpotent semigroups, or if it is a variety of bands containing all semilattices, then, for anyA∈V and any left cancellative monoidM, there is a semigroupS∈V such thatA is a retract ofS andM is isomorphic to the monoid of all injective endomorphisms ofS.     

The number of nearest and farthest points to a compactum in Euclidean space

A typical (in the sense of Baire category) compactA inE, whereE is either the Euclidean spaceE ⁸,s≧2, or the separable Hilbert space ℍ, generates a dense subsetC ^n,m(A) of the underlying space, such that everyx∈C ^n,m(A) has exactlyn nearest andm farthest points fromA, whenevern andm are positive integers satisfyingn+m≦ dimE+2. Research of this author is in part supported by Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, G.N.A.F.A., Italy.     

On the boundedness of solutions of nonlinear differential equations in Hilbert spaces

LetH be a complex Hilbert space and letB be the space of all bounded linear operators fromH intoH with the strong operator topology. We will give a boundedness result for the solutions of the differential equationx′=A(t)x+f(t,x) whereA: I=[t ₀, ∞)→B is continuous,f: I×H→H is also continuous and for every bounded setS⊂I×H there exists a constantM(S)>0 such that |f(t,x)−f(t,y)|≤M(S)|x−y|,(t,x), (t,y)∈S.

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Sunto SiaH uno spazio di Hilbert complesso e siaB lo spazio degli operatori lineari limitati daH inH, con la topologia forte. In questo lavoro si prova un risultato di limitatezza per le soluzioni dell'equazione differenzialex′=A(t)x+f(t,x), doveA: I=[t ₀, ∞)→B è continua,f: I×H→H è continua e per ogni insieme limitatoS⊂I×H esiste una costanteM(S)>0 tale che |f(t,x)−f(t,y)|≤M(S)|x−y| per ogni(t,x), (t,y)∈S.

     

On a singular integral on product spaces

We show that if K(x,y)=Ω(x,y)/|x|ⁿ|y|^m is a Calder n-Zygmund kerned on Rⁿ×R^m, where Ω∈L²(Sⁿ⁻¹×S^m−1) and b(x,y) is any bounded function which is radial with x∈Rⁿ and y∈R^m respectively, then b(x,y)K(x,y) is the kernel of a convolution operator which is bounded on L^p(Rⁿ×R^m) for 1<p<∞ and n≧2, m≧2. Project supported by NSFC     

Intermutation

This paper proves coherence results for categories with a natural transformation called intermutation made of arrows from (A ∧ B) ∨ (C ∧ D) to (A ∨ C) ∧ (B ∨ D), for ∧ and ∨ being two biendofunctors. Intermutation occurs in iterated, or n-fold, monoidal categories, which were introduced in connection with n-fold loop spaces, and for which a related, but different, coherence result was obtained previously by Balteanu, Fiedorowicz, Schw?nzl and Vogt. The results of the present paper strengthen up to a point this previous result, and show that two-fold loop spaces arise in the manner envisaged by these authors out of categories of a more general kind, which are not two-fold monoidal in their sense. In particular, some categories with finite products and coproducts are such. Coherence in Mac Lane’s “all diagrams commute” sense is proved here first for categories where for ∧ and ∨ one assumes only intermutation, and next for categories where one also assumes natural associativity isomorphisms. Coherence in the sense of coherence for symmetric monoidal categories is proved when one assumes moreover natural commutativity isomorphisms for ∧ and ∨. A restricted coherence result, involving a proviso of the kind found in coherence for symmetric monoidal closed categories, is proved in the presence of two nonisomorphic unit objects. The coherence conditions for intermutation and for the unit objects are derived from a unifying principle, which roughly speaking is about preservation of structures involving one endofunctor by another endofunctor, up to a natural transformation that is not an isomorphism. This is related to weakening the notion of monoidal functor. A similar, but less symmetric, justification for intermutation was envisaged in connection with iterated monoidal categories. Unlike the assumptions previously introduced for two-fold monoidal categories, the assumptions for the unit objects of the categories of this paper, which are more general, allow an interpretation in logic.     

Zur topologie multivalenter selbstabbildungen von mannigfaltigkeiten

Riassunto SianoV, W due varietà topologiche edf un'applicazione continua tale che per ogni puntop diV, l'insiemef(p)⊂V sia l'immagine continua diW. Quali sono le condizioni affinchè esistano puntip inV conp∈f(p)? Di questa questione si occupa il nostro articolo.

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Résumé SoientV, W deux variétés topologiques etf une application continue telle que, pour tout pointp deV, l'ensemblef(p)⊂V soit image continue deW. Quelles sont les conditions pour qu'il existe des pointsp enV avecp∈f(p)? C'est cette question qui est traitée par notre article.

     

泛函方程组的解析解

§ 1　IntroductionThe Feigenbaum functional equation plays an importantrole in the theory concerninguniversal properties of one-parameter families of maps of the interval that has the formf2 (λx) +λf(x) =0 ,0 <λ=-f(1 ) <1 ,f(0 ) =1 ,(1 .1 )where f is a map ofthe interval[-1 ,1 ] into itself.Lanford[1 ] exhibited a computer-assist-ed proof for the existence of an even analytic solution to Eq.(1 .1 ) .It was shown in[2 ]that Eq.(1 .1 ) does not have an entire solution.Si[3] discussed the it…