稀土对薄板坯连铸连轧工艺连铸坯组织和夹杂物的影响

采用光学显微镜、扫描电子显微镜等对薄板坯连铸连轧(CSP)工艺生产的加稀土和不加稀土的连铸坯横断面试样的微观组织变化、夹杂物的形态以及成分进行了分析,结果表明:加入稀土改变了铸态组织,利用Image Tool软件进行测量,发现稀土使铸坯表层细晶粒区由400μm扩大到630μm;通过Image Tool软件测量加稀土和不加稀土铸坯的枝晶间距,并对测量数据进行F检验分析,分析表明加入稀土对CSP连铸坯的一次枝晶间距无显著影响,对二次枝晶间距影响特别显著,使二次枝晶间距平均值由41.22μm降低到14.21μm,可靠性99%以上;加入稀土,连铸坯中的夹杂物由钙铝酸盐夹杂物或硫化物变成了球形的稀土复合夹杂物,并且降低了夹杂物的最大尺寸,使得最大尺寸由15μm左右降低到7μm左右。     

稀土、铌对重轨钢铸、轧态组织与性能的影响

对比研究了BNbRE与U71Mn重轨钢连铸方坯的组织和常规力学性能;通过测量硬度, 揭示了接近共析成分的重轨钢连铸坯结晶组织的变化特征. 采用金相和SEM等手段, 对BNbRE钢和BNb钢热轧轨的轨头、轨腰和轨底角3种部位的组织和夹杂进行了观测, 发现实验钢的铸坯有3个硬度恒值区和3个硬度变化区, U71Mn钢的铸坯里有可观的P共晶组织;未加稀土的BNb钢轨夹杂物, 有轨头和轨底为氧化物和轨腰MnS居多的分布特征等. 文章得出, 加稀土不仅改善和细化了钢的铸、轧态组织, 改变了夹杂物, 还明显地减少了硬度变化结晶区尺寸及其硬度值的变化幅度, 有效地抑制和甚至消除了磷共晶组织.     

稀土对铝-铜合金准固态力学性能和热裂倾向性的影响

用自制的实验装置研究了富铈稀土、镧和钇加入量对Al-5％Cu合金凝固过程准固态强度、强度增长率、准固态区间、断裂应变、裂纹总长度及最大裂纹宽度的影响。结果表明:稀土能不同程度地降低合金的准固相线温度,缩小准固态区,使准固态强度增长率和准固态后期的强度提高,减小裂纹总长度和裂纹最大宽度,降低合金的热裂倾向性。分析表明,热裂倾向性降低主要是由于稀土的加入缩小了合金的准固态区间。     

稀土对耐侯钢中非金属夹杂物的影响

通过金相光学显微镜、图像分析仪和扫描电镜及能谱仪对现场耐候钢板坯和洁净度较好的两组试验耐候钢板坯进行分析观察,采用非水电解分离夹杂 ICP方法分析钢中固溶稀土含量.从而从稀土变质夹杂的角度研究得出在不同的氧、硫含量下稀土的最佳最经济加入量及稀土的最佳含量对非金属夹杂物的影响.     

PD3和PD3RE重轨钢的性能、组织等分布形貌及内耗

对PD3和中间包加少量稀土的PD3RE重轨钢的连铸坯和产品轨进行了硬度和组织的Profile观测.发现加稀土减小钢坯硬度分布的波动幅度,有效减消280mm×380 mm连铸坯心部的低性能区(在PD3RE铸坯上甚至未测出低硬度区);在仅含0.016%P的PD3钢坯里观测到Fe-P(C)共晶组织,而加稀土可完全抑制这种组织;还发现,PD3RE钢轨表层区出现很明显的硬化,这种硬化是珠光体细化引起的.测量轨腰样品的内耗表明,加稀土除了减小轨腰的内应力和增加铁素体中的固溶C之外,还增强了钢轨表层的渗氮倾向.     

Cu-P系稀土耐候钢中最佳稀土含量的研究

利用光学显微镜、图像分析仪和电子探针对低氧低硫的10PCuRE耐候钢板坯进行了观察和检测,采用干-湿周浸室内加速试验方法测得了试验钢的腐蚀率.用电化学方法测得了带锈样的阳极极化曲线.研究得出对于S:～0.004%,O:～0.002%的10PCuRE耐候钢,最佳稀土含量为0.0065%～0.012%,此稀土含量对非金属夹杂物的变质作用和耐蚀性能的提高最为有利.     

CSP工艺条件下稀土对低碳结构钢热轧过程中再结晶行为的影响

为研究稀土在CSP连续轧制过程中对低碳结构钢再结晶行为影响,采用Gleeble-1500热模拟机,对加稀土和未加稀土的低碳结构钢进行了单道次、双道次热压缩实验,并且对加稀土和未加稀土的低碳结构钢进行CSP工艺的模拟,比较金相照片及真应力-应变曲线。实验结果表明:稀土提高了低碳结构钢的动态再结晶临界应变εD,在一定温度下降低静态软化率;并且在CSP热轧过程中采用加入稀土的方法,最终获得较未加稀土试样更为细小的晶粒组织。     

稀土Sm对Cu/Zr基合成醇催化剂的改性作用

采用EXAFS、CO-FTIR等表征手段,考察稀土Sm2O3的添加方式对Cu/Mn/Zr/Ni催化剂结构的影响,并和催化剂活性、选择性相关联.结果表明,在加入稀土助剂后,催化剂生成低碳醇的基本性能变化很大,此外,Sm助剂对于催化剂有一定的电子改性作用,改变了催化剂表面的吸附行为.     

磁场对含稀土铝锂合金断裂特征的影响

以含铈铝锂合金为研究对象，研究了磁场对含稀土铝锂合金时效过程的影响，从断裂特征及微观组织两方面分析了磁场作用规律。实验结果表明：未加磁场时，合金的断裂特征以理断裂为主；扁平晶粒厚度不匀，在磁场作用下，此合金的断裂特征与微观组织发生明显改观，随磁感应强度增强，合金主断裂面上准解理断裂特征减弱，同时二次裂纹增多，分层比较升高；扁平晶粒厚度变薄，尺寸趋于均匀。用少体物理理论，探讨了磁场对含稀土合金原子扩散过程的影响，为进一步研究稀土元素在磁场中的行为及其局域效应提供了一定的实验依据。     

稀土元素对镍基合金刷镀层沉积速率的作用

研究了La ,Ce ,Sm及Er对电刷镀Ni P ,Ni Cu P和Ni Cu P MoS2 3种镀层沉积速率的影响。4种稀土都能提高镀层的沉积速率 ,其中Sm对Ni P和Ni Cu P镀层沉积速率的提高效果最为明显。稀土提高镀层沉积速率均存在一最佳的加入量。在一定的刷镀电压范围内 ,稀土加速Ni P ,Ni Cu P镀层沉积速率的作用效果及程度没有变化。分析了稀土提高镀层沉积速率的作用机制。     

稀土对9Cr2Mo钢抗淬裂性能的影响

利用电镜和金相等手段研究了稀土元素对 9Cr2Mo钢抗淬裂性能的影响。9Cr2Mo钢中加入稀土元素可以提高出现裂纹的淬火次数 ,延缓淬火裂纹的扩展速度 ,改变淬火裂纹的扩展途径 ,从而提高 9Cr2Mo钢的抗淬裂能力。     

Weatherability and wear resistance characteristics of plasma fluoropolymer coatings deposited on an elastomer substrate

The weathering characteristics of thin film formed from plasma polymerisation of perfluoro(methylcyclohexane) on an EPDM substrate under cold plasma process operated at 13.56 MHz was investigated using an ATLAS Ci 3000 Xenon weatherometer. The effects of weathering conditions on the chemical composition of the substrate and the coating were examined using photoacoustic Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (PA-FTIR) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The wear behaviour was examined using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The change in the surface morphological behaviour of the coating indicates that the mending line of the patch-wise coating deposition or the fissure/crack line of the coating is particularly sensitive to the initiation of decomposition. FTIR and XPS spectroscopic investigations confirm that under humid and UV conditions, elimination of fluorine and introduction of new oxygen-containing functional groups play predominant role in the decomposition of the coating. Plausible mechanisms of degradation for the elastomer and the coating have been proposed. The coated substrate shows superior abrasion resistance characteristics with respect to the neat elastomer. The adhesion between the substrate and the plasma polymer coating appears to be excellent and remains strong after weathering.     

微量稀土对奥氏体耐热钢高温力学性能的影响

研究了微量稀土对Cr21Ni11N奥氏体耐热不锈钢高温热塑性及高温持久性能的影响.结果表明:在750～1250℃范围内,稀土显著提高耐热钢的热塑性,消除800℃的塑性低凹区,扩宽安全热加工温度范围近75℃.稀土显著延长耐热钢的高温持久寿命约3～5倍,并提高持久断裂塑性.钢中添加稀土后,其蠕变断裂机制由楔形裂纹为主的机制逐渐转变为空洞裂纹为主的机制,高温持久断口附近的楔形裂纹明显减少,且断口呈典型的韧窝状塑性断口特征.     

Direct fracture toughness determination of a ductile epoxy polymer from digital image correlation measurements on a single edge notched bending sample

This work presents a combined experimental and numerical study on the fracture toughness behaviour of a ductile epoxy resin system. Quasi-static fracture tests using single edge notched bending (SENB) specimens were conducted under room temperature conditions. In addition, the digital image correlation technique was employed to experimentally map the full-field displacements and strains around the notch and crack tip, allowing direct calculation of the J-integral fracture toughness. The magnitude of fracture toughness was found to be 1.52 ± 0.03 kJ/m², showing good consistency with the results measured according to the standard analytical formulations. A numerical model of the single edge notch bending specimen was built to compute the local strain field around the crack tip, together with the fracture toughness parameter. Good agreement was confirmed for both the experimental J-integral fracture toughness and the local surface strains around the crack-tip from the digital image correlation based optical technique, compared to the results obtained by numerical simulation. The fracture surfaces of the samples were examined using an optical microscope to analyze the failed surface morphology and the corresponding failure mechanisms.     

钢在中国大陆的大气腐蚀研究

本文分析了我国七个试验点十七种钢的八年大气腐蚀试验结果 .表明 ,对碳钢和低合金钢 ,危害最大的污染是二氧化硫及氯离子 ,与公认一致 .但是 ,二氧化硫仅在开始头 1- 2年内危害突出 ,其后作用明显下降 .对非耐候钢 ,湿热条件在短期里对腐蚀的影响并不大 ,但长期暴露危害作用非常大 ,如果同时存在污染 ,更会造成很严重的腐蚀 ,值得特别注意 .由于腐蚀情况与时间因素有关 ,碳钢、低合金钢在不同腐蚀环境中 ,暴露第一年所显示的大气腐蚀性规律与长期暴露所显示的不同 ,如果用短期暴露数据判断钢的耐蚀性或环境的腐蚀性 ,都会导致错误的结论     

Tuning of electronic transport characteristics of ZnO micro/nanowire piezotronic Schottky diodes by bending: threshold voltage shift

We report the longitudinal and transverse PtIr-ZnO wire piezotronic Schottky diodes in a conductive atomic force microscope (C-AFM). The tuning of electronic transport characteristics by bending ZnO wire was investigated. For longitudinal transport, the threshold voltage can be tuned over a wide range (from 1 V to 8 V) during the bending process. For transverse transport, the threshold voltage can be positively tuned at the stretched side, and negatively tuned at the compressed side. The possible mechanisms are discussed.     

Controlled mechanical fracture for fabricating microchannels with various size gradients

We present a simple method to generate cracks with controllable size (depth and width) and space gradients using deep surface oxidation and anisotropic mechanical stretching. To generate a thick oxidation layer (<～7 μm), a polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) slab of uniform or varying thickness was exposed to UV/ozone for less than 30 min in the UV-C wavelength including wavelengths of 185 and 254 nm. Subsequently, the PDMS slab was wrapped on a cylindrical support (radius: 11 mm) to apply a uniform bending strain (<21%), resulting in equally separated, anisotropic cracks over a large area. By modulating initial oxidation depth and applied bending stress, cracks of varying sizes and spaces were formed on a single PDMS slab. Furthermore, multiple, sequential cracks were generated by increasing the strain in a step-wise fashion and multi-directional cracks by applying the strain with an orientation angle. Finally, size and space-varying cracks were formed between two adjacent large channels in an interconnected format by selective masking and irreversible bonding.     

Surface degradation of ethylene-propylene-diene monomer (EPDM) containing 5-ethylidene-2-norbornene (ENB) as diene in artificial weathering environment

Ethylene-propylene-diene monomer (EPDM) containing 5-ethylidene-2-norbornene (ENB) as diene was exposed to an artificial weathering environment produced by a xenon lamp light exposure and weathering equipment for different time periods. The surface chemical changes were detected by Specular Reflection Fourier Transform Infrared (SR-FTIR) spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy and X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS). The change in surface color, contact angle and morphology was monitored by spectrophotometer, optical contact angle measuring device and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). Furthermore, surface energy was calculated through contact angles of water and formamide. The results showed that hydroxyl, carbonyl and ester groups were formed during exposure to this artificial weathering environment. EPDM surface became redder, yellower and lighter in the first stage of aging and then remained almost unchanged. The contact angles of water and formamide decreased to a minimum and then increased slowly. The surface degradation is a zero order reaction. In addition, the plausible degradation mechanism was proposed.     

Preparation and artificial ageing tests in stone conservation of fluorosilicone vinyl acetate/acrylic/epoxy polymers

In this work, a series of fluorosilicone vinyl acetate/acrylic/epoxy (FVAE) polymers for protection of stone relics were prepared with different content of hexafluorobutyl methacrylate (HFBMA) by the seed emulsion polymerization process. Properties and structure of FVAE materials were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), thermogravimetric analysis (TG), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Viscosity, particle size, surface tension, gel content, adhesion and surface hardness of polymer materials were also determined. Surface morphology of the stone sample was observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Compared with a commercial copolymer, ethyl methacrylate/methyl acrylate (EM/MA, Paraloid B72), protection ability of the prepared FVAE polymer was investigated using artificial ageing tests such as the freeze-thaw aging test, acid aging test and the soluble salts aging test. It was found that the FVAE polymers prepared can effectively prevent corrosion caused by H⁺, formation of an interface crack and further weathering, which indicates their possible application in stone protection.     

Crack growth in a pipe grade PVC material under static and cyclic loading conditions

The creep crack growth (CCG) and the fatigue crack growth (FCG) behavior of a commercial pipe grade PVC material was studied based on a linear elastic fracture mechanics (LEFM) methodology. The FCG tests were performed under sinusoidal load control at a frequency of 5 Hz and at R-ratios (F_min/F_max) of 0.1, 0.3 and 0.5; the test temperatures were 23°C and 60°C. The creep crack growth behavior (corresponding to R = 1) was studied at a test temperature of 60°C. The results of the FCG tests revealed that fatigue crack propagation is primarily controlled by the cyclic component of the crack tip stress field rather than by the mean stress level. Comparing FCG and CCG data in terms of K_Imax and K_I, respectively, also confirmed the deteriorating effect of the fatigue loading on the crack growth resistance. Fracture surface investigations for both fatigue and static loading were performed to gain insight into the micromechanisms of crack advance.