甲烷在W-Mn体系催化剂上氧化偶联制乙烯

本文报导了w-Mn体系催化剂的甲烷氧化偶联反应性能,详细考察了反应条件对1.9wt％Mn—5wt％Na_2WO_4/SiO_2(W—34)催化剂反应性能的影响,并用XRD、BET、EPR、UV-DRS等方法对该催化剂进行了表征。结果表明,该催化剂具有较好的甲烷氧化偶联反应性能,在T=800C,甲烷空速=36,000ml·g~(-1)·h~(-1),CH_4:O_2:N_2=3:1:2.6的最佳实验条件下,其甲烷转化率为36.8％,C_2烃收率达到23.9％;研究还表明,C_2H_6,CO_2是CH_1氧化的一次产物,C_2H_4主要由C_2H_6脱氢而来,而CO则可能主要来源于C_2烃的表面深度氧化,催化剂的结构研究表明,在该催化剂中,w是以Na_2WO_4形式存在,Mn则以Mn_2O_3形式存在,而SiO_2已由无定型结构转变成u-方石英;W、Mn、Si之间没有形成新的化合物。     

甲烷氧化偶联La—Mn—Li系复合氧化物催化剂的研究

用XRD、IR、XPS和SEM等方法研究了混合氧化物LiLa_(1-x)Mn_xO_2的结构和它们对甲烷氧化偶联的催化性能。结果表明,随着MnO_2的变化,可形成一系列复合氧化物,其中三元复合氧化物La_2Mn_(1-y)Li_yO_4是甲烷氧化偶联的活性相,由于Li~+部分取代Mn~(2+)形成Li~+-O~--Mn(2+)缺陷簇,增加了活性氧种的浓度和再生速度是这种氧化物具有较高甲烷偶联活性的主要原因。脉冲实验证明,CH_4脱氢生成CH_3·偶联生成C_2H_6,进一步氧化脱氢生成C_2H_4都可在催化剂表面完成,而CO和CO_2是在气相反应中生成的。在780℃C_2收率可达23.9%。     

CeO2-W-Mn/SiO2催化剂上甲烷氧化偶联反应性能的研究

报道了CeO_2-W-Mn/SiO_2催化剂常压和加压条件下的甲烷氧化偶联反应性能, 详细考察了反应条件对CeO_2-W-Mn/SiO_2催化剂反应性能的影响. 结果表明, CeO_2-W-Mn/SiO_2催化剂具有优异的催化活性, 常压下可得到29.7%的甲烷转化率和81.3%的C_2烃选择性, 低温活性高, 于710 ℃可得到甲烷转化率11.4%和C_2烃选择性86.7%的结果;该催化剂适宜于加压条件下的甲烷氧化偶联反应, 0.6 MPa下可获得37.2%的甲烷转化率和73.8%的C_2烃选择性. 催化剂表征结果显示CeO_2的加入增强了W-Mn/SiO_2催化剂的储氧能力.     

掺杂SrTiO_3体系上甲烷氧化偶联反应的研究 催化剂的p型导电性与C_2选择性和C_2收率的关系

以低价元素掺杂SrTiO_3形成的SrTi_(1-x)MxO_(3-δ)(M=Al~(3+),Mg~(2+),Li~+;x=0～0.2)基本保持了SrTiO_3晶格结构。随着掺杂元素价态的降低和掺杂量的增加,p型电导升高,甲烷氧化偶联反应的C_2选择性和C_2收率也增加。在以不同价态元素掺杂的SrTiO_3体系中,发现C_2选择性和C_2收率与催化剂P型电导间有线性关系。认为掺杂SrTiO_3催化剂中的正导电空穴易与晶格氧发生电子交换生成部分还原态的活泼氧物种O~-,它可以使CH_4分子活化生成CH_3,进一步偶联生成C_2产物。掺杂SrTiO_3催化剂在甲烷氧化偶联反应初始阶段可吸收反应中产生的CO_2,使结构发生少许变化,稳定的SrTiO_3结构有利于甲烷氧化偶联活性的稳定。     

低温甲烷氧化偶联钙钛矿型SrTiO3纳米催化剂

 采用溶胶-凝胶法制备了Sr/Ti摩尔比为1.2的纳米钙钛矿型复合氧化物SrTiO3催化剂,比较了纳米SrTiO3催化剂和相同组成的常规SrTiO3催化剂对甲烷氧化偶联(OCM)反应的催化性能,并采用XRD,TEM和原位ESR技术对催化剂进行了表征. 结果表明,纳米SrTiO3催化剂具有较好的低温催化OCM反应性能. 在反应气氛下催化剂表面形成的吸附氧物种和F-中心能够活化甲烷生成C2烃,但吸附氧物种最终导致反应中间体和C2烃完全氧化; F-中心则能在低温下活化甲烷,并高选择性地生成C2烃. 纳米SrTiO3催化剂不仅含有吸附氧物种,而且含有高浓度的F-中心,而常规SrTiO3催化剂上只有吸附氧物种.     

Li-Nd-Mg氧化物上甲烷氧化偶联

自从1982年Keller首先报导了甲烷氧化偶联制乙烯、乙烷的催化反应以来,引起国内外广泛的重视,若甲烷的转化率C达35%,C_2的选择性S(C_2)达88%,乙烯/乙烷较大时,则甲烷氧化偶联催化过程可以工业化.当前国内外的工作重点是寻求甲烷转化率高,C_2选择性好的催化剂.Li和烯土复合氧化物催化剂引起人们注意,C_2的收率Y(C_2)可达24.6%,本文采用高温灼烧而成的Li-Nd-Mg复合氧化物,Y(C_2)可达31.3%. 实验部分Li-Nd-Mg复合氧化物由高温灼烧而成,实验采用小型固定床石英反应器,反应器的直     

La-Ba系氧化物催化剂用于甲烷氧化偶联

以La_2O_3为基础,碱土金属作为第二组分的二元氧化物催化剂均具有较高的生成C_2活性,特别是La-Ba-O系催化剂具有优良的甲烷氧化偶联活性和稳定性,当La/Ba原子比为2.5时,C_2收率可达20.3％。第三组分的添加有助于提高C_2选择性,特别是添加碱金属,可以抑制完全氧化反应,并提高乙烯/乙烷比。在La:Ba:Na=2.5:1:0.1的催化剂上进行了500/小时的寿命实验,在整个反应期间,催化剂的活性和选择性相当稳定。X-射线物相分析表明,新鲜催化剂除有少量的碳酸钡外,主要是氧化镧和氧化钡的混合物。500小时后的物相基本上是氧化镧和碳酸钡。使用前后催化剂的比表面积及表面La和Ba的分布均无改变。较高的CH_4/O_3比对提高C_2选择性有利,当CH_4:O_2=4:1时,C_2选择性和收率分别为65.1％和19.1％。     

甲烷在BaPrO3上的氧化偶联

以碱土金属Ba、Sr代替碱金属与氧化能力较强的Pr、Ce相匹配,可以得到稳定性、活性都更好的催化剂。对于Ba-Pr二元体系,组成为BaPrO_3者C_2的收率及选择性可达极大值,在1083 K及CH_4:O_2=5:1条件下,经100 h反应考察,始终保持恒定的反应性能:甲烷转化率为20％,C_2选择性可达57％。催化剂的反应性能与催化剂组成的关系表明,碱性与氧化能力之间有协同作用。XRD结果表明,Ba和Sr离子分别进入了PrO(1.8)和CeO_2的晶格,抑制其燃烧性能。动力学研究结果支持了这种推测:甲烷氧化偶联反应的控制步骤是甲烷分子在PrO_(1.8)相上的C-H键断裂。     

在甲烷氧化偶联反应中碱、碱土、稀土金属氧化物之间的相互作用 Ⅱ.掺CaO的La_2O_3和掺La_2O_3的CaO催化剂的催化性能

报导了非Li催化剂CaO-La_2O_3和La_2O_3-CaO的催化性能。甲烷氧化偶联反应的活性测试表明:以共沉淀方法制备的CaO-La_2O_3催化剂除了具有较好的C_2选择性外,其活性明显高于其它样品,而且适用于较大的空速条件(100000h~(-1)),是一个有应用前景的催化剂。但这类催化剂表现出明显的热点效应。用XRD,SEM等技术研究了相应催化剂体系的晶胞参数变化规律以及颗粒分散程度,并同其催化性能进行了关联。     

甲烷氧化偶联纳米SrTiO3催化剂的原位ESR和TPSR表征

采用溶胶-凝胶法制备了纳米钙钛矿型复合氧化物SrTiO3催化剂,并用X射线粉末衍射、透射电子显微镜、原位电子自旋共振和程序升温表面反应等技术对催化剂进行了表征,测定了催化剂对甲烷氧化偶联(OCM)反应的催化性能.结果表明,与相同组成的常规SrTiO3催化剂相比,纳米SrTiO3催化剂具有较好的低温(～650℃)催化性能.通过增大Sr/Ti比可进一步优化纳米SrTiO3的催化性能.纳米SrTiO3催化剂表面的吸附氧物种和F中心均具有活化及催化甲烷分子生成C2烃产物的活性,但吸附氧物种易使OCM反应中间体和产物深度氧化,而F中心具有低温活化甲烷分子及高选择性生成C2烃产物的特性.纳米氧化物粒子因表面原子配位不饱和(配位数低),其表面存在较多的F中心。     

二氧化碳和丙烯直接合成甲基丙烯酸的NiPMo/TiO2催化剂的研究

用溶胶-凝胶法以磷钼酸(MPA)的镍盐溶液水解钛酸四丁酯制备了NiPMo/TiO2催化剂.使用ICP、 XRD、 TG-DTA、 IR、 TPD-MS和微反应技术研究了催化剂的化学组成、热稳定性、化学吸附性质和催化反应性能.杂多钼酸盐与TiO2通过O2-在TiO2表面发生了键合.在623 K下,杂多阴离子仍保持原有的Keggin结构.CO2在Lewis酸位Ni(Ⅱ)和Lewis碱位Ni-O-Mo的桥氧协同作用下生成CO2卧式吸附态Ni(Ⅱ)←O-(CO)←(O--Ni).丙烯有多种吸附态在催化剂上吸附.在563 K、 1 MPa和空速1500 h-1的反应条件下,丙烯的摩尔转化率为3.2%,产物MAA选择性为95%.     

Toward new camptothecins. Part 6: Synthesis of crucial ketones and their use in Friedländer reaction

In the context of the preparation of camptothecin and luotonin A analogs, the synthesis of some key keto-precursors and their use in Friedländer condensation are described. This paper also focuses on the stability of these keto intermediates and emphasizes the major differences between indolizinones and pyrroloquinazolinones series. Noteworthy is also the report of some original structures isolated as by-products of some experiments.     

CoFe2O4自形成磁性液体场致结构化对磁化的影响

The Langevin paramagnetic theory can’t describe the relation between magnetization of ferrofluids and applied magnetic field. The structuralization of ferrofluids, which is considered the main influence factor of the magnetization, is regarded. The part of magnetization works is deposited when the structure is forming. This action influences the magnetization of ferrofluids directly or indirectly. On the base of the “compressing” model, the Langevin function that usually describes the magnetization of ferrofluid is modified, and a well-fitted curve is obtained. An equation of the relation between the equivalent volume fraction after being “compressed” and the intensity of magnetic field is discovered, which approximately describes the process of magnetization. The relation between the approximate initial susceptibility and the volume fraction can be obtained from modified formula.     

Highly regioselective Buchwald–Hartwig amination at C-2 of 2,4-dichloropyridine enabling a novel approach to 2,4-bisanilinopyridine (BAPyd) libraries

The highly regioselective Buchwald–Hartwig amination at C-2 of the cheap and readily accessible reagent, 2,4-dichloropyridine with a range of anilines and heterocyclic amines is described. This new methodology is robust and provides a facile access to 4-chloro-N-phenylpyridin-2-amines on 0.25 mol scale. These intermediates undergo a further Buchwald–Hartwig amination at higher temperature to enable rapid exploration of the chemical space at C-4 and to provide a library of 2,4-bisaminopyridines.     

KMnO4-mediated oxidative CN bond cleavage of tertiary amines: Synthesis of amides and sulfonamides

KMnO₄-mediated oxidative CN bond cleavage of tertiary amines producing secondary amine was introduced, which was trapped by electrophiles (acyl chloride and sulfonyl chloride) to form amides and sulfonamides. The reaction could take place at mild condition, tolerating a wide range of function groups and affording products in moderate to excellent yields.     

Chemistry of heterocyclic compounds at the A. E. Favorsky Irkutsk Institute of Chemistry, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, over 50 years (Review)

The review contains a concise historical account and information on the most significant researches undertaken by the staff at the A. E. Favorsky Irkutsk Institute of Chemistry, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences on the Chemistry of Heterocyclic Compounds. Dedicated to Academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences B. A. Trofimov on his 70th jubilee. Translated from Khimiya Geterotsiklicheskikh Soedinenii, No. 10, pp. 1443–1502, October, 2008.     

Sulfur-directed metal-free and regiospecific methyl C(sp3)–H imidation of thioanisoles

Regiospecific and direct imidation of the methyl C(sp³)–H bond of thioanisoles is realized under mild and metal-free conditions with N-fluorobis(benzenesulfonyl)imide as an oxidant and nitrogen source. Proposed mechanism suggests that thionium ion intermediates and a Pummerer-type reaction are involved. The imidation has advantages such as high step-economy, excellent functionality tolerance, and regiospecificity, giving structurally diverse imidation products.     

Selective syntheses of 2H-1,3-oxazines and 1H-pyrrol-3(2H)-ones via temperature-dependent Rh(II)-carbenoid-mediated 2H-azirine-ring expansion

The Rh(II)-catalyzed reaction of 2-carbonyl-substituted 2H-azirines with ethyl 2-cyano-2-diazoacetate or 2-diazo-3,3,3-trifluoropropionate provides an easy access to 2H-1,3-oxazines and 1H-pyrrol-3(2H)-ones. These compounds can be selectively prepared from the same starting material using temperature as the only varied parameter. The 2-azabuta-1,3-diene intermediate, a common precursor for both heterocyclic products, isomerizes into 2H-1,3-oxazine under kinetic control, while 1H-pyrrol-3(2H)-one is the sole product of the reaction at elevated temperatures. According to DFT-calculations a one-atom oxazine ring contraction involving ring-opening to a 2-azabuta-1,3-diene intermediate, followed by a 1,5- and 1,2-prototropic shift leads to the consecutive formation of imidoylketene and azomethine ylide, which then further undergo cyclization to the pyrrole derivative.     

Synthesis of 1-benzyloxypyrazin-2(1H)-one derivatives

Different approaches for the synthesis of 1-benzyloxypyrazin-2(1H)-one derivatives from simple amino acids have been investigated. A library of 33 precursors for the preparation of N-hydroxy pyrazinones was obtained in moderate to good yields.