盐胁迫下镧对小麦幼苗叶片抗氧化系统活性的影响

研究了盐胁迫下La3 对小麦幼苗叶片抗氧化系统活性的调节作用。结果显示,盐胁迫显著增加了细胞膜的相对透性,提高了丙二醛含量及.O2-和H2O2在体内的累积量,从而对小麦叶片造成了一定程度的氧化伤害,其伤害强度随盐浓度的增加而增大。适当浓度La3 处理提高了盐胁迫下小麦幼苗体内超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)和过氧化物酶(POD)等抗氧化酶活性,对与AsA-GSH循环相关酶类如抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)、单脱氢抗坏血酸还原酶(MDHAR)、脱氢抗坏血酸还原酶(DHAR)、谷胱甘肽还原酶(GR)的活性也有不同程度的促进作用,从而提高了盐胁迫下小麦植株清除自由基的能力,降低了细胞膜脂过氧化水平,减轻了盐分对小麦幼苗的伤害程度,表明适当浓度的La3 处理对提高小麦抗盐能力是有益的。     

稀土对NaCl胁迫下矮牵牛幼苗生长抑制的缓解效应

以矮牵牛为材料,采用组织培养的方法,探讨硝酸稀土对NaCl胁迫下矮牵牛幼苗生长抑制的缓解效应.结果表明,在试验区间范围内,采用90 mg·L-1硝酸稀土对0.4%的NaCl胁迫下矮牵牛的株高、单株鲜重和根长有明显的缓解效应,分别为:14.5%,19.9%和53.2%,对生根率缓解效应不明显;当NaCl浓度为0.8%,硝酸稀土对株高和单株鲜重缓解效应不明显,对根长和生根率反而有抑制作用,抑制效应分别达到34.6%和48.4%.在一定范围内硝酸稀土对NaCl胁迫矮牵牛根系的POD,SOD和CAT同工酶的活性均有促进作用,表达种类无明显变化.随着硝酸稀土处理浓度的提高,叶片POD同工酶活性呈现低-高-低变化,表达种类无明显变化;SOD同工酶活性增强,表达种类增多;CAT同工酶活性下降,表达种类减少.     

外源钕减轻了重金属镉对菹草的毒害作用

研究了不同浓度钕对菹草镉胁迫的缓解效应.结果表明,单一镉(10 mg·L-1)处理降低了菹草叶片抗氧化酶系超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、过氧化物酶(POD)活性,丙二醛(MDA)含量升高,可溶性蛋白和叶绿素含量下降.用不同浓度钕处理后,明显减轻了这些症状,抗氧化酶活性均有所提高,与毒害对照相比,SOD、CAT及POD活性分别提高了14.0%～30.0%,8.8%～47.3%,4.6%～15.1%,并减轻了叶绿素和可溶性蛋白的降解,减缓了MDA的积累.随着钕浓度的进一步加大,缓解效应逐渐减弱,钕作用的最适浓度为10～15mg·L-1.     

镧对水培菜豆和玉米幼苗镉胁迫的缓解作用

以菜豆(Phaseolusvulgaris)、玉米(Zeamays)两种生活型植物幼苗为实验材料,以水培方法研究了镧对镉抑制两种作物生长与代谢的影响。结果表明,在30,300μmol·L-1镉剂量胁迫下,两种作物的生长受到严重抑制,主要表现为株高、主根长下降,叶面积锐减,叶、茎、根的鲜重、干重明显下降;生理生化特性的变化是叶绿素含量下降,质膜透性、MDA含量、过氧化氢酶和过氧化物酶活性均增加,且随镉处理时间的延长,伤害加重。叶面喷施10～20mg·L-1镧1次,对镉污染下的两种作物幼苗的生长与代谢有一定缓解效应,可减轻镉对幼苗的伤害程度。这与镧能提高两种作物植物叶绿素含量,降低细胞膜透性和MDA含量,维持过氧化氢酶和过氧化物酶活性等多重作用相关。     

镧对UV-C胁迫下番茄幼苗的防护作用

在温室中研究了La3+对UV-C辐射胁迫下番茄幼苗保护酶活性及光合色素的影响.结果表明:UV-C胁迫降低了番茄幼苗SOD和POD活性,增加了膜脂过氧化产物MDA含量.La3+对UV-C胁迫下番茄幼苗SOD和POD有显著的调控作用.与单一UV-C胁迫组相比,番茄幼苗SOD活性平均增加了38.03%,POD活性平均增加了20.43%,番茄幼苗MDA含量平均降低18.63%,表明La3+有效防止了番茄幼苗细胞膜脂过氧化作用,一定程度上缓解了番茄幼苗膜系统的伤害.La3+能够显著缓解UV-C辐射胁迫对光合色素的降解作用.与单一UV-C胁迫组相比,番茄幼苗叶绿素a平均提高了17.65%.叶绿素b平均提高了17.11%,类胡萝卜素含量维持较高水平.综合比较各项指标,30 mg·L-1LaCl3在UV-C辐射胁迫下对番茄幼苗的防护效果好于60 mg·L-1LaCl3.     

镧对镉胁迫下豌豆幼苗根部细胞内离子平衡及膜质子泵的影响

以水培豌豆(PisumsativumL)幼苗为材料,研究了La3+对Cd2+胁迫下豌豆幼苗生长、叶部与根部细胞对Cd2+的吸收、根部细胞内无机离子平衡体系及膜H+-ATPase,H+-PPase活性的影响。结果表明:Cd2+胁迫下喷施适宜浓度的La3+(0.50mg·L-1)可使豌豆幼苗相对生物量、苗长、叶绿素含量以及光合速率受到的毒害明显缓解,有效减少叶部与根部细胞对Cd2+的吸收,显著减轻了Cd2+胁迫导致的离子平衡系统的紊乱,明显缓解Cd2+对质膜及液泡膜H+-ATPase,H+-PPase活性的抑制作用。10mg·L-1Cd2+胁迫下La3+的保护效应比30mg·L-1Cd2+胁迫下更为显著。样品中La3+的测定和分析结果还表明,外源La3+处理后,La3+主要结合于细胞膜外,进入原生质体的仅占很小部分,但30mg·L-1Cd2+处理样品中La3+进入细胞的量则明显多于10mg·L-1Cd2+处理的样品。     

农用稀土对糯玉米幼苗光合变化和生理指标的分析

为了探明农用稀土对糯玉米幼苗光合和生理指标,采用随机区组排列,研究了农用稀土对糯玉米幼苗叶绿素荧光参数、光合参数、根系活力、植株形态和生物量、MDA和抗氧化酶活性的影响.结果表明,施用农用稀土能显著提高荧光参数Fv/Fm,ETR,NPQ,Fv/F0,Yield,qP最大值分别比对照增加了4.8%,23.9%,45.3%,11.01%,14.8%,26.5%;糯玉米幼苗的光合参数、根系活力、植株形态、生物量、抗氧化酶活性等变化趋势是一致的,在低浓度时,随着农用稀土浓度提高,它们逐渐地提高;到一定浓度后,随着农用稀土浓度升高,它们反而降低;MDA的变化趋势与它们是相反的.     

镧和铕对蚕豆保卫细胞外向钾通道的作用

研究了镧（La^3＋）和铕（Eu^3＋）对蚕豆保卫细胞外向钾通道（Kout^＋）电流的作用．在细胞外,La^3＋对Kout^＋电流是抑制的,半抑制浓度EC50为81μmol·L^-1;Eu^3＋对Kout^＋电流表现为低浓度（10和50μmol·L^-1）激活,高浓度（≥1mmol·L^-1）抑制．La^3＋在细胞内对Kout^＋电流也表现为低浓度（1．13×10^-14 mol·L^-1）激活,高浓度（5．86×10^-14 mol·L^-1）抑制现象．稀土离子La^3＋和Eu^3＋对保卫细胞Kout^＋电流的作用,可能和植物调节水分有关,这可能是稀土生物效应的机制之一．     

Effect of CO2 Laser Radiation on Physiological Tolerance of Wheat Seedlings Exposed to Chilling Stress

To determine the effect of CO₂ laser pretreatment of wheat seeds on the physiological tolerance of seedlings to chilling stress, wheat seeds were exposed to CO₂ laser radiation for 300 s. After being cultivated for 48 h at 25°C, the wheat seedlings were subjected to chilling stress for 24 h. Selected physiological and biochemical parameters were measured in 6-day-old seedlings. We observed that chilling stress enhanced the concentrations of malondialdehyde and oxidized glutathione while decreasing the activities of nitric oxide synthase, catalase, peroxidase, superoxide dismutase and the concentrations of nitric oxide and glutathione in the wheat leaves compared with controls. When the chilling stress was preceded by CO₂ laser irradiation, the concentrations of malondialdehyde and oxidized glutathione were decreased while the activities of nitric oxide synthase, catalase, peroxidase, superoxide dismutase and the concentrations of nitric oxide and glutathione increased. Furthermore, chilling stress decreased the biomass, biophoton intensity and GHS/GSSG ratios of seedlings while these parameters increased when the seedlings were treated with CO₂ laser irradiation prior to the chilling stress. The results suggest that a suitable dose of CO₂ laser stimulation can enhance the physiological tolerance of wheat seedlings to chilling stress.     

RAPD Markers Associated with Salt Tolerance in Soybean Genotypes Under Salt Stress

In order to investigate the influence of genetic background on salt tolerance in soybean (Glycine max), ten soybean genotypes (Pusa-20, Pusa-40, Pusa-37, Pusa-16, Pusa-24, Pusa-22, BRAGG, PK-416, PK-1042, and DS-9712) released in India, were selected and grown hydroponically. The 10-day-old seedlings were subjected to 0, 25, 50, 75, 100, 125, and 150 mM NaCl for 15 days. Plant growth, leaf osmotic adjustment, and random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis were studied. In comparison to control plants, the plant growth in all genotypes was decreased by salt stress, respectively. Salt stress decreased leaf osmotic potential in all genotypes; however, the maximum reduction was observed in genotype Pusa-24 followed by PK-416 and Pusa-20, while minimum reduction was shown by genotype Pusa-37, followed by BRAGG and PK-1042. Pusa-16, Pusa-22, Pusa-40, and DS-9712 were able to tolerate NaCl treatment up to the level of 75 Mm. The difference in osmotic adjustment between all the genotypes was correlated with the concentrations of ion examined such as Na⁺ and the leaf proline concentration. These results suggest that the genotypic variation for salt tolerance can be partially accounted by plant physiological measures. Twenty RAPD primers revealed high polymorphism and genetic variation among ten soybean genotypes studied. The closer varieties in the cluster behaved similarly in their response to salinity tolerance. Intra-clustering within the two clusters precisely grouped the ten genotypes in sub-cluster as expected from their physiological findings. Our study shows that RAPD technique is a sensitive, precise, and efficient tool for genomic analysis in soybean genotypes.     

Enhanced Salt Tolerance of Polyurethane Based Multilayer Films

In our previous study, polyurethane (PU) based multilayer films assembled with weak polyelectrolytes exhibited controllable loading and release properties, but would be decomposed in high salt solution. Herein, a strong polyelectrolyte, poly(styrene sulfonic acid) sodium (PSS), was introduced to fabricate multilayer films. The salt tolerance of the film was investigated by evaluating the loading and release profiles towards model drug in salt solution with different concentrations. Results showed that the release behavior of the film, as well as its loading capacity, can be tuned by varying the salt concentrations. And the film showed a good salt tolerance that can remain integrity even after 6 cycles of drug loading and release in 600 mmol·L^?1 NaCl solution. It showed that the salt tolerance of PU based films can be greatly improved through assembling with strong polyelectrolyte.     

铕在粉质粘土上的吸附分配比

通过静态法研究了Eu在粉质粘土中的吸附情况,实验分析了多种因素对Eu在粉质粘土中的吸附性能的影响。实验测定了粉质粘土中Eu的分配比,研究了粒度、水相pH值、固液比和初始浓度对吸附分配比的影响。结果表明,Eu在粉质粘土中的分配系数为102量级,Eu的吸附分配比随粉质粘土粒度的减小而增大;随着水相中pH增大,Eu的吸附分配比增大;随着液固比增大,Eu的吸附分配比增大。     

Nitric Oxide Is Essential for Melatonin to Enhance Nitrate Tolerance of Cucumber Seedlings

Melatonin (MT) and nitric oxide (NO) in plants can function cooperatively to alleviate salt stress, sodic alkaline stress and immune response, as well as adventitious root formation. The interaction of MT and NO on the nitrate stress tolerance of cucumber seedlings are not well understood. We investigated the effects of exogenous MT, NO donor (SNP) and NO scavenger (cPTIO) on the growth; photosynthesis; characteristics of root morphological; accumulation of mineral elements, endogenous NO, MT, IAA and ABA; and related genes expression in cucumber (Cucumis sativus L. “Jin You No. 1”) seedlings grown under high nitrate condition (HN). The results showed that MT and NO independently alleviated the inhibition of growth and photosynthesis capacity of cucumber seedlings under nitrate stress. NO was required for MT to enhance the root activity, root length, lateral root number and the accumulation of calcium, magnesium and iron in the roots of cucumber seedlings grown under nitrate stress. Consistently, the expression of adventitious rootless 1 gene (CsARL1) was modulated. Furthermore, exogenous MT induced accumulation of endogenous MT, NO, indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and abscisic acid (ABA), mainly within 24 h after treatment, in which MT and NO were further increased at 48 h and 96 h, IAA and ABA were further increased at 16 h in the presence of SNP. In contrast, the accumulation of endogenous IAA, MT and ABA slightly decreased within 24 h, NO significantly decreased at 192 h in the presence of cPTIO. Correspondingly, the expression levels of genes involved in nitrogen metabolism (CsNR1 and CsNR2), MT metabolism (CsT5H, CsSNAT2 and Cs2-ODD33), auxin carriers and response factors (CsAUX1, CsGH3.5, CsARF17), ABA synthesis and catabolism (CsNCED1, CsNCED3 and CsCYP707A1) were upregulated by MT, in which CsNR1, CsNR2, CsAUX1, CsNCED3 and CsT5H were further induced in the presence of SNP in roots of cucumber seedlings. These observations indicated that NO act as a crucial factor in MT, alleviating nitrate stress through regulating the mechanism of root growth in cucumber seedlings.     

Spectroscopic Investigation of Anhydrous Solutions of Europium Perchlorate and Europium Nitrate in N,N-Dimethylformamide

Anhydrous solutions of Eu(ClO₄)₃ and Eu (NO₃)₃ 0.05m in N, N-dimethyl formamide (DMF) are investigated by means of conductometric measurements, vibrational spectroscopy, electronic absorption and emission spectra, and fluorescence lifetime determinations. Eu (ClO₄)₃ is completely dissociated and no inner-sphere interaction takes place between ClO₄ and Eu³⁺ ions. The solvated species Eu (DMF) has a C_2v-symmetry and x is probably equal to 8. A more complicated situation occurs for Eu (NO₃)₃, the solutions of which contain at least three different solvates; the predominant species is [Eu (NO₃)₂ (DMF)_x?4]+ (≈80% of the total Eu-concentration) and it is more stable than the mononitrato complex [Eu (NO₃) (DMF) _X?2]²⁺; the neutral complex Eu (NO₃)₃ (DMF) _x?6 is also present, as can be inferred from a high-resolution analysis of the ⁵D₀→⁷F₀ emission band. The absence of emission from the excited ⁵D₁-level can be rationalized in terms of an efficient non-radiative deexcitation path through a vibrational mode of the DMF-molecules bonded to the central metal ion.     

壬基酚甜菜碱两性表面活性剂的合成和抗温耐盐性能

以壬基酚、环氧氯丙烷、二甲胺和3-氯-2-羟基丙磺酸钠为原料, 在催化剂的作用下经醚化、叔胺化、季铵化, 合成了壬基酚甜菜碱两性表面活性剂(NSZ), 并确定了最佳的反应条件。 壬基酚氯醇醚的最佳合成条件:物料比n(壬基酚):n(环氧氯丙烷)=1:4, 催化剂四丁基溴化铵用量为壬基酚用量的4%(摩尔比), 反应时间为4 h, 反应温度为95 ℃。 壬基酚叔胺的最佳合成条件:物料比为n(壬基酚氯醇醚):n(二甲胺):n(氢氧化钠)=1:2.5:1.1, 反应时间为4 h, 反应温度为60 ℃。 NSZ的最佳合成条件:以异丙醇/水为溶剂且其体积比为2:1, 反应温度为85 ℃, 反应时间24 h, n(3-氯-2羟基丙磺酸钠):n(壬基酚叔胺)=1.2:1, 反应体系的pH值为8~9。 通过测定NSZ在高温高矿化度条件下的界面性能、乳化性能和热稳定性, 证明了NSZ具有良好的耐温抗盐性能。     

稀土Ce3+对盐胁迫下螺旋藻生理特性的影响

以非洲乍得湖钝顶螺旋藻为实验材料,在0.3 mol.L-1NaCl胁迫下,通过生理学方法研究了不同浓度Ce3+对螺旋藻生长的影响。结果表明:Ce3+浓度在8.104～16.208μmol.L-1之间时,促进了螺旋藻的生长以及叶绿素a的合成;Ce3+浓度在16.208～48.62μmol.L-1之间时,促进可溶性蛋白的合成;Ce3+浓度为8.104μmol.L-1时藻体MDA含量最高,之后MDA含量随着Ce3+处理浓度的增加逐步降低。这说明Ce3+在一定的浓度范围内可减轻NaCl对螺旋藻的胁迫作用,促进螺旋藻可溶性蛋白和叶绿素a的积累,降低藻细胞MDA的浓度,高浓度Ce3+则会与NaCl协同、抑制螺旋藻的生长。