Parameters of the electron beam in a betatron with radial comb-type poles

Expressions for the vector potential and components of the magnetic field induction vector of a betatron with radial comb-type poles are derived. The dynamics of the electron beam in the electromagnetic betatron field is investigated in the process of electron injection and acceleration. It is demonstrated that the azimuthally varying field engender beam beats. However, the amplitudes of beam particle oscillations during acceleration do not exceed their values estimated from the symmetric azimuthal component of the betatron magnetic field induction. The energy spectrum of accelerated electrons is not described by a normal law. In the electron energy spectrum, the relative number of electrons whose energy exceeds the average value is large. Application of poles with radial combs improves the efficiency of electron capture in acceleration. Results of investigations can find application in the development and adjustment of electron beam accelerating systems. __________ Translated from Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedenii, Fizika, No. 10, pp. 27–34, October, 2005.     

激光脉冲形状对弓形波电子俘获的影响

使用二维粒子模拟程序研究了电子弓形波注入机制中激光脉冲形状对电子俘获效果的影响. 研究结果表明, 激光脉冲时间上升沿陡峭的正扭曲脉冲激发的尾波场强度高, 加速区域分布广, 并且有利于电子获得更高的初速度, 从而推动更多的电子进入尾波场加速相位. 在其他条件相同的情况下, 正扭曲脉冲的电子俘获数目远高于激光脉冲时间分别为高斯形和负扭曲分布的情形, 使得电子束的品质得到改善. 研究结果对于理解尾波场加速中电子注入过程以及获得大电荷量高能电子束具有积极意义. 关键词： 尾波场 电子俘获 时间波形 粒子模拟     

Effect of the energy spectrum of an electron source on the attraction of the electrons into the accelerating mode in a betatron

The energy spread of the electrons in a betatron has a stabilizing influence on the motion of the beam at all stages of the accelerating cycle. The possibility of electrons with a variety of energies being captured by an azimuthally-symmetrical magnetic field is considered in this paper. It is shown that, for both external and internal injection, electrons with specific values of the projection of the moment of momentum M_z of the system on the z axis may be captured by the magnetic field, the corresponding spread being finite C 0. Accepting this picture of electron capture, estimates are made for the greatest possible relative energy spread of the electrons which may be captured in case of external injection (17.4%), and for the relative energy spread of the zero electrons (those having C = 0), which amounts to 1.12%. The range of finite motion of the electrons (the boundaries of which should be included within the cross section of the vacuum chamber in order to obtain the maximum amount of accelerated charge) is also determined.Translated from Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedenii, Fizika, No. 6, pp. 24–29, June, 1974.     

Acceleration and radiation of externally injected electrons in laser plasma wakefield driven by a Laguerre-Gaussian pulse

By using three-dimensional particle-in-cell simulations, externally injected electron beam acceleration and radiation in donut-like wake fields driven by a Laguerre-Gaussian pulse are investigated. Studies show that in the acceleration process the total charge and azimuthal momenta of electrons can be stably maintained at a distance of a few hundreds of micrometers. Electrons experience low-frequency spiral rotation and high-frequency betatron oscillation, which leads to a synchrotron-like radiation. The radiation spectrum is mainly determined by the betatron motion of electrons. The far field distribution of radiation intensity shows axial symmetry due to the uniform transverse injection and spiral rotation of electrons. Our studies suggest a new way to simultaneously generate hollow electron beam and radiation source from a compact laser plasma accelerator.     

Filling of traps with electrons in insulators subjected to intense electron irradiation

The efficiency of nonequilibrium electron trapping by capture centers in alkali halide crystals, quartz, and polymethyl methacrylate exposed to an intense electron beam with a beam current density of about 20 A/cm² is studied. The trapped charge is estimated from the amount of irradiation-induced electrification of high-resistivity materials. It is shown that traps having captured thermalized electrons become depleted via impact ionization due to the primary electrons of the beam and secondary electrons.     

高俘获效率电子辐照加速器的设计研究

加速管是一台加速器的核心部分. 一般电子辐照加速器的俘获效率在50%左右, 一半的电子都损失在加速管内. 丢失的电子打在加速管内壁, 产生轫致辐射、腔体发热量增加、真空变坏等许多负面影响. 采用一段等梯度加速结构, 相速沿加速管呈线形增加,调整相速变化规律及加速管腔体的尺寸参数, 设计出的加速管最终的俘获效率提高到90%以上, 同时平均加速梯度没有因此降低, 加速管总长度没有增加.     

场向传播的内磁层哨声波对辐射带高能电子的共振扩散

基于高斯分布的哨声波谱密度分布、偶极子背景磁场模型以及建立在卫星观测数据基础上的半经验电子密度纬度分布模型,对于等离子体层顶以外区域(4≤L≤7),计算了准线性当地及弹跳平均电子共振扩散系数,并估算了与磁层哨声波回旋共振导致的辐射带电子损失及加速时间尺度.结果表明,波粒共振相互作用区域取决于电子能量、波谱分布、电子赤道抛射角以及当地电子密度及背景磁场.哨声波共振频率除了与以上5个参量有关外,还与地磁纬度有关.赤道哨声波主要影响较低能量辐射带电子的加速,中高纬度哨声波主要作用于较高能量辐射带电 关键词： 共振波粒相互作用 地球辐射带 哨声波 回旋共振加速及散射沉降     

Trapping and Acceleration of Electron Bunches Generated by a Laser Pulse Moving through the Sharp Plasma Boundary

The formation and acceleration of electron bunches resulting from the self-injection of electrons into the wake wave from the laser pulse moving through a sharp plasma boundary are investigated in one-dimensional geometry. It is shown that electron trapping in the accelerating wakefield is governed by the electron energy and has a threshold character. The acceleration of the trapped bunch is numerically simulated.     

Sensitivity of probes used to measure the electron current in a betatron

Calibration of the probes (consisting of a magnetic loop, turns on the accelerating chamber, and an electrostatic signal electrode) used to measure the current circulating in the accelerating chamber of the 15 MeV betatron is reported for various phases of the acceleration. The calibration was carried out in the working part of the accelerator with a current of electrons which had undergone a single revolution in the chamber. Results found in a calculation of the sensitivity and other probe characteristics are reported. A method is described for measuring the current involved in the acceleration by means of turns on the chamber and an electrostatic deflection of electrons. Recommendations are given for the use of probes to adjust a betatron.Translated from Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedenii, Fizika, No. 9, pp. 106–110, September, 1970.     

强激光锥型靶真空电子加速数值模拟研究

真空激光加速机制具有加速场梯度大、加速电子电量高的优点,目前制约真空加速机制研究发展的主要问题是如何产生具有一定初速度的电子并将其注入加速场。提出了一种利用强激光与锥型靶相互作用产生高能电子并实现真空加速的新方法,利用二维PIC(Particle-in-cell)粒子模拟程序对这一方法进行了研究。模拟结果显示,对于光强为10²¹ W/cm²量级的高斯激光脉冲,产生了能量为GeV量级、发散角约为1°的强流快电子束。此外还通过理论解析和参数模拟研究了靶半径对这种超热电子加速机制的影响。     

固态阴极射线器件复合加速层的研究

固态阴极射线器件的加速层,是提高固态阴极射线性能的重要部分,它能够加大电子能量,倍增电子数量。其中增加注入电子从而提高过热电子的数量,是提高固态阴极射线器件性能的关键。为此 ,文章尝试将加速层复合,兼顾加速与电子注入性能。首先将SiO₂,ZnS和ZnO分别与有机聚合物MEH-PPV组合,确定较适合的复合加速层的组合：SiO₂/ZnS和 ZnO/SiO₂。然后将这两种复合加速层的性能对比,发现SiO₂/ZnS的性能更优越,因为电子注入性能ZnS和ZnO相当,而电子加速倍增性能ZnS明显优于ZnO,其中 SiO₂为主要的加速层,而ZnS起到降低注入势垒变成阶梯势垒的作用。最后又将复合加速层结构的固态阴极射线器件和传统的SiO₂夹层固态阴极射线器件对比,发现这种复合 加速层结构,尤其在高场下,可提高固态阴极射线的初电子源和过热电子的数目,从而提高其发光效率具有促进作用。     

Electron acceleration by a tightly focused laser beam

State-of-the-art petawatt laser beams may be focused down to few-micron spot sizes and can produce violent electron acceleration as a result of the extremely intense and asymmetric fields. Classical fifth-order calculations in the diffraction angle show that electrons, injected sideways into the tightly focused laser beam, get captured and gain energy in the GeV regime. We point out the most favorable points of injection away from the focus, along with an efficient means of extracting the energetic electron with a static magnetic field.     

新型金属丝靶电子源实验研究

电子束在基础科学研究、工农业生产和医疗领域发挥了重要作用。提出了一种新型的电子源技术方案:高功率激光脉冲轰击金属丝靶,可以产生大量能量在百keV量级的热电子,一部分热电子在丝靶表面自生电磁场的作用下沿着丝靶运动,丝靶后方可以获得指向性良好的电子束。实验上成功在金、钨和铜丝靶后方获得了电子束团,测量了束团束斑、电荷量和能谱。铜丝靶单发实验收集到的电子束团总电荷量可达3 nC,能量分布在0～240 keV区间内,能谱在100 keV附近呈现峰值。提出了微波压缩方案,设计了2腔微波聚束腔,利用ASTRA对微波腔压缩过程进行了模拟计算。结果显示,可以将电荷量1 nC、长度55 ps的束团压缩至27 ps,满足后续微波加速器对电子源的要求。     

The Dynamics of Electron Orbits during the Acceleration of Electrons in a Betatron

This paper presents a system of equations that describe the motion of charged particles in the electromagnetic field of a betatron. This system of equation was successfully used to study the behavior of the electron orbits and to determine the principal parameters of the electron beam in the electromagnetic field of a betatron during the electron acceleration and deceleration. The results of this study may find application in developing systems designed to accelerate electron beams. It has been shown that in the course of acceleration there is no damping of the betatron oscillations by the law B _z ^–1/2 and, correspondingly, no decrease in beam cross section. In contrast to the existing belief, the initial departure of the kinetic energy (momentum) of the injected electrons from the energy (momentum) of the electrons following the equilibrium orbit is not preserved in the course of acceleration. In the betatron chamber, the electron beam, when accelerated, does not constrict to form a ring but occupies a broad zone, whose dimensions are determined by the initial double amplitudes of the vertical and horizontal oscillations. Despite the large double amplitude of the oscillations of the beam particles, the average energy of the electrons differs from the energy of the electrons following the equilibrium orbit only slightly, and the departure of the average energy from the energy of the equilibrium electrons varies proportionally to the (varying) field of the betatron.     

On kinetic effects in the ionosphericF-region modified by powerful radio waves

We consider effects related to acceleration of electrons by high-frequency plasma turbulence in the ionospheric F-region modified by powerful radio waves. The threshold of avalanche growth of the number of accelerated particles due to additional ionization is determined for pump-wave frequencies far from the multiple cyclotron resonance. The steady-state density of the accelerated electrons is found for the above pump-frequency values taking into account both turbulent trapping in the accelerating layer due to scattering of plasma waves and the return of electrons to this layer due to collisions. If the pump wave frequency is close to the multiple cyclotron resonance, fast electron distribution with significant transverse anisotropy is formed. Relaxation of this distribution due to collisions with charged particles outside the accelerating layer leads to the appearance of a maximum over transverse velocities in the tail of the distribution function. We propose a generation mechanism for the broad upshifted maximum feature in the spectrum of stimulated electromagnetic emission, which is related to the cyclotron instability of the accelerated electrons. The instability occurs in the double-resonance region in which the pump frequency is close to both the upper-hybrid and multiple-cyclotron frequency. Radiophysical Research Institute, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia. Translated from Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedenii, Radiofizika, Vol. 42, No. 7, pp. 651–669, July 1999.     

空间电子辐照聚合物的充电特性和微观机理

空间电子辐照聚合物的充电特性和微观机理是研究和防护航天器聚合物充放电特性的基础.采用蒙特卡罗方法模拟空间电子的散射过程,快二次电子模型模拟二次电子的产生,有限差分法求解电荷连续性方程、电流密度方程和泊松方程的电荷输运过程,俘获过程基于Poole-Frenkel效应来实现.基于电子散射/输运同步模型基础,结合法国国家航空航天科研局(ONERA)的地球同步轨道电子能谱分布理论公式和欧空局(SIRENE)机构的地面实验方法,建立了基于地球同步轨道电子能谱分布的空间多能电子的散射模型.通过空间电子辐照聚合物充电过程的数值模拟,获得了空间电荷密度、电位、电场和空间电位分布.阐明了空间电子辐照聚合物的充电特性和样品微观参数与表面电位的关联性.表面电位特性与实验结果相吻合,单能电子的电位强度高于多能电子的电位.充电达到稳态时,电子迁移率较小时(小于10~(–11)cm~2·V~(–1)·s~(–1)),空间电位绝对值随电子迁移率的降低明显加强;复合率较大时(大于10~(–14)cm~3·s~(–1)),空间电位绝对值随复合率的增大而增大.研究结果对于揭示空间电子辐照聚合物的充电特性和微观机理、提高航天器充放电故障机理研究水平具有重要科学意义和价值.     

Interaction of an electron bunch with a laser pulse in vacuum

The output properties of electrons accelerated by the vacuum laser acceleration scheme CAS (capture and acceleration scenario) are addressed. The transport process of the electron bunch, the fraction of the CAS electrons of the incident electrons, the correlation of electron energy with position and scattering angle, the energy spectrum and angular distributions as well as the emittance of the outgoing electrons are studied at a laser intensity of a₀=10. In addition, the effects of the laser intensity, beam width, and pulse duration on the properties of the output electrons are also examined. Physical explanations of those output characteristics are presented based on the mechanism behind the CAS scheme. The feasibility of CAS to become a realistic laser accelerator scheme is explored. PACS 41.75.Jv; 42.60.Jf; 41.85.Ja     

激光尾波场驱动准连续小角度电子束研究进展

报道了在北京大学新建成的5 Hz 200 TW飞秒激光加速器实验装置上利用68 TW(1.7 J,25 fs)的激光与混合气体(99%He掺杂1%N_2)进行激光电子加速的初步实验结果与理论分析.在实验中观测到了最大截止能量为290 MeV的连续电子能谱,并且最大输出能量在一定的聚焦范围内基本不变.二维particle-in-cell模拟表明:电离注入导致电子不断注入,使得纵向相空间在激光传播几个毫米后基本被电子填满;之后相空间中电子分布基本保持稳定,随着激光传播距离的增加,输出电子最大能量几乎不变,这与实验观察到的最大输出能量随激光聚焦位置在一定范围内不变的现象一致.实验与模拟结果揭示了在当前实验条件下连续电离注入对电子束品质的影响,为今后进一步优化电离注入电子品质提供了依据.     

电子在激光驻波场中运动产生的太赫兹及X射线辐射研究

采用单电子模型和经典辐射理论分别对低能和高能电子在线偏振激光驻波场中的运动和辐射过程进行了研究. 结果表明: 垂直于激光电场方向入射的低速电子在激光驻波场中随着光强的增大, 逐渐从一维近周期运动演变为二维折叠运动, 并产生强的微米量级波长的太赫兹辐射; 高能电子垂直或者平行于激光电场方向入射到激光驻波场中, 都会产生波长在几个纳米的高频辐射; 低能电子与激光驻波场作用中, 激光强度影响着电子的运动形式、辐射频率以及辐射强度; 高能电子入射时, 激光强度影响了电子高频辐射的强度, 电子初始能量影响着辐射的频率; 电子能量越高, 产生的辐射频率越大. 研究表明可以由激光加速电子的方式得到不同能量的电子束, 并利用电子束在激光驻波场的辐射使之成为太赫兹和X射线波段的小型辐射源. 研究结果可以为实验研究和利用激光驻波场中的电子辐射提供依据.     

Acceleration of nonmonoenergetic electron bunches injected into a wake wave

The trapping and acceleration of nonmonoenergetic electron bunches in a wake field wave excited by a laser pulse in a plasma channel is studied. Electrons are injected into the region of the wake wave potential maximum at a velocity lower than the phase velocity of the wave. The paper analyzes the grouping of bunch electrons in the energy space emerging in the course of acceleration under certain conditions of their injection into the wake wave and minimizing the energy spread for such electrons. The factors determining the minimal energy spread between bunch electrons are analyzed. The possibility of monoenergetic acceleration of electron bunches generated by modern injectors in a wake wave is analyzed.