一种耗能剪力墙结构地震反应的简化计算方法

本文用哈密顿原理建立了一种带竖缝耗能剪力墙结构在地震作用下的动力平衡方程，用Ritz法求解该方程，采用基于割线刚度和阻尼比等概率 幅值平均的等效线性方法求解竖缝中的耗能装置的刚度和阻尼比，并通过对一耗能剪力墙结构模型振动台试验的计算分析表明了该方法计算简单，且有较好的计算精度，为便于工程应用，对由耗能装置提供给结构的附加阻尼进行强行解耦，用振型分解反应谱的方法进行耗能结构地震反应的简化计算，并通过对一算例的计算分析表明了该简化方法具有一定的精度，该简化方法使对耗能结构的抗震计算与普通结构比较一致，该方法主要适用于小震作用下的耗能结构的抗震计算。     

A material force method for inelastic fracture mechanics

A material force method is proposed for evaluating the energy release rate and work rate of dissipation for fracture in inelastic materials. The inelastic material response is characterized by an internal variable model with an explicitly defined free energy density and dissipation potential. Expressions for the global material and dissipation forces are obtained from a global balance of energy-momentum that incorporates dissipation from inelastic material behavior. It is shown that in the special case of steady-state growth, the global dissipation force equals the work rate of dissipation, and the global material force and J-integral methods are equivalent. For implementation in finite element computations, an equivalent domain expression of the global material force is developed from the weak form of the energy-momentum balance. The method is applied to model problems of cohesive fracture in a remote K-field for viscoelasticity and elastoplasticity. The viscoelastic problem is used to compare various element discretizations in combination with different schemes for computing strain gradients. For the elastoplastic problem, the effects of cohesive and bulk properties on the plastic dissipation are examined using calculations of the global dissipation force.     

Noise Correction and Length Scale Estimation for Scalar Dissipation Rate Measurements in Turbulent Partially Premixed Flames

A recently developed conditional sampling-based method for correcting noise effects in scalar dissipation rate measurements and for estimating the extent of resolution of the dissipation rate is employed to analyze the data obtained in turbulent partially premixed (Sandia) flames. The method uses conditional sampling to select instantaneous fully resolved local scalar fields, which are analyzed to determine the measurement noise and to correct the Favre mean, conditional, and conditionally filtered dissipation rates. The potentially under-resolved local scalar fields, also selected using conditional sampling, are corrected for noise and are analyzed to examine the extent of resolution. The error function is used as a model for the potentially under-resolved local scalar to evaluate the scalar dissipation length scales and the percentage of the dissipation resolved. The results show that the Favre mean dissipation rate, the mean dissipation rate conditional on the mixture fraction, and dissipation rate filtered conditionally on the mixture fraction generally are well resolved in the flames. Analyses of the dissipation rates filtered conditionally on the mixture fraction and temperature show that the length scale increases with temperature, due to lower dissipation rate and higher diffusivity. The dissipation rate is well resolved for temperatures above 1,300 K but is less resolved at lower temperatures, although the probability of very low temperature events is low. To fully resolve these rare events the sample spacing needs to be reduced by approximately one half. The present study further demonstrates the effectiveness of the new noise correction and length scale estimation method.     

A new matrix dissipation model for central scheme

In this paper, a simple and efficient improvement to the famous Swanson–Turkel matrix dissipation model for the central scheme is proposed. In the new matrix dissipation model, the accuracy is improved by eliminating the second‐difference dissipation added to the characteristic fields representing the vorticity waves. This strategy is proposed based on analyzing the flow‐physics about shock‐vortex interaction using the Rankine–Hugoniot jump condition. In this paper, the behavior of central scheme for rotational flow is also theoretically and numerically analyzed. Results show a newfound problem of the original scalar and matrix dissipation models, in which for rotational flow excessive second‐difference dissipation is added due to the pressure‐based shock sensor. With current new matrix dissipation model improved accuracy is obtained at minimal cost overhead, especially, in the highly vortical region where the second‐difference dissipation is reduced. At the same time, it preserves the excellent shock capturing capability and convergence speed of original method. Numerical properties of this new matrix dissipation model are validated with a series of numerical experiments and results comparison with original model verifies improved performance of current method. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Dynamic symmetry breaking and structure-preserving analysis on the longitudinal wave in an elastic rod with a variable cross-section

The longitudinal wave propagating in an elastic rod with a variable cross-section owns wide engineering background, in which the longitudinal wave dissipation determines some important performances of the slender structure. To reproduce the longitudinal wave dissipation effects on an elastic rod with a variable cross-section, a structure-preserving approach is developed based on the dynamic symmetry breaking theory. For the dynamic model controlling the longitudinal wave propagating in the elast...     

基于胡聿贤谱的带支撑广义Maxwell阻尼隔震结构随机响应分析

工程中通过设置支撑将阻尼器和建筑结构连接, 但常为了简化分析, 将支撑的水平刚度看成无穷大, 即不考虑支撑对耗能结构随机地震响应的影响. 实际上, 考虑有限水平刚度的支撑对耗能结构响应的影响更加符合工程实际, 为考虑支撑影响的广义Maxwell耗能隔震结构在胡聿贤谱地震激励下的响应分析, 提出一种求解随机地震响应的简明解析解法. 将带支撑广义Maxwell阻尼器等效本构关系、隔震结构运动方程以及胡聿贤谱滤波方程联合组成非经典阻尼系统, 运用复模态法对该非经典阻尼系统解耦, 通过不同响应模态获得耗能隔震系统系列响应基于白噪声激励的Duhamel积分表达式; 利用Dirac函数的性质, 将系统系列响应协方差简化为无积分运算的表达式, 根据功率谱密度函数与其协方差函数的Wiener-Khinchin关系, 得到耗能隔震系统系列响应功率谱和地面加速度功率谱, 基于随机振动理论中谱矩的定义, 得到耗能隔震系统系列响应0 ~ 2阶谱矩. 算例通过与虚拟激励法对比分析, 验证所提方法在该耗能隔震系统分析的正确性和高效性, 并讨论了不同支撑刚度对阻尼器减震效果的影响.      

Computation of Conditional Average Scalar Dissipation in Turbulent Jet Diffusion Flames

The modelling of conditional scalar dissipation in locally self-similar turbulent reacting jets is considered. The streamwise dependence in the transport equation of the conserved scalar pdf is represented by a function solely dependent on centreline mixture fraction. This procedure provides a simple model suitable for non-homogeneous flows and ensures positive values for conditional scalar dissipation. It has been tested in pure hydrogen-air jet diffusion flames using a Conditional Moment Closure method with detailed 12species, 23 reactions chemistry. The calculations show good agreement of the averaged scalar dissipation with reference values and the model proves to be superior to previous models based on homogeneous flows if the distribution of the conditional scalar dissipation in mixture fraction space is compared with experimental results. A dependence of NO predictions on the model of conditional scalar dissipation can be observed. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

基于格子-波尔兹曼法的流体能耗求解

格子-波尔兹曼法是近年来新兴的一种计算流体力学数值方法。随着这种方法的不断发展,人们将它用于流体的仿真、优化等不同场合。与此同时,一些与流场流速和压强相关的物理量(如能耗)的求解也成为关注的焦点。本文介绍了能耗这一流体宏观量的格子-波尔兹曼法求解及其实现。与传统的有限差分法不同,本文在求解有关的速度梯度时使用了格子-波尔兹曼-矩法,这种方法不但能够避免有限差分法在边界处失效的缺点,而且计算简单,算法局部性好,适合大规模并行计算。本文在分析其数值解精度的基础上,使用这种方法进行了以能耗极小为目标的直通道内椭圆挡块的参数优化。这些分析和算例分别定量和定性地说明了本文算法的准确性。     

基于应变能等效指标的结构损伤识别技术研究

为了解决结构的多损伤识别问题,提出了一种基于应变能等效指标的损伤识别方法。首先给出了损伤前后模态应变能变化的表达式以及能量耗散公式,然后根据结构的能量耗散与应变能的变化值等价的原理,建立了一个四阶等效方程,最后求出了该方程的四个根,并通过对该方程四个根的分析得到了一个应变能等效指标,通过该指标可以方便的求解损伤的位置和程度。数值仿真结果表明,基于应变能等效指标的损伤识别方法不仅可以精确的识别出损伤的位置和程度,而且其识别精度明显好于应变能耗散率方法。     

考虑应变率效应的混凝土随机损伤本构模型研究

混凝土材料组分复杂且具有随机分布的特点,其受力力学行为不可避免地存在非线性和随机性.同时,在动力荷载作用下,混凝土材料具有不可忽视的率敏感性.为了综合反映混凝土受力力学行为中的非线性、随机性与率敏感性,本文从对材料的纳-微观裂纹扩展分析入手,引入速率过程理论描述纳观裂纹的扩展速率,并研究了对应的能量耗散过程.在此基础上通过裂纹层级模型将纳观分析推演到微观尺度,建立了微观能量耗散的基本表达式.进而与微-细观随机断裂模型相结合,形成了混凝土纳-微-细观随机损伤本构模型.同时,基于速率相关势垒的分析,揭示了动力强度的提高源自加载速率和原子键断裂速率的竞争机制.据此,假定微裂纹间相互作用与应变率比值的相关关系以建立微弹簧能量耗散速率与应变率的联系,实现了从静力本构模型向动力本构模型的扩展.数值算例表明,建议模型能够同时反映混凝土材料力学行为中的非线性、随机性和率敏感性.最后通过与相关试验结果的对比,验证了建议模型的正确性.     

Shock and blast attenuation by aqueous foam barriers: influences of barrier geometry

A Free-Lagrange CFD code is used to simulate the attenuation, by means of barriers of aqueous foam, of shocks and blast waves emerging from the open end of a two-dimensional duct. A range of foam barrier configurations is explored, comprising foam sheets that extend the effective duct length, and foam “caps” that completely obstruct the duct exit. Near-field off-axis overpressure time-histories are presented for each configuration. Two attenuation mechanisms are identified, both of which are influenced by the barrier geometry used: partial transmission at foam/air interfaces due to impedance mismatching, and delay of blast waves within the foam. Attenuation by dissipation within the foam is not simulated. Received 13 October 1997 / Accepted 31 August 1998     

Purely irrotational theories for the viscous effects on the oscillations of drops and bubbles

In this paper, we apply two purely irrotational theories of the motion of a viscous fluid, namely, viscous potential flow (VPF) and the dissipation method to the problem of the decay of waves on the surface of a sphere. We treat the problem of the decay of small disturbances on a viscous drop surrounded by gas of negligible density and viscosity and a bubble immersed in a viscous liquid. The instantaneous velocity field in the viscous liquid is assumed to be irrotational. In VPF, viscosity enters the problem through the viscous normal stress at the free surface. In the dissipation method, viscosity appears in the dissipation integral included in the mechanical energy equation. Comparisons of the eigenvalues from VPF and the dissipation approximation with those from the exact solution of the linearized governing equations are presented. The results show that the viscous irrotational theories exhibit most of the features of the wave dynamics described by the exact solution. In particular, VPF and DM give rise to a viscous correction for the frequency that determines the crossover from oscillatory to monotonically decaying waves. Good to reasonable quantitative agreement with the exact solution is also shown for certain ranges of modes and dimensionless viscosity: For large viscosity and short waves, VPF is a very good approximation to the exact solution. For ‘small’ viscosity and long waves, the dissipation method furnishes the best approximation.     

A correction method for measuring turbulence kinetic energy dissipation rate by PIV

The accuracy of turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) dissipation rate measured by PIV is studied. The critical issue for PIV-based dissipation measurements is the strong dependency on the spatial resolution, Δx, as reported by Saarenrinne and Piirto (Exp Fluids Suppl:S300–S307, 2000). When the PIV spacing is larger than the Kolmogorov scale, η, the dissipation is underestimated because the small scale fluctuations are filtered. For the case of Δx smaller than the Kolmogorov scale, the error rapidly increases due to noise. We introduce a correction method to eliminate the dominant error for the small Δx case. The correction method is validated by using a novel PIV benchmark, random Oseen vortices synthetic image test (ROST), in which quasi-turbulence is generated by randomly superposing multiple Oseen vortices. The error of the measured dissipation can be more than 1,000% of the analytical dissipation for the small Δx case, while the dissipation rate is underestimated for the large Δx case. Though the correction method does not correct the underestimate due to the low resolution, the dissipation was accurately obtained within a few percent of the true value by using the correction method for the optimal resolution of η/10 < Δx < η/2.     

Dissipation rate estimation from PIV in zero-mean isotropic turbulence

Measuring the turbulent kinetic energy dissipation rate in an enclosed turbulence chamber that produces zero-mean flow is an experimental challenge. Traditional single-point dissipation rate measurement techniques are not applicable to flows with zero-mean velocity. Particle image velocimetry (PIV) affords calculation of the spatial derivative as well as the use of multi-point statistics to determine the dissipation rate. However, there is no consensus in the literature as to the best method to obtain dissipation rates from PIV measurements in such flows. We apply PIV in an enclosed zero-mean turbulent flow chamber and investigate five methods for dissipation rate estimation. We examine the influence of the PIV interrogation cell size on the performance of different dissipation rate estimation methods and evaluate correction factors that account for errors related to measurement uncertainty, finite spatial resolution, and low Reynolds number effects. We find the Re _λ corrected, second-order, longitudinal velocity structure function method to be the most robust method to estimate the dissipation rate in our zero-mean, gaseous flow system.     

Evaluation of the drag force by integrating the energy dissipation rate in stokes flow for 2D domains using the FEM

The total drag force on the surface of a body, which is the sum of the form drag and the skin friction drag in a 2D domain, is numerically evaluated by integrating the energy dissipation rate in the whole domain for an incompressible Stokes fluid. The finite element method is used to calculate both the energy dissipation rate in the whole domain as well as the drag on the boundary of the body. The evaluation of the drag and the energy dissipation rate are post-processing operations which are carried out after the velocity field and the pressure field for the flow over a particular profile have been obtained. The results obtained for the flow over three different but constant area profiles—a circle, an ellipse and a cross-section of a prolate spheroid—with uniform inlet velocity are presented and it is shown that the total drag force times the velocity is equal to the total energy dissipation rate in the entire finite flow domain. Hence, by calculating the energy dissipation rate in the domain with unit velocity specified at the far-field boundary enclosing the domain, the drag force on the boundary of the body can be obtained.     

New method of obtaining dissipation

To understand turbulence from a physical as well as a practical point of view it is imperative to know how the turbulent energy is created, transported and finally dissipated. The above physical processes are described by the turbulent kinetic energy equation. Two terms, namely the pressure diffusion and the dissipation, cannot yet be measured in a strict sense. The former has not been successfully measured by any means but the latter can be measured by invoking local isotropy for most of the fine scales of dissipating eddies.This research deals with the study of dissipation from an experimental point of view. Different experimental results have been reviewed and compared. First of all, methods are tested and compared in two well-known flows, boundary layer and fully developed pipe flow. A new method of obtaining dissipation that has proven to be most successful is the one where the dissipations calculated from the integration of the spectra from different lengths of the hot wire are extrapolated to zero length. High intensity of turbulence up to 60% is present in a large portion of the wall layer of a diffuser. The correction for dissipation due to high intensity of turbulence, introduced by Lumley (1965) and followed by Champagne (1978) in specific form, has been adopted to correct the dissipation in diffuser flow. The corrected dissipation compares quite well with the dissipation obtained from the kinetic energy equation as a closing term.     

A robust low‐dissipation AUSM‐family scheme for numerical shock stability on unstructured grids

The simple low‐dissipation advection upwind splitting method (SLAU) scheme is a parameter‐free, low‐dissipation upwind scheme that has been applied in a wide range of aerodynamic numerical simulations. In spite of its successful applications, the SLAU scheme could be showing shock instabilities on unstructured grids, as many other contact resolved upwind schemes. Therefore, a hybrid upwind flux scheme is devised for improving the shock stability of SLAU scheme, without compromising on accuracy and low Mach number performance. Numerical flux function of the hybrid scheme is written in a general form, in which only the scalar dissipation term is different from that of the SLAU scheme. The hybrid dissipation term is defined by using a differentiable multidimensional‐shock‐detection pressure weight function, and the dissipation term of SLAU scheme is combined with that of the Van Leer scheme. Furthermore, the hybrid dissipation term is only applied for the solution of momentum fluxes in numerical flux function. Based on the numerical test results, the hybrid scheme is deemed to be a successful improvement on the shock stability of SLAU scheme, without compromising on the efficiency and accuracy. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Upscaling the flow of generalised Newtonian fluids through anisotropic porous media

The homogenisation method with multiple scale expansions is used to investigate the slow and isothermal flow of generalised Newtonian fluids through anisotropic porous media. From this upscaling it is shown that the first-order macroscopic pressure gradient can be defined as the gradient of a macroscopic viscous dissipation potential, with respect to the first-order volume averaged fluid velocity. The macroscopic dissipation potential is the volume-averaged of local dissipation potential. Using this property, guidelines are proposed to build macroscopic tensorial permeation laws within the framework defined by the theory of anisotropic tensor functions and by using macroscopic isodissipation surfaces. A quantitative numerical study is then performed on a 3D fibrous medium and with a Carreau–Yasuda fluid in order to illustrate the theoretical results deduced from the upscaling.     

Accurate 3-D finite element simulation of elastic wave propagation with the combination of explicit and implicit time-integration methods

One of the big issues in finite element solutions of wave propagation problems is the presence of spurious high-frequency oscillations that may lead to divergent results at mesh refinement. The paper deals with the extension of the new two-stage time-integration technique developed in our previous papers to the solution of wave propagation problems with explicit time-integration methods.The explicit central difference method is used for accurate time-integration of the semi-discrete system of elastodynamics at the stage of basic computations and allows spurious high-frequency oscillations. To filter these oscillations, pre- or/and post-processing (the filtering stage) is applied using a few time increments of the implicit time-continuous Galerkin method with large numerical dissipation.A special calibration procedure is used for the selection of the minimum necessary amount of numerical dissipation (in terms of a time increment) at the filtering stage. In contrast to existing approaches that use a time-integration method with the same dissipation (or artificial viscosity) for all time increments, the new technique yields accurate and non-oscillatory results for wave propagation problems without interaction between user and computer code. The solutions of 3-D wave propagation and impact problems show the effectiveness of the new approach.     

The evolution equation of joint Pdf of turbulent velocity and dissipation

According to the hypothesis that the dissipation of turbulent kinetic energy satisfies log-normal distribution, a stochastic model of dissipation is provided and the Langevin model^[6] of velocity is modified. Then a joint Pdf equation of turbulent velocity and dissipation is derived. We solve numerically the joint Pdf equation using Monte Carlo method and obtain satisfactory results for decaying turbulence and homogeneous turbulent shear flow. The preliminary results show that the model is well working.