基于煤加氢气化半焦制备Ni/碳基复合吸波材料及组成优化

利用煤加氢气化半焦作载体、其中的炭作还原剂与介电组分,采用硝酸镍溶液浸渍结合碳热还原工艺制备Ni/碳基复合微波吸收材料;研究磁性组分Ni负载量对复合物微观结构与性能的影响作用及相关机制。结果表明,通过改变复合物的碳含量、碳的石墨化程度以及引入界面与缺陷,调整Ni的负载量可以方便地调控复合物的电磁参数,从而实现良好的阻抗匹配。在碳热还原温度为700℃时,Ni负载量为20%的复合物显示了最优的微波吸收性能。在涂层厚度为2.5 mm条件下,其最低反射损耗可达-42.6 dB,相应的有效带宽为4.1 GHz;而在2 mm涂层厚度条件下,其有效带宽可达5.6 GHz。复合物中起主导作用的微波吸收机制是介电损耗,主要源于石墨化炭引起的漏导损耗及界面与缺陷引起的极化驰豫损耗。     

Ni基催化剂上木质素模型化合物苯基苯乙醚C-O键的加氢裂解

研究了Ni基催化剂上木质素模型化合物苯基苯乙醚中C-O-C键加氢裂解性能.结果表明,Ni/C催化剂显示出优异的加氢裂解能力,苯基苯乙醚的转化率达到99%以上.Ni/C催化剂的还原方法对裂解选择性有重要影响;氢气还原制备的Ni/C-H催化剂上,C-O-C键裂解选择性为85%.Ru/C和Pd/C催化剂上裂解选择性分别为40%和69%.采用碳热还原方法制备的Ni/C-C催化剂,可以实现高选择性加氢和裂解,C-O-C键裂解选择性达到99%以上,其中芳烃化合物收率为44%.这可能与镍组分和载体碳之间的相互作用有关.     

碳热还原辅助溶胶-凝胶法制备氟代聚阴离子型嵌/脱锂材料LiVPO4F/C

采用碳热还原辅助溶胶-凝胶法合成了锂二次电池正极材料LiVPO₄F/C, 探讨煅烧温度和煅烧时间对所制备材料纯度、结构和电化学性能的影响. 采用X射线衍射(XRD), 扫描电子显微镜(SEM), 恒流充放电, 电化学阻抗谱(EIS)和循环伏安(CV)等手段对不同煅烧温度和时间所得的材料进行结构表征和电化学性能测试. 当煅烧时间为4 h 时, 温度为450 ℃时, 能够得到纯相LiVPO₄F/C, 在0.1C、0.5C和1.0C倍率下, 电池放电比容量分别为193.2、175.6 和173.7 mAh·g^-1. 随着煅烧温度升高, Li₃V₂(PO₄)₃杂相逐渐增多, 650 ℃煅烧后的材料Li₃V₂(PO₄)₃ 成为主相. 优化煅烧时间也能够有效控制Li₃V₂(PO₄)₃ 杂相的生成, 能得到电化学性能良好的LiVPO₄F/C. 当煅烧温度为550 ℃时, 反应3 h后得到的产物综合电化学性能最优.     

碳化钨纳米晶合成及其电化学性能

用Mg作还原剂,无水乙醇和WO3分别作为C源和W源,采用简单的溶剂热法合成了碳化钨(WC)纳米晶,并讨论了温度和时间对合成WC的影响,以及其形成的机理.通过X射线衍射、透射电子显微镜、能量色散谱和电化学方法表征了WC的物相结构、表面形貌、化学组成和电化学性能.结果表明,合成温度低至500℃时也能合成六方WC相.生成C的量超过W的量,说明纯化后的产物由C和WC组成.WC的粒径大约在40~70nm,分布于膜状碳上.将溶剂热法制备出的WC加入Pt/C中,其协同催化氧还原效果非常明显,起峰电势比Pt/C催化剂正移了173mV.     

锂离子电池负极材料纳米多孔硅/石墨/碳复合微球的制备与性能

以硅藻土为原料, 通过镁热还原反应得到多孔硅, 进一步利用砂磨得到纳米多孔硅, 然后通过球磨将其与片状石墨和沥青均匀混合, 采用喷雾干燥技术造粒, 高温煅烧后制备了纳米多孔硅/石墨/碳复合微球. 对所得复合微球的结构和理化性质进行了表征. 纳米多孔硅/石墨/碳复合微球作为锂离子电池负极材料展示出较高的可逆容量、 优异的循环稳定性(100次循环后容量仍为790 mA·h/g, 容量保持率可达96.7%)及较好的倍率性能.     

石墨化碳载体对Pt/C质子交换膜燃料电池

研究了碳载体Vulcan XC-72石墨化处理对Pt基催化剂稳定性的影响.在不同温度下对碳材料Vulcan XC-72进行了石墨化处理,并以处理后的材料为载体通过浸渍还原法制备了20%Pt/C催化剂.采用X射线衍射、氮气物理吸附/脱附等测试手段对碳载体材料进行表征,并用电化学实验和热重分析法考察了催化剂的稳定性.结果表明,碳材料在1 500℃左右开始石墨化,温度越高,石墨化程度越高,但比表面积逐渐减小;以石墨化的碳材料为载体的催化剂的稳定性明显优于普通Pt/C催化剂.     

Ni对Pd/Al2O3密偶催化剂催化性能的影响

考察了助剂Ni对以改性氧化铝为载体的单Pd密偶催化剂的影响.结果表明,掺杂Ni可以明显改善对C3H8的催化性能,尤其对老化催化剂效果显著.此外, Ni的添加使老化催化剂Pd/Al2O3的起燃温度(T50)和完全转化温度(T90)分别降低31和30oC.单反应测试结果表明,添加Ni能明显提高对C3H8+ NO反应的催化性能.采用H2程序升温还原、CO吸附、高倍透射电镜和X射线光电子能谱等手段对新鲜和老化催化剂进行了表征.结果表明,掺杂Ni不仅可以抑制活性组分PdOx的烧结,减少金属态Pd0的产生,而且可以提高PdOx物种的可还原能力和有效比表面积.     

镁铝混合氧化物负载镍催化剂的制备及在液化石油气低温重整反应中的催化性能

采用共沉淀-浸渍法制备了不同Ni 含量的 Ni/Mg(Al)O 催化剂并用于液化石油气(LPG)的低温水蒸气重整反应. X 射线衍射和程序升温还原结果表明, 在 800 ℃焙烧的 Ni/Mg(Al)O 催化剂中, NiO 与 MgO 反应生成 Mg-Ni-O 固溶体, 还原后形成金属 Ni 纳米颗粒. 详细研究了 Ni 含量(质量分数)、反应温度和水/碳摩尔比(n_H2O/n_C) 等对催化剂性能的影响. 实验结果表明, 15%Ni/Mg(Al)O 催化剂对 LPG 低温重整反应具有最佳的催化性能. 提高反应温度能显著提高 Ni/Mg(Al)O 催化剂的催化性能. 当n_H2O/n_C=2时, 在400~500 ℃的温度范围使LPG完全转化的最大反应空速从 28900 mL·h^-1·g^-1Cat提高到 86800 mL·h^-1·g^-1Cat. 适当增大水/碳摩尔比有利于 LPG 转化为小分子气体, 但在 LPG 摩尔流量不变的情况下, 反应气中水含量过高会导致 LPG 转化率降低. 反应后催化剂的X射线衍射谱(XRD)和热重分析(TG)结果表明, Ni/Mg(Al)O催化剂优良的催化活性和反应稳定性可归因于催化剂表面Ni晶粒较高的稳定性和抗积炭性能.     

Ni对Pd/Al_2O_3密偶催化剂催化性能的影响（英文）

考察了助剂Ni对以改性氧化铝为载体的单Pd密偶催化剂的影响.结果表明,掺杂Ni可以明显改善对C3H8的催化性能,尤其对老化催化剂效果显著.此外,Ni的添加使老化催化剂Pd/Al2O3的起燃温度(T50)和完全转化温度(T90)分别降低31和30 oC.单反应测试结果表明,添加Ni能明显提高对C3H8+NO反应的催化性能.采用H2程序升温还原、CO吸附、高倍透射电镜和X射线光电子能谱等手段对新鲜和老化催化剂进行了表征.结果表明,掺杂Ni不仅可以抑制活性组分PdO x的烧结,减少金属态Pd0的产生,而且可以提高PdO x物种的可还原能力和有效比表面积.     

双金属NiCu/MgO催化剂上葡萄糖氢解制备高附加值C2-C4化学品（英文）

采用共沉淀法制备了不同Ni/Cu比的NiCu/MgO双金属催化剂,并通过N_2物理吸附、X射线衍射(XRD)、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)和程序升温还原等方法对NiCu/MgO催化剂结构进行表征.表征结果表明,Cu和Ni之间存在协同相互作用,NiMgO_2的存在抑制了镍物种的还原和Cu-Ni合金的形成,催化剂的Ni/Cu比和焙烧温度对其表面金属组成有非常重要的影响.以葡萄糖氢解反应为探针反应,考察了Ni/Cu比、焙烧温度、H_2压力、反应温度、反应时间等因素对NiCu/MgO催化性能的影响.研究表明相对于单金属催化剂,双金属催化剂对葡萄糖氢解生成C2-C4和1,2-PD具有较高的催化活性,这与铜镍之间的协同作用有关.     

Solvent extraction separation of In/III/-Tl/III/ and Hg/II/-Cd/II/-Co/II/ with sulphoxides

Solvent extraction studies have been made on some metals: In/III/-Tl/III/ and Hg/II/-Cd/II/-Co/II/, from ammonium thiocyanate solutions by dialkyl sulphoxides. Separation of these metals from one another can be achieved by suitable choice of the extracted conditions. The nature of the extractable metal species has been elucidated.     

Synthesis of chlorobis/β-diketonato/oxotechnetium/V/ and tris/β-diketonato/technetium/III/ complexes

Chlorobis/-diketonato/ oxotechnetium/V/ complexes [TcOCl/-dik/₂, -diketone=acetylacetone, benzoylacetone and dibenzoylmethane] were newly synthesized using macroamount of⁹⁹Tc. These complexes were further separated into geometrical isomers. Furthermore, an improvement of the yields for the syntheses of tris/-dike-tonato/technetium/III/ complexes [Tc/-dik/₃, -diketone=acetylacetone, benzoylacetone and 2-thenoyltrifluoroacetone] was examined using Tc/III/-thiourea complexes as a starting material.     

Crystal structure of Na3PO4 · 12H2O

The crystal structure of trisodium monophosphate hemihydrate was determined. The space group is $\text{C2}\text{c}$ and a unit cell contains eight formula units. The unit cell dimensions of $\text{Na}{}_3\text{PO}{}_4\text{·}\text{1}\text{2}\text{H}{}_2\text{O}$ are a = 9.631(3), b = 5.416(2), c = 16.938(8) Å, β = 102.60(5)°. The final R value is 0.027 for a set of 1430 independent reflections. This atomic arrangement is mainly a three-dimensional network of distorted NaO₆ octahedra. The hydrogen bonding scheme is given.     

Simultaneous propane dehydrogenation andco2hydrogenation overCrOx/SiO2catalyst

Summary Single reverse water-gas shift (RWGS) and dehydrogenation of propane with CO₂(DH-CO₂) reactions in the presence and absence of the CrO_x/SiO₂ catalyst have been studied between 673 and 873 K. It was found that the CrO_x/SiO₂ catalyst is active both in the dehydrogenation of propane and in the RWGS reactions. The obtained results suggest that the dehydrogenation of propane to propene in the presence of CO₂on CrO_x/SiO₂can be facilitated by the RWGS reaction.</o:p>     

Direct synthesis of dimethyl carbonate ?from CH3OH AND CO2 by H3PW12O40/CexTi1-xO2 catalyst

Summary Ce_xTi_1-xO₂ and H₃PW₁₂O₄₀/Ce_xTi_1-xO₂ catalysts were prepared using a sol-gel method, and applied to the direct synthesis of dimethyl carbonate from methanol and carbon dioxide. H₃PW₁₂O₄₀/Ce_xTi_1-xO₂ showed a better catalytic performance than the corresponding Ce_xTi_1-xO₂, due to the bifunctional catalysis of Br?nsted acid sites (provided by H₃PW₁₂O₄₀) and base sites (provided by Ce_xTi_1-xO₂). H₃PW₁₂O₄₀/Ce_0.1Ti_0.9O₂ showed the highest catalytic performance among the H₃PW₁₂O₄₀/Ce_xTi_1-xO₂ catalysts.     

Oxygen defect K2NiF4-type oxides: The compounds La2−xSrxCuO4−x2+δ

Oxygen defect K₂NiF₄-type oxides $\text{La}{}_{\mathrm{2?x}}\text{Sr}{}_{\mathrm{x}}\text{CuO}{}_{\mathrm{<mtext>4?</mtext><mtext>x</mtext><mtext>2</mtext><mtext>+\delta </mtext>}}$ have been synthesized for a wide composition range: 0 ≤ x ≤ 1.34. From the X-ray and electron diffraction study three domains have been characterized: orthorhombic compounds with La₂CuO₄ structure for 0 ≤ x < 0.10, tetragonal oxides similar to LaSrCuO₄ for 0.10 ≤ x < 1 and several superstructures derived from the tetragonal cell ( with n = 3, 4, 4.5, 5, 6) for 1 ≤ x ≤ 1.34. The compounds corresponding to 0 < x < 1 differ from the other oxides in that they are characterized by the presence of copper with two oxidation states: + 2 and + 3. A model structure for La_0.8Sr_1.2CuλO_3.4, in which copper has only the + 2 oxidation state, and for which the actual cell is tegragonal—a = 18.80₄ Å and c = 12.94 Å—has been established. The particular structural evolution of these compounds is discussed in terms of a competition between the capability of Cu(II) to be oxidized to Cu(III) and the ordering of oxygen vacancies.     

An investigation of the promotional effect of propylene or propane traces on the activity of sulfatedPt/g-Al2O3andPt-Sn/g-Al2O3inCH4combustion

Summary A strong promoting effect of the presence of C₃H₈or C₃H₆was determined for the combustion of CH₄in excess oxygen, over pre-sulfated 1%Pt/g-Al₂O₃and pre-sulfated 1%Pt-2%Sn/g-Al₂O₃catalysts.</o:p>     

LixNi0.8-yCo0.2ZnyOp的合成及电化学性能研究

A series of single-phase Li_xNi_0.8-yCo_0.2Zn_yO_p(0.96 ≤x≤ 1.10， 0 ≤y≤ 0.05， 2 ≤p≤ 2(1+y) ) (different in the y values) were synthesized by a two-step solid state reaction method， in which LiOH·H₂O， Zn-doped spherical Ni(OH)₂ and Co₂O₃ were used as the precursors. The ICP-AES analyses proved that the Zn-doped compounds synthesized had the nonstoichiometric form. The results of the XRD， SEM identified that the uniform particles of the as-prepared materials having a good layered structure were fine， narrowly distributed and well crystallized. The electrochemical performance test was carried out and the results showed that the as-prepared Zn-doped materials had not only a high capacity， but also a better cycling stability characterization than the un-doped one. The Li_1.06Ni_0.75Co_0.22Zn_0.03O_2.03 material has an initial reversible capacity as high as 160.5mAh·g^-1; and a first discharge efficiency 89.2%， and exhibits satisfactory cyclic stability with 90% retainable capacity after 50 cycles.     

LixZryOz三元化合物的制备及表征

采用高温固相法制备了4种高纯度晶相组成的LixZryOz三元化合物,研究了焙烧温度、时间、反应物的种类和初始反应物物质的量比对产物组成的影响,进一步用XRD、SEM及BET分析方法对产物的晶相结构、表面形貌及比表面积进行了表征.实验结果表明,Li2CO3与ZrO2在适当条件下可以合成得到单斜相Li3ZrO3;以LiOH替代Li2CO3,在适当条件下可以分别合成得到四方相Li2ZrO3和三斜/单斜相Li6Zr2O7;进一步以Zr(NO3)4·5H2O代替Zr02,可将单斜相Li6Zr2O7的制备时间由96 h缩短至24 h.SEM照片显示产物硬团聚明显,粒径分布在1～10μm间,BET分析表明样品比表面积处于1.0～9.0 m2·g-1间分布,反应过程中锂的过量以及长时间高温焙烧是引起产物粒径长大和产生硬团聚的主要原因.     

A study of the spinel materials LiTi2O4 and Li43Ti53O4 by photoelectron spectroscopy

HeI-excited valence-band ultraviolet photoelectron spectra and MgKα-excited Ti-2p X-ray photoelectron spectra are reported for the spinel materials LiTi₂O₄ and $\text{Li}{}_{\mathrm{<mtext>4</mtext><mtext>3</mtext>}}\text{Ti}{}_{\mathrm{<mtext>5</mtext><mtext>3</mtext>}}\text{O}{}_4$. The presence of a Fermi edge in the ultraviolet photoelectron spectrum of LiTi₂O₄ confirms the metallic nature of this material, although the measured density of states at the Fermi energy is much lower than that expected from an independent-electron interpretation of the magnetic susceptibility. This difference is attributed to a strong interaction of the conduction electrons with the lattice vibrations. The localization of conduction electrons that occurs in the final state in the Ti-2p X-ray photoelectron spectrum of LiTi₂O₄ is attributed to a Coulomb interaction with a core hole.