高师"中学物理教材教法与实验"课程改革探讨

中学物理教学法是一门综合性的应用学科，是高等师范院校物理专业的一门必修课．它是以国家教育方针为依据，以物理学为基础，综合地运用教育学、心理学、哲学等学科的一般原理来研究中学物理教学的理论和实践的学科．师范专科学校开设此课程的目的，是研究整个初中物理教学基本规律和从教的技艺，为培养合格的初中物理教师服务．     

试评高考"3+综合"模式

高考"3+综合"模式,对中学物理教师提出了更新更高的要求:要教好物理课,仅仅精通物理学科各部分的知识,懂得教育学、心理学和教学法还不够.教学是一种综合艺术,由于新世纪科学技术突飞猛进和知识经济迅速发展需要大量的复合型、创新型人才,综合科目考试要求学生有较高的运用多学科知识综合分析和解决问题的能力.     

Kalman滤波荧光光度法同时测定酷氨酸,色氨酸和苯丙氨酸

以促进核医学重大发展的重要事件作为标志，将核医学发展历史划分为三个发展阶段，即学科萌芽阶段、学科奠基阶段及学科形成阶段。根据核医学发展的历史规律，阐述了核医学今后发展至关紧要的三个问题，即重视基础性研究、重视新技术开发和新理论创立、重视专业人才的培养。     

医学影像物理学科的现状和未来

医学影像物理学是医学物理学的重要分支．该专业的主要目标是培养研发高精密医学影像设备的骨干和医疗机构内的医学物理师，以及发展该学科专业的科研和教学人才．建立医学物理学科，发展医学影像物理专业是我国计划于2020年成为世界制造业和软件业大国的重要内容之一．中国目前还没有建立医学物理学科，在研发水平、教学和培训水平以及产业的规模上都还非常小，国家必须采取重大决策才能加速这个领域的发展．为了赶上发达国家在这个领域的发展水平，进而成为世界医学影像设备的制造大国，最紧迫的问题之一是建立中国的医学物理学科和医学物理师制度．文章在综述医学影像学科发展的同时，分析了该学科今后发展的社会需求和发展前景，为建立中国的医学物理学科和医学物理师制度提供依据．     

声学是一门科学--声学:科学、技术与艺术之一

声学是一门具有广泛应用性的学科，涉及到人类生产、生活及社会活动的各个方面；同时声学又是一门具有很强交叉渗透性的学科，与各种新学科、新技术相互作用，相互促进，不断地吸收、应用和发展新的思想，增强了声学的生命力、竞争力和学术与艺术魅力．本文从科学、技术与艺术等几个方面，介绍了声学的学科发展，特别是在科学与技术上的新的研究方向与进展．     

大功率全固态激光数控加工机床

工业焊接切割使用的大功率激光器主要经历了CO．激光器、灯泵浦Nd：YAG固体激光器阶段,现在正向全固态激光器的应用方向发展。全固态激光器集半导体激光器和固体激光器的优势于一体,具有体积小、重量轻、效率高、性能稳定、可靠性好、寿命长、光束质量高等优点,近年来已成为激光学科的重点发展方向之一,大功率全固态激光器在工业加工、军事和科研等领域中有着十分重要的应用前景。     

生命科学发展过程中物理学的贡献

 生命科学是21世纪发展最快的一门学科，随着人类基因组计划的完成，生命科学已经进入到“后基因组”时代。生命科学的迅猛发展，离不开其他学科的相互促进。在20世纪中，发展最迅速的两门自然科学：前50年是物理学、后50年是生命科学。在此过程中物理和生命科学两门学科互相促进，尤其是物理学技术和手段的改进极大地促进了生命科学的发展。     

我国医学物理工作者的任务

医学中的物理学问题涉及把物理学的概念、理论和方法应用于人类疾病的预防、诊断、治疗和康复的全过程．因此，由物理学和医学结合而形成的医学物理学科必须按照一个一级学科规范要求做出定义，使得这个专业的学生能够在与其他学科大体相当的时间内完成学业，成为这方面的专门人才．世界上50多年来形成并快速发展的医学物理学科已经定义了自己的学科范围和内容，人们可以从中获得启发．现在世界医学物理学的主流仍然是医学影像物理学和肿瘤放疗物理学，但是物理学的各个分支学科都已经和正在形成与医学结合的新的发展方向．很多新技术，例如超声技术、激光技术、纳米材料技术、电磁波技术、磁共振技术、同位素技术、光源和射线探测技术等等，也都是医学物理学科中广泛使用的关键技术．文章从医学的需求角度，把医学中的物理问题归纳为诊断、治疗、医疗装置和医学软件四个方面，并由此分析了医学物理工作的任务．     

新课程理念下的高中物理教育应重视非智力因素的作用

教育学和心理学的理论告诉我们,非智力因素虽不直接参与学习和处理知识信息,但它却推动知识信息的加工处理,主要表现在动力、导向、调节、强化四个方面．     

总结十年成果 继续开拓创新

在全国贯彻＂科教兴国＂伟大战略任务和实现经济体制、经济增长方式两个根本转变的关键时刻，迎来了国家自然科学基金委员会成立十周年。为了在学科层次上Ｌ贯彻中央精神和纪念我委成立十周年，工程与材料科学部工程热物理学科认真总结了学科十年来资助各类项目的丰硕成果及对国民经济发展的贡献。在此基础上，为了面向未来、抓住机遇、开拓创新，提出厂＂九·五＂期间本学科发展的战略措施和任务，以便为本学科专家申请和评议自然科学基金项目提供参考。     

听觉障碍患者的空间听觉*

空间听觉是对声音空间属性或特性的主观感觉,包括对声源的定位、对环境反射声的主观感觉等。复杂声学环境下的语言获取也和空间听觉密切相关。听觉障碍通常会包括空间听觉能力的下降甚至缺失,影响语言的获取能力。人工听觉是治疗听觉障碍的手段,理想情况下应能恢复或改善患者的空间听觉能力。该文综述了听觉障碍患者的空间听觉及其人工恢复方面的研究、进展及存在的问题。     

Diplophonia reappraised

The acoustic structure of diplophonia was investigated spectrographically and in terms of perturbation measures, while the perception of diplophonia among other voice qualities was confirmed auditorily by trained listeners. Recordings of pathological voices were presented to listeners for systematic evaluation, and narrowband spectrography was used to quantify the subharmonics within each sample. Subharmonics strongly correlated with the perception of diplophonia, but occurrence was mostly intermittent, and structure was highly variable between samples. Uniquely among voice qualities identified perceptually, diplophonia was found to correlate positively with the number of subharmonics (irrespective of percentage of occurrence) and with perturbation parameters measured separately. Exceptions to these group results indicated that diplophonia was perceived sometimes in the absence of subharmonic structure, and subharmonic structure was observed without a commensurate perception of diplophonia. In light of these data, a less deterministic relation between diplophonia and subharmonic structure is proposed.     

近自然彩色图像融合算法及其实时处理系统的发展

在军事和生产领域,特别是在极其恶劣的可视条件下,图像融合技术越来越强调融合效果显示的"近自然"感觉,以及人类视觉感知的要求。从彩色图像融合算法的发展概况出发,着重介绍了两种具有代表性的基于视觉特性的近自然彩色图像融合方法,并特别阐述了课题组近期开展的相关算法研究成果。总结了国内外实时彩色图像融合系统的发展现状,概括了课题组已具备的硬件实验基础,综合分析了实时彩色图像融合技术的若干关键技术,如多源图像特征分析、实时图像配准、融合图像后处理等。针对实时图像融合技术的应用状况,提出图像融合系统未来的发展趋势。     

Frequency discrimination of complex signals, frequency selectivity, and speech perception in hearing-impaired subjects

Frequency discrimination of spectral envelopes of complex stimuli, frequency selectivity measured with psychophysical tuning curves, and speech perception were determined in hearing-impaired subjects each having a relatively flat, sensory-neural loss. Both the frequency discrimination and speech perception measures were obtained in quiet and noise. Most of these subjects showed abnormal susceptibility to ambient noise with regard to speech perception. Frequency discrimination in quiet and frequency selectivity did not correlate significantly. At low signal-to-noise ratios, frequency discrimination correlated significantly with frequency selectivity. Speech perception in noise correlated significantly with frequency selectivity and with frequency discrimination at low signal-to-noise ratios. The frequency discrimination data are discussed in terms of an excitation-pattern model. However, they neither support nor refute the model.     

Musical background not associated with self-perceived hearing performance or speech perception in postlingual cochlear-implant users

In normal-hearing listeners, musical background has been observed to change the sound representation in the auditory system and produce enhanced performance in some speech perception tests. Based on these observations, it has been hypothesized that musical background can influence sound and speech perception, and as an extension also the quality of life, by cochlear-implant users. To test this hypothesis, this study explored musical background [using the Dutch Musical Background Questionnaire (DMBQ)], and self-perceived sound and speech perception and quality of life [using the Nijmegen Cochlear Implant Questionnaire (NCIQ) and the Speech Spatial and Qualities of Hearing Scale (SSQ)] in 98 postlingually deafened adult cochlear-implant recipients. In addition to self-perceived measures, speech perception scores (percentage of phonemes recognized in words presented in quiet) were obtained from patient records. The self-perceived hearing performance was associated with the objective speech perception. Forty-one respondents (44% of 94 respondents) indicated some form of formal musical training. Fifteen respondents (18% of 83 respondents) judged themselves as having musical training, experience, and knowledge. No association was observed between musical background (quantified by DMBQ), and self-perceived hearing-related performance or quality of life (quantified by NCIQ and SSQ), or speech perception in quiet.     

Societal response to nanotechnology: converging technologies–converging societal response research?

Nanotechnology is an emerging technology particularly vulnerable to societal unrest, which may hinder its further development. With the increasing convergence of several technological domains in the field of nanotechnology, so too could convergence of social science methods help to anticipate societal response. This paper systematically reviews the current state of convergence in societal response research by first sketching the predominant approaches to previous new technologies, followed by an analysis of current research into societal response to nanotechnology. A set of 107 papers on previous new technologies shows that rational actor models have played an important role in the study of societal response to technology, in particular in the field of information technology and the geographic region of Asia. Biotechnology and nuclear power have, in contrast, more often been investigated through risk perception and other affective determinants, particularly in Europe and the USA. A set of 42 papers on societal response to nanotechnology shows similarities to research in biotechnology, as it also builds on affective variables such as risk perception. Although there is a tendency to extend the rational models with affective variables, convergence in social science approaches to response to new technologies still has a long way to go. The challenge for researchers of societal response to technologies is to converge to some shared principles by taking up the best parts from the rational actor models dominant in information technology, whilst integrating non-rational constructs from biotechnology research. The introduction of nanotechnology gives a unique opportunity to do so.     

Kinetic theory of situated agents applied to pedestrian flow in a corridor

A situated agent-based model for simulation of pedestrian flow in a corridor is presented. In this model, pedestrians choose their paths freely and make decisions based on local criteria for solving collision conflicts. The crowd consists of multiple walking agents equipped with a function of perception as well as a competitive rule-based strategy that enables pedestrians to reach free access areas. Pedestrians in our model are autonomous entities capable of perceiving and making decisions. They apply socially accepted conventions, such as avoidance rules, as well as individual preferences such as the use of specific exit points, or the execution of eventual comfort turns resulting in spontaneous changes of walking speed. Periodic boundary conditions were considered in order to determine the density-average walking speed, and the density-average activity with respect to specific parameters: comfort angle turn and frequency of angle turn of walking agents. The main contribution of this work is an agent-based model where each pedestrian is represented as an autonomous agent. At the same time the pedestrian crowd dynamics is framed by the kinetic theory of biological systems.     

Measuring the threshold for speech reception by adaptive variation of the signal bandwidth. I. Normal-hearing listeners.

An adaptive test has been developed to determine the minimum bandwidth of speech that a listener needs to reach 50% intelligibility. Measuring this speech-reception bandwidth threshold (SRBT), in addition to the more common speech-reception threshold (SRT) in noise, may be useful in investigating the factors underlying impaired suprathreshold speech perception. Speech was bandpass filtered (center frequency: 1 kHz) and complementary bandstop filtered noise was added. To obtain reference values, the SRBT was measured in 12 normal-hearing listeners at four sound-pressure levels, in combination with three overall spectral tilts. Plotting SRBT as a function of sound-pressure level resulted in U-shaped curves. The most narrow SRBT (1.4 octave) was obtained at an A-weighted sound-pressure level of 55 dB. The required bandwidth increases with increasing level, probably due to upward spread of masking. At a lower level (40 dBA) listeners also need a broader band, because parts of the speech signal will be below threshold. The SII (Speech Intelligibility Index) model reasonably predicts the data, although it seems to underestimate upward spread of masking.     

Speech feature recognition by profoundly hearing impaired children using a multiple-channel electrotactile speech processor and aided residual hearing

A group of prelinguistically hearing impaired children, between 7 and 11 years of age, were trained in the perception of vowel duration and place, the fricative /s/, and manner of articulation (/m/ vs /b/ and /s/ vs /t/) distinctions, using information provided by a multiple-channel electrotactile aid (Tickle Talker), and through aided hearing. Training was provided in the tactile-plus-aided hearing (TA) and tactile (T) conditions. Speech feature recognition tests were conducted in the TA, T, and aided hearing (A) conditions, during pretraining, training, and post-training phases. Test scores in the TA and T conditions were significantly greater than scores in the A condition for all tests, suggesting that perception of these features was improved when the tactile aid was worn. Test scores in the training and post-training phases were significantly greater than in the pretraining phase, suggesting that the training provided was responsible for the improvement in feature perception. Statistical analyses demonstrated a significant interaction between the main effects of condition and phase, suggesting that training improved perception in the TA and T conditions, but not in the A condition. Post-training and training test scores were similar suggesting that the perceptual skills acquired during training were retained after the removal of training. Recognition of trained features improved for trained, as well as for untrained words.     

Evidence for the central origin of lexical tone normalization (L)

Huang and Holt [(2009). J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 125, 3983-3994] suggest that listeners may dynamically tune lexical tone perception via general auditory sensitivity to the mean f0 of the preceding context, effectively normalizing pitch differences across talkers. The present experiments further examine the effect using the missing-f0 phenomenon as a means of determining the level of auditory processing at which lexical tone normalization occurs. Speech contexts filtered to remove or mask low-frequency f0 energy elicited contrastive context effects. Central, rather than peripheral, auditory processes may be responsible for the context-dependence that has been considered to be lexical tone normalization.