关于汉语音节知觉空间的实验研究

通过心理物理实验方法建构汉语音节知觉的多维空间结构,寻求有关汉语音节知觉的客观表现。结果表明,在声学特征层面上,音高和时长是音节知觉结构的主要维度;在韵律层面上,句中位置、韵律词长度等指标比较直观地反映了音节在知觉多维空间中的分布。     

语句韵律结构知觉

以语句音节间知觉距离辨别的心理物理学实验结果为基础,用多维标度分析方法构建语句的韵律知觉结构。根据这些结构,讨论听者利用局部韵律学线索知觉全句韵律结构的能力,以及汉语中旬法和语音的界面问题。     

汉语口语与朗读话语陈述句音高比较

汉语语句通常存在音高下倾现象,然而关于语句内部韵律词的具体音高表现目前的研究尚较欠缺。本研究使用的对话语料选自973电话语料库,包括69段对话,涉及79位说话人;朗读话语语料为广播电台两位主持人的新闻播音,长度为221个语句,对语句内部韵律词的高音点、低音点及音域进行了分析,结果显示对话与朗读话语多数语句的音高呈前高后低的走势,不过口语对话较长语句前半段的音高下降趋势不太明显。与朗读话语相比,口语对话韵律词的音域通常比较小。对话语句最后一个韵律词的音域相对较大,而朗读话语内部韵律词的音域大多没有差异。本研究的结果,将有助于语音合成中语句内部韵律词音阶及音域的构拟。     

汉语辅音知觉混淆研究中的多维标度方法

为获得汉语^*辅音的知觉特征,我们采用了拟合的最佳品质因素的多维标度,对汉语辅音的知觉混淆矩阵进行分析。其结果是求得了作为拟合优度标准的归一化残差值（Stress）随维数增加而减少的函数关系,由此得到的结论是表征汉语辅音的知觉空间不得少于三维。从所求得的有代表性的三维结构中可以看出:第一维代表清音-浊音;第二维代表送气-不送气;第三维代表发音部位,因此可以认为清-浊、送气-不送气和发音部位是汉语最基本的区别特征。
我们将21个汉语辅音的知觉特征形象化地表示于一个多维的心理空间,有助于对知觉特征的进一步研究,并且为汉语辅音的科学分类提供心理、物理实验的支持。本文简单介绍多维标度方法,讨论利用台式电子计算机进行多维标度的程序设计、空白记录的处理和初始结构的设定问题,并列举典型的分析结果。这些结果将在另一篇关于汉语辅音知觉特征的文章中作详细讨论。     

音高和时长在语篇语句重音中的作用

本研究通过30篇自然叙事语篇,以韵律词为分析单位,对语篇中音高和时长在语句重音中的作用进行探讨,结果主要发现:(1)韵律词音域的相对宽窄对语句重音起着最主要的作用.(2)音高和时长在语句重音中的作用受到小句音域宽度和韵律词等级的交互影响.在正常韵律诃中,1级重音由音高和时长共同发挥作用来实现;2级重音主要靠音高起作用.在强化韵律词中,小句音域越窄,时长在语句重音中的作用越重要.(3)音高和时长之间的相关性主要受到韵律词强度的影响,在弱化、正常和强化韵律词中,音高和时长分别表现出普遍的正相关、不相关和负相关.     

汉语人机对话系统语音试验材料集设计

根据汉语语音特点,为汉语人机对话系统设计了反映汉语语音主要特征、现象的语音试验材料集,作为汉语人机对话系统语音知识库的素材,用于研究语音合成规则、训练语音识别模板等.语音材料的选择以全面、典型、适量为原则,以反映汉语语音的韵律特征和音色特征的变化规律为目的,分别以声调及其组合、声韵组合为基础选择语音材料.全部材料已用数字录音机录制完毕。     

若干新型微纳光子学器件研究

光子晶体和纳米光纤是两种重要的微纳光子学材料,各自具有非常独特的控制光子传输状态的功能,是研究微纳尺度下光与物质相互作用的重要平台,也是实现新型微纳光子学器件的重要基础.文章简要介绍了超快速低功率光子晶体全光开关、纳米光纤传感器、干涉器和介质-金属纳米线复合结构器件的研究进展.     

高精度角度加工技术研究

激光陀螺不仅对合光棱镜角度精度有极高的要求,而且对角度和尺寸的一致性有严格的限制。为了加工这种高精度角度光学元件,提出通过手修工装母体复制出成盘加工工装,再复制出光学零件的加工方法,并分析了测角仪的测量精度、面形之间的匹配误差和平行的测量误差所引入的角度加工误差情况,提高了面形加工的平面度,避免了局部不规则现象,控制了温差对面形变化的影响。另外通过降低平行测量的误差以及减小闭合角度之间的叠加误差等具体措施也可以提高光学元件加工效率和角度加工精度。     

基于多级BP神经网络的无线电罗盘多故障诊断研究

【】本文针对过拟合现象提出了基于提前停止法的学习率可变BP算法,运用多级BP神经网络诊断思想,提出了基于多级BP神经网络的多故障诊断方法。文中根据BP神经网络改进算法和网络撕裂法,对具体的机载无线电罗盘测向电路建模仿真,将复杂的无线电罗盘电路分解为3个子网络,并对每个子网络建立合适的故障集,快速准确诊断得出电路中的故障模块。     

激光加工技术中激光束的研究

从激光的特性出发,研究了激光光束及计算机控制系统在激光加工方面的缺陷,探讨了改进激光光束及设计软件的方案．     

Color appearance seen through a colored filter of various sizes

It will provide us an effective method to study the color perception of the elderly if we can employ for young subjects a pair of glasses with color property chosen to simulate that of the elderly. One problem has to be solved before using such glasses based on the concept of the recognized visual space of illumination, that is, the size of the glasses. When a piece of a white paper is seen through a yellow filter in a room, it naturally appears yellowish. But if the observer uses the filter to cover his/her eyes entirely the white paper returns to its original white; this is known as color constancy. Between these two extreme cases, the color is expected to change from yellow to white. Chromaticness and hue of an achromatic test chart of a small or large size were determined by the elementary color naming method when the chart was seen monocularly through a red, yellow, green or blue filter, respectively, placed at various distances from the eyes. Chromaticness was large at around 40% when the visual field through the filter was equal to or smaller than the test chart, but it rapidly decreased when the visual field extended over the test chart so that objects other than the test chart were included in the visual field. It decreased to almost zero when the filter was about 5 cm or less away from the eye. It was concluded that we do not necessarily have to use goggles to cover the entire visual field but can use a normal pair of glasses made of colored filters for young subjects to study the color perception of the elderly with understanding that the study is only for the color perception experienced while wearing the glasses.     

光速在相对论中的核心地位

介绍了关于真空中光速的假定的重要作用,它不仅是相对论理论的基础,而且使人们能够定义同时性并测量空间距离.     

Color Appearance Explained,Predicted and Confirmed by the Concept of Recognized Visual Space of Illumination

Ten years have passed since we proposed a new concept called recognized visual space of illumination (RVSI). The central idea of the concept assumes that our brain first recognizes how a space is illuminated and then judges colors of anything seen in the space in relation to the RVSI constructed for the space. In another expression we say that the space is recognized first and the color perception next. In this paper some of our experiments that proved the appropriateness of the concept will be introduced. When a white paper was seen through a colored filter we could perceive the paper as white at the same instant we recognized a space through and beyond the filter. When an achromatic patch independent from the room illumination was observed under colored illumination its appearance immediately changed to that roughly opponent to the illumination color. When two gray patches of the same lightness were drawn in a picture of a white grating on a black background on a way that one appeared to locate on this side of the grating and the other in the other side, the former appeared brighter. These all confirmed the predictions based on the RVSI concept.     

Perceptual evaluation

Perceptual evaluation of the voice, commonly and erroneously termed psychoacoustic evaluation, is subjective and is based on comparisons with another voice or with the listener's previous impressions of the same voice. Although it is applied universally, it is terminologically confusing. To increase reliability, continuous training in listening for voice parameters is essential, and frequent tape recordings are needed to facilitate comparisons.     

Walls Surrounding a Space Work More Efficiently Construct a Recognized Visual Space of Illumination than Do Scattered Objects

The apparent color of an object depends on how we recognize the space where it is placed in terms of illumination. We call this the recognized visual space of illumination (RVSI). What we see in the space first, namely, the initial visual information (IVI) determines properties of the RVSI, and we will show in this paper that the walls surrounding this space are the most important IVI for the construction of the RVSI. A normal room was illuminated by a ceiling light at 60 lx and its central area was also lit by a hidden illumination of 400 lx. Two halves of a miniature room with walls on three sides and a floor were inserted from left and right sides into the hidden illumination to gradually create one miniature room, and the apparent lightness of a test patch was judged as a function of the amount of the inserted portions to measure construction of RVSI for the hidden illumination. The apparent lightness was around 55 in L∗ when no IVI was in the hidden illumination, it gradually went down with more IVI to around 40 L∗ to return toward its nominal lightness of 24 L∗ in the case of test patch N2. The drop was large with the present condition of IVI where, in the end, the space of the hidden illumination was surrounded by walls, compared to the previous results where the space was filled only by objects; this indicated the importance and efficiency of walls for constructing RVSI.