Fruits of ribes, rubus, vaccinium and prunus genus. Metal contents and genome

The production of fruits of genus Ribes, Rubus, Vaccinium and Prunus is particularly important in mountain communities. The contents of macro- and microelements in fruits from different cultivars of blueberry (Vaccinium corimbosus L.), red currant (Ribes rubrum L.), raspberry (Rubus idaeus L.) and cherry (Prunus avium L.) were determined. The anthocyanin and total polyphenol contents of the fruits were also determined. The results were analyzed with statistical methods. By using the one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) the various genera of the fruits were found to be differentiable on the basis of their metal contents. Multivariate statistical analysis, performed using principal component analysis (PCA), confirms that the different fruits can also be well discriminated by their contents of metals, total anthocyanins, and polyphenols.     

Determination of secondary metabolites including curcumin in Rheum ribes L. and surveying of its antioxidant and anticancer activity

Dry stem and root of Rheum ribes are used for the treatment of different diseases. In this study, the organic components in the root of R. ribes were extracted by three extraction methods (soxhlet, ultrasonic and maceration) and the efficiencies of these methods were calculated. To validate the existence of Curcumin, analysis such as UV–Vis (Ultraviolet–Visible), HPLC (High Performance Liquid Chromatography), GC (Gas Chromatography) and GC/Mass were performed and in order to separate Curcuminoids, TLC (Thin Layer Chromatography) technique was implemented on the extract which had the highest yield. Total phenolic, flavonoid and flavonol contents of three kinds of extract were measured. For studying antioxidant activity, DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) radical scavenging was done. Finally, for investigating anticancer activity, MTT (Methyl Thiazolyl Tetrazolium), NBT (Nitro Blue Tetrazolium) and DNA-Binding tests were done. The most yield was belonged to soxhlet extract. The results showed the presence of Curcumin in soxhlet extract has not been reported previously. Furthermore, the total phenolic, flavonoid and flavonol contents were belonged to ultrasonic extract. As well as the maximum antioxidants properties were belonged to ultrasonic and maceration extraction. The MTT assay showed the lowest IC₅₀ in the ultrasonic extract. At NBT test, the highest NBT reduction percentage was belonged to maceration extraction. DNA-binding test revealed that all the extracts have shown some degree of fragmentation. Due to the presence of Curcumin in R. ribes and the notable features that the results showed, it can be a good source for Curcumin extraction and use in the drug industry.     

ICP-OES法测定快递包装中5种金属元素

快递包装采用硝酸-过氧化氢,微波辅助消解,采用电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法（ICP-OES）同时测定快递包装中铅、镉、砷、锌、铜五种重金属元素含量。五种元素的仪器检出限在0.2mg·kg-1-1.0 mg·kg-1之间,6次重复性相对标准偏差（RSD）在0.2%-1.4%,加标回收率在80.2%-90.3%之间。10批次快递包装中有铅、锌和铜元素检出。该方法检出限低、快速、准确,适用于快递包装中5种金属元素的测定。     

Fruits Vinegar: Quality Characteristics,Phytochemistry, and Functionality

The popularity of fruits vinegar (FsV) has been increased recently as a healthy drink wealthy in bioactive compounds that provide several beneficial properties. This review was designed in the frame of valorization of fruits vinegar as a by-product with high value added by providing overall information on its biochemical constituents and beneficial potencies. It contains a cocktail of bioactive ingredients including polyphenolic acids, organic acids, tetramethylperazine, and melanoidins. Acetic acid is the most abundant organic acid and chlorogenic acid is the major phenol in apple vinegar. The administration of fruits vinegar could prevent diabetes, hypercholesterolemia, oxidative stress, cancer, and boost immunity as well as provide a remarkable antioxidant ability. The production techniques influence the quality of vinegar, and consequently, its health benefits.     

稠李果、茎、叶、皮及树干挥发油化学成分的分析

采用气相色谱．质谱联用技术,对稠李果、茎、叶、皮及树干挥发油进行了成分分析。首次从稠李果、茎、叶、皮及树干分别鉴定出了29、31、35、29和21种化合物,已鉴定挥发油成分占总挥发油含量分别为98.14％、96．96％、94．34％、99．16％及96．73％。5个部位中挥发油化学组成各有异同,但其主要成分均是苯甲酸和苯甲醛。皮中苯甲酸相对含量高达64．43％,因苯甲酸具有防腐作用,故认为稠李木材是天然的防腐木材。本研究结果为稠李的综合开发利用提供理论依据。     

Studies on the Constituents of Camptotheca Acuminata Decne,II. The Constituents of Fresh Fruits,

Camptothecin, ethyl caffeate, ursolic acid, betulinic acid, and inositol have been isolated and characterized from fresh fruits of Camptotheca acuminata Decne (Nyssacese).     

Preparation,Functionality, and Application of Metal Oxide‐coated Noble Metal Nanoparticles

With their remarkable properties and wide‐ranging applications, nanostructures of noble metals and metal oxides have been receiving significantly increased attention in recent years. The desire to combine the properties of these two functional materials for specific applications has naturally prompted research in the design and synthesis of novel nanocomposites, consisting of both noble metal and metal‐oxide components. In this review, particular attention is given to core–shell type metal oxide‐coated noble metal nanostructures (i.e., metal@oxide), which display potential utility in applications, including photothermal therapy, catalytic conversions, photocatalysis, molecular sensing, and photovoltaics. Emerging research directions and areas are envisioned at the end to solicit more attention and work in this regard.

     

Reactions of Metal Salts and Alkali Metal Nitrates. Role of the Metal Precursors and Alkali Metal Ions in the Resulting Phase of Zirconia

Zirconia powders are prepared by reaction of a zirconium precursor with an alkali metal nitrate. The major part of the reactions takes place before the melting points and then the reactions go slowly to completion at 450°C in the molten salts. The roles of the precursor and the alkali metal ion are discussed considering the reaction between two precursors, octahydrated zirconium oxychloride and zirconium tetrachloride, and two nitrates, LiNO₃ and NaNO₃, and some resulting physico-chemical differences. The obtained zirconia powders contain very small amounts of alkali metal ions which act as stabilizing agent. Their effect on the balance tetragonal-monoclinic ZrO₂ depends upon the homogeneity of their distribution which is related to their ability to diffuse inside the bulk of particles and their polarizing power when located mainly on the surface.     

Physical genome analysis of bacteria.

Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) is a general analytical tool to separate large DNA molecules and may therefore be applied to problems from all areas of bacteriology. The genome size of bacteria covers the range of 0.6 to 10 megabase pairs. For genome fingerprinting, the bacterial chromosome is cleaved with a restriction endonuclease that gives a resolvable and informative number of five to one hundred fragments on the PFGE gel. Restriction enzymes are chosen according to GC content, degree of methylation, and codon usage of the respective bacterial genus. Macrorestriction fingerprinting allows the identification of bacterial strains and the distinction between related and unrelated strains. If fragment patterns of several restriction digestions are quantitatively evaluated, strains can be classified according to genetic relatedness at the level of genus, species, and biovar. In particular, members of a clonal lineage can be uncovered. Hence, any problem from applied, environmental, and clinical microbiology may be addressed by PFGE restriction analysis where the spatiotemporal spread of a bacterial clone is of interest. In bacterial genomics, PFGE is employed for the top-down construction of macrorestriction maps of the chromosome which yields data about genome organization, mobile genetic elements, and the arrangement of gene loci and gene families. The genomic diversity of a bacterial species is elucidated by comparative chromosome mapping. Map positions of restriction sites and gene loci of interest serve as landmarks to assess the extent of gross chromosomal modification, namely insertions, deletions and inversions. Intra- and interspecies comparisons of genome organization provide insights into the structure and diversity of bacterial populations and the phylogeny of bacterial taxa.     

Atomic force microscopy dissects the hierarchy of genome architectures in eukaryote, prokaryote, and chloroplast.

Because of its applicability to biological specimens (nonconductors), a single-molecule-imaging technique, atomic force microscopy (AFM), has been particularly powerful for visualizing and analyzing complex biological processes. Comparative analyses based on AFM observation revealed that the bacterial nucleoids and human chromatin were constituted by a detergent/salt-resistant 30-40-nm fiber that turned into thicker fibers with beads of 70-80 nm diameter. AFM observations of the 14-kbp plasmid and 110-kbp F plasmid purified from Escherichia coli demonstrated that the 70-80-nm fiber did not contain a eukaryotic nucleosome-like "beads-on-a-string" structure. Chloroplast nucleoid (that lacks bacterial-type nucleoid proteins and eukaryotic histones) also exhibited the 70-80-nm structural units. Interestingly, naked DNA appeared when the nucleoids from E. coli and chloroplast were treated with RNase, whereas only 30-nm chromatin fiber was released from the human nucleus with the same treatment. These observations suggest that the 30-40-nm nucleoid fiber is formed with a help of nucleoid proteins and RNA in E. coli and chroloplast, and that the eukaryotic 30-nm chromatin fiber is formed without RNA. On the other hand, the 70-80-nm beaded structures in both E. coli and human are dependent on RNA.     

Metal complexes of omeprazole. Preparation,spectroscopic and thermal characterization and biological activity

Metal complexes of omeprazole (OPZ) are prepared and characterized based on elemental analyses, IR, diffuse reflectance, magnetic moment, molar conductance and thermal analyses (TGA and DTA) techniques. From the elemental analyses, the complexes have the general formula [M(L)₂]X _n [where M = Cr(III) (X = Cl, n = 3), Ni(II) (X = ClO₄, n = 2) and Zn(II) (X = Cl, n = 2)], and [M(L)₂(H₂O)₂]X _n · yH₂O (where M = Fe(III) (X = Cl, n = 3, y = 0), Co(II) (X = Cl or ClO₄, n = 2, y = 0–4) and Ni(II) (X = Cl, n = 2, y = 4) and [Cu(L)₂]Cl₂ · H₂O. The molar conductance data reveal that all the metal chelates are 3 : 1 electrolytes (for Cr(III) and Fe(III) complexes) and 2 : 1 (for the remaining complexes). IR spectra show that OPZ coordinates to the metal ions as neutral bidentate with ON donor sites of the pyridine–N and sulphone-O. The magnetic and solid reflectance spectra indicate octahedral (FeCl₃, CoCl₂, CoClO₄ and NiCl₂), square planar [Cu(II)] and tetrahedral [Mn(II), Cr(III), NiClO₄ and Zn(II)] structures. The thermal behavior of these chelates using thermogravimetric and differential thermal analyses (TGA and DTA) techniques indicate the hydrated complexes lose water of hydration followed immediately by decomposition of the anions and ligand molecules in the successive overlapping OPZ and its metal complexes are screened for antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Aspergillus flavus and fungi (Candida albicans). The activity data show the metal complexes to be more potent/antibacterial than the parent OPZ ligand against one or more bacterial species.     

Chemical Constituents from Fruits and Stem Bark of Celtis australis L.

Four triterpenoids named (9β,31R)‐9,25‐cyclo‐30‐propylhopan‐31‐ol ( 1 ), (3β)‐3‐hydroxy‐30‐propylhopan‐31‐one ( 2 ), (3β)‐oleanan‐3‐ol ( 3 ), and (3β,9β)‐9,25‐cycloolean‐12‐en‐3‐yl β‐D ‐glucofuranoside ( 4 ), a steroid named (3β,9β,14β)‐14‐hydroxy‐9,19‐cyclocholan‐3‐yl β‐D ‐glucopyranoside ( 5 ), and an anthraquinone named 6‐hydroxy‐5,7,8‐trimethoxy‐9,10‐dioxo‐9,10‐dihydroanthracen‐2‐yl acetate ( 6 ) have been isolated from the fruits and bark of Celtis australis (Ulmaceae), along with apigenin, quercetin, and its glucoside. Their structures were elucidated by means of chemical and spectral analysis including COSY, NOESY, and HMBC experiments.     

Chemical Composition Assessment of Structural Parts (Seeds,Peel, Pulp) of Physalis alkekengi L. Fruits

In recent years there has been an extensive search for nature-based products with functional potential. All structural parts of Physalis alkekengi (bladder cherry), including fruits, pulp, and less-explored parts, such as seeds and peel, can be considered sources of functional macro- and micronutrients, bioactive compounds, such as vitamins, minerals, polyphenols, and polyunsaturated fatty acids, and dietetic fiber. The chemical composition of all fruit structural parts (seeds, peel, and pulp) of two phenotypes of P. alkekengi were studied. The seeds were found to be a rich source of oil, yielding 14–17%, with abundant amounts of unsaturated fatty acids (over 88%) and tocopherols, or vitamin E (up to 5378 mg/kg dw; dry weight). The predominant fatty acid in the seed oils was linoleic acid, followed by oleic acid. The seeds contained most of the fruit’s protein (16–19% dw) and fiber (6–8% dw). The peel oil differed significantly from the seed oil in fatty acid and tocopherol composition. Seed cakes, the waste after oil extraction, contained arginine and aspartic acid as the main amino acids; valine, phenylalanine, threonine, and isoleucine were present in slightly higher amounts than the other essential amino acids. They were also rich in key minerals, such as K, Mg, Fe, and Zn. From the peel and pulp fractions were extracted fruit concretes, aromatic products with specific fragrance profiles, of which volatile compositions (GC-MS) were identified. The major volatiles in peel and pulp concretes were β-linalool, α-pinene, and γ-terpinene. The results from the investigation substantiated the potential of all the studied fruit structures as new sources of bioactive compounds that could be used as prospective sources in human and animal nutrition, while the aroma-active compounds in the concretes supported the plant’s potential in perfumery and cosmetics.     

溶剂化金属原子浸渍法制备高分散载型催化剂 II. Fe,Co,Ni催化剂的分散度和催化性能研究

本文利用一种新的方法-溶剂化金属原子浸渍法制备了Fe/γ-Al_2O_3, Fe/SiO_2, Co/γ-Al_2O_3,Co/SiO_2, Ni/γ-Al_2O_3和Ni/SiO_2六种催化剂。H_2化学吸附, TEM和XRD测定结果表明这些催化剂中Fe, Co, Ni金属颗粒平均直径都小于3.0 nm, 金属分散度均大于50%。作者研究了Fe/γ-Al_2O_3, Co/γ-Al_2O_3和Ni/γ-Al_2O_3三种催化剂在CO+H_2反应中的催化行为, 测定了碳氢产物分布和比催化活性, 表明随着H_2/CO比增大和反应温度升高。较高分子量物种产量减少, 有利于生成甲烷。催化剂的活性大小次序为Fe>Ni>Co。