Information enhancement—A tool for approximate representation of optimal strategies from influence diagrams

The main source of complexity problems for large influence diagrams is that the last decisions have intractably large spaces of past information. Usually, it is not a problem when you reach the last decisions; but when calculating optimal policies for the first decisions, you have to consider all possible future information scenarios. This is the curse of knowing that you shall not forget. The usual approach for addressing this problem is to reduce the information through assuming that you do forget something (Nilsson and Lauritzen, 2000, LIMID [1]), or to abstract the information through introducing new nodes (Jensen, 2008) [2]. This paper takes the opposite approach, namely to assume that you know more in the future than you actually will. We call the approach information enhancement. It consists in reducing the space of future information scenarios by adding information links. We present a systematic way of determining fruitful information links to add.     

学英语（英文）

<正>There are 7 questions in total,presenting various different question types.While you attempt to resolve the problems,remember to be creative.During accomplishing these flexible mathematical exercises,you can inspire your mathematical thinking.1.If you total the ages of Bob and Bill,you'll get 50.Ten years ago Bobs was twice as old as Bill.     

综合评价大学生的方法研究

本文通过实例研究了评价大学生的平均成绩排序法、蜘网图评价法和系统聚类分析法，通过这些方法，既可以得到学生个体在群体当中的名次，又可知道其个体特征，还可以对学生群体进行分类，从而获得综合评价大学生的结果     

学英语（英文）

<正>There are two passages called"Counting before numbers"."The lucky-number".While you read the passage,you could know the history of counting,and be honored of our ancestor.Whats more,you could learn more about luck number,many people believe that some numbers can bring good luck,while some are often connected with misfortune.Form now on,there will     

OR construction challenges for managers

An OR building project is one of the biggest challenges a manager faces. With the dramatic changes in surgery, more managers will have that opportunity. Hospitals are adding on, renovating, and reconfiguring to serve a shifting market. What are the trends for health facilities? How do you gear up for a project? What should you know about the design process? And how do you survive construction--and moving day? In a series of articles in the next several months, veteran managers, planners, architects, and other experts will provide advice you can use so your new OR will be a safe, efficient environment for your patients, staff, and physicians.     

Swimming below icebergs

You are swimming close to an iceberg with a convex lower surface. You calculate at what slope you have to swim down so that, whatever the direction in which you swim, you can be sure that you will not collide with the iceberg. This limiting slope is intimately related to the existence of subtangents to the iceberg that satisfy various conditions. These considerations lead to generalizations of Rockafellar's Maximal Monotonicity Theorem, of which we give acomplete new proof. We also discuss related open problems on maximal monotonicity and subdifferentials, and generalizations of recent results on the existence of subtangents separating the epigraphs of proper convex lower semicontinuous functions from nonempty bounded closed convex sets, with some control over their slopes.     

Swimming below icebergs

You are swimming close to an iceberg with a convex lower surface. You calculate at what slope you have to swim down so that, whatever the direction in which you swim, you can be sure that you will not collide with the iceberg. This limiting slope is intimately related to the existence of subtangents to the iceberg that satisfy various conditions. These considerations lead to generalizations of Rockafellar's Maximal Monotonicity Theorem, of which we give acomplete new proof. We also discuss related open problems on maximal monotonicity and subdifferentials, and generalizations of recent results on the existence of subtangents separating the epigraphs of proper convex lower semicontinuous functions from nonempty bounded closed convex sets, with some control over their slopes.     

Percent of a Number

<正>When am I ever going touse this?Surveys he graph at the right shows the results of a survey in which 1,016 people were asked to name the things they feared.1.About how many of them said they were afraid of snakes?2.How did you estimate?3.Suppose you pass 50 people at a mall.Based on the results of the survey,do you think more or less than 25 of them are afraid of mice? Explain.     

A subprime lending market primer

Opening a copy of TheMathematical Intelligencer you may ask yourself uneasily, “What is this anyway—a mathematical journal, or what?” Or you may ask, “Where am I?” Or even “Who am I?” This sense of disorientation is at its most acute when you open to Colin Adams’s column. Relax. Breathe regularly. It’s mathematical, it’s a humor column, and it may even be harmless.     

Mangum,P.I.

Opening a copy of The Mathematical Intelligencer you may ask yourself uneasily, “What is this anyway —a mathematical journal, or what? ” Or you may ask, “Where am I? ” Or even “Who am I? ” This sense of disorientation is at its most acute when you open to Colin Adams ’s column. Relax. Breathe regularly. It ’s mathematical, it ’s a humor column, and it may even be harmless.     

This theorem is big

Opening a copy of The Mathematical Intelligencer you may ask yourself uneasily, “What is this anyway—a mathematical journal, or what?” Or you may ask, “Where am I?” Or even “Who am I?” This sense of disorientation is at its most acute when you open to Colin Adams’s column. Relax. Breathe regularly. It’s mathematical, it’s a humor column, and it may even be harmless.     

Rumpled stiltskin

Opening a copy of The Mathematical Intelligencer you may ask yourself uneasily, “What is this anyway—a mathematical journal, or what?” Or you may ask, “Where am I?” Or even “Who am I?” This sense of disorientation is at its most acute when you open to Colin Adams’s column. Relax. Breathe regularly. It’s mathematical, it’s a humor column, and it may even be harmless.     

Journey to the center of mathematics

Opening a copy of The Mathematical Intelligencer you may ask yourself uneasily, “What is this anyway—a mathematical journal, or what?” Or you may ask, “Where am I?” Or even “Who am I?” This sense of disorientation is at its most acute when you open to Colin Adams’s column. Relax. Breathe regularly. It’s mathematical, it’s a humor column, and it may even be harmless.     

The Math fall fashion preview

Opening a copy of The Mathematical Intelligencer you may ask yourself uneasily, “What is this anyway—a mathematical journal, or what?” Or you may ask, “Where am I?” Or even “Who am I?” This sense of disorientation is at its most acute when you open to Colin Adams’s column. Relax. Breathe regularly. It’s mathematical, it’s a humor column, and it may even be harmless.     

Trial and error

Opening a copy of The Mathematical Intelligencer you may ask yourself uneasily, “What is this anyway—a mathematical journal, or what?” Or you may ask, “Where am I?“ Or even “Who am I?” This sense of disorientation is at its most acute when you open to Colin Adams’s column. Relax. Breathe regularly. It’s mathematical, it’s a humor column, and it may even be harmless.     

学英语

<正>There are 7questions in total,presenting various different question types.While you attempt to resolve the problems,remember to be creative.During accomplishing these flexiblemathematicalexercises,you can inspire your mathematical thinking.     

The mathematical ethicist

Opening a copy ofThe Mathematical Intelligencer you may ask yourself uneasily, “What is this anyway—a mathematical journal, or what?” Or you may ask, “Where am I?” Or even “Who am I?” This sense of disorientation is at its most acute when you open to Colin Adams’s column. Relax. Breathe regularly. It’s mathematical, it’s a humor column, and it may even be harmless.     

A killer theorem

Opening a copy of The Mathematical Intelligencer you may ask yourself uneasily, “What is this anyway—a mathematical journal, or what?” Or you may ask, “Where am I?” Or even “Who am I?” This sense of disorientation is at its most acute when you open to Colin Adams’s column. Relax. Breathe regularly. It’s mathematical, it’s a humor column, and it may even be harmless.     

学英语（英文）

There are 10questions in total,presenting various different question types.While you attempt to resolve the problems,remember to be creative.During accomplishing these flexible mathematical exercises,you can inspire your mathematical thinking.     

学英语（英文）

<正>There are 8questions in total,presenting various different question types.While you attempt to resolve the problems,remember to be creative.During accomplishing these flexible mathematical exercises,you can inspire your mathematical thinking.