纳米纤维聚苯胺膜在不锈钢电极表面的生长过程

研究了脉冲电流法(PGM)聚合苯胺时, 纳米纤维聚苯胺(PANI)膜在不锈钢(SS)电极表面的生长过程. 用计时电位法和扫描电子显微镜(SEM)表征了聚苯胺生长过程的电化学特征和微观形貌; 并通过循环伏安(CV)法研究了苯胺的聚合速率. 结果表明, 聚苯胺的生长经历了两个阶段, 首先是在裸不锈钢电极表面上形成颗粒状聚苯胺, 此时聚合电位约为1.10 V, 经历了30 s后, 电极表面被一层颗粒状聚苯胺膜所覆盖; 在此基础上, 聚苯胺以纳米纤维状结构继续生长, 当颗粒状聚苯胺被纳米纤维状聚苯胺膜完全覆盖时, 聚合电位降至0.75 V左右并保持稳定.     

脉冲电流法电解合成聚苯胺

在0.2mol/L苯胺和0.5mol/LH₂SO₄介质中采用脉冲电流法电解合成聚苯胺(PANI)膜.循环伏安研究表明,与恒电流法相比,脉冲电流法制得的PANI膜具有更好的电化学活性.扫描电镜(SEM)对膜层的微观形貌观察发现,这种特殊的聚苯胺膜层呈纳米纤维状结构,不同于恒电流法制取的颗粒状PANI膜.讨论了脉冲通断比和频率对于膜层性能的影响.     

聚苯胺/活性碳复合型超电容器的电化学特性

电化学电容器作为一种新型储能器件具有广泛的应用.采用(NH₄)₂S₂O₈化学氧化聚合苯胺法制备了聚苯胺电极材料，采用化学物理二次催化活化法制备了高比表面积活性碳材料.并用循环伏安、恒流充放电以及交流阻抗等方法对上述电极材料的电化学特性进行了研究.实验结果表明,所制备的聚苯胺电极材料具有高于420 F•g^－1的法拉第赝电容和良好的电化学特性，所制备的活性碳电极材料则具有160 F•g^－1的双电层电容量.分别采用聚苯胺作为正极，活性碳作为负极，38％硫酸作为电解液制备了复合型电化学电容器.复合型电容器工作电压达到1.4 V, 电容器单体比电容达到57 F•g^－1，最大比能量和最大真实比功率分别达到15.5 W•h•kg^－1和2.4 W•g^－1, 峰值比功率达到20.4 W•g^－1,电容器循环工作寿命超过500次. 与活性碳双电层电容器相比，复合型电容器还具有较低的自放电率.     

碳纳米管/聚苯胺/石墨烯复合纳米碳纸及其电化学电容行为

通过真空抽滤的方法制备碳纳米管纸,并对其进行循环伏安电化学氧化处理.以该电化学氧化处理的碳纳米管(CV-CNT)纸为基体,采用电化学聚合沉积聚苯胺(PANI),随后吸附石墨烯(GR),制备具有三明治夹心结构的碳纳米管/聚苯胺/石墨烯(CV-CNT/PANI/GR)复合纳米碳纸.该结构外层为GR,内层由PANI包裹的CNT形成网络骨架,充分发挥三者各自优势构建柔性电极材料.用场发射扫描电镜(FE-SEM)、透射电子显微镜(TEM)、拉曼光谱对其形貌与结构进行表征,并测试其电化学性能.研究发现:PANI呈纳米晶须状,并均匀包裹在CV-CNT表面;该复合碳纸具有良好的电容特性、大电流充放电特性以及良好的循环稳定性能.电流密度为0.5A·g-1时,比电容可达415F·g-1;20A·g-1时仍能保持106F·g-1的比电容.由于GR的保护作用,1000次循环之后较CV-CNT/PANI保持更高的有效比电容.该CV-CNT/PANI/GR复合碳纸展现出在高性能超级电容器柔性电极材料的潜在应用价值.     

二氧化锰氧化制备聚苯胺及其超级电容性能

以二氧化锰为氧化剂在酸水体系中化学氧化制备了聚苯胺(PANI),考察了聚合条件对产率的影响。采用红外光谱、扫描电镜等手段对PANI的结构与形貌进行了表征,采用电化学工作站对其电化学电容性能进行了测试。结果表明:PANI产率随着体系中氧化剂用量的增加、苯胺用量的减少、反应温度的降低和反应时间的延长而增加,制备的聚苯胺主要是翡翠亚胺型聚苯胺,并以颗粒形式存在,大小在100 nm左右,局部有团聚现象,颗粒间堆积蓬松;该聚苯胺作为超级电容器活性电极材料,具有较好的电化学电容性能,最高比电容达到178 F/g。     

聚苯胺/聚砜复合材料的制备及其超级电容性能

通过化学聚合法,制备出盐酸掺杂聚苯胺（PANI）,将其与聚砜（PSF）溶液混合,定量滴加到玻碳电极上制得PANI/PSF复合膜电极。 采用扫描电子显微镜、红外光谱以及X射线衍射对其结构和形貌进行表征。 根据循环伏安曲线、恒电流充放电曲线和电化学阻抗,研究了其作为电极的超级电容性能。 结果表明,多孔结构的PANI/PSF复合材料具有良好的电容性能,其比电容可达到497 F/g,并且该超级电容器具有较小的内阻和较好的循环稳定性。     

Pt微粒修饰纳米纤维聚苯胺电极对甲醇氧化电催化

以脉冲电流法制备的纳米纤维状聚苯胺(PANI)为Pt催化剂载体，用它制备了甲醇阳极氧化的催化电极Pt/（nano-fibular PANI）.研究结果表明, Pt/（nano-fibular PANI）电极对甲醇氧化具有很好的电催化活性,并有协同催化作用.在相同的Pt载量条件下， Pt/（nano-fibular PANI）电极比Pt微粒修饰的颗粒状聚苯胺电极Pt/(granular PANI)具有更好的电催化活性.此外， Pt的电沉积修饰方法同样影响Pt/（nano-fibular PANI）电极对甲醇氧化的催化活性.脉冲电流法沉积Pt形成的复合电极较循环伏安法电沉积得到的Pt复合电极具有更优异的催化活性.     

还原氧化石墨烯表面聚苯胺纳米阵列的制备及电化学电容性能

本文以阳极氧化铝(AAO)膜为模板,通过恒电位法在自组装还原氧化石墨烯(rGO)膜表面制备有序聚苯胺(PANI)纳米线阵列。通过拉曼光谱和场发射扫描电子显微镜分别对其结构和微观形貌进行了表征,并对PANI纳米线阵列的电化学电容性能进行了测试。结果表明,rGO膜表面可电沉积PANI,电沉积得到的PANI纳米线阵列具有比PANI薄膜材料更高的电容和比电容。     

自支撑石墨烯/聚苯胺纳米纤维薄膜的制备及其电化学电容行为

用真空抽滤氧化石墨（GO）与聚苯胺（PANI）纳米纤维的混合分散溶液,流动组装得到自支撑GO/PANI复合薄膜,再利用气态水合肼还原其中的GO,最后重新氧化和掺杂还原态PANI,制备了自支撑石墨烯（GN）/PANI薄膜.扫描电子显微镜（SEM）结果显示,GN/PANI薄膜为层状结构,且PANI纳米纤维均匀插层于GN片间.PANI纳米纤维在复合薄膜中的存在有效增大了GN之间的层间距,有利于电解液离也GN充分接触.GN的高电导性则有利于PANI氧化还原过程中的电荷传输.电化学测试表明,GN/PANI薄膜在1 mol·L^-1HCl电解液中具有良好的电化学电容性能,在0.1 A·g^-1的电流密度下的比容量为495 F·g^-1,在3A·g^-1时为313 F·g^-1.经过2000次连续充放电,其具有90%的电容保持率,表明该复合材料具有良好的电化学稳定性.     

功能化石墨烯/聚苯胺复合电极材料的制备和电化学性能

利用水合肼还原十八胺（ODA）接枝的氧化石墨烯（GO）,得到了十八胺功能化石墨烯（ODA-G）,将ODAG与聚苯胺（PANI）通过溶液共混法,制备了功能化石墨烯和聚苯胺纳米复合材料（ODA-G/PANI）. 采用傅里叶变换红外（FTIR）光谱、X射线衍射（XRD）、热重分析（TGA）、拉曼（Raman）光谱及透射电镜（TEM）,对复合材料的结构和形貌进行了表征;利用循环伏安、恒流充放电及交流阻抗谱等,对复合材料的电化学性能进行了测试. 结果显示,少量ODA-G的引入为PANI 的电化学氧化还原反应提供了更多的电子通道和活性位置,有利于提高PANI 的赝电容. 在电流密度1.0 A·g^-1下,2%（w）ODA-G/PANI 的比电容达到787 F·g^-1,而相应的PANI 仅有426 F·g^-1. 此外,ODA-G/PANI的循环稳定性也远高于纯PANI.     

The effect of the polyaniline morphology on the performance of polyaniline supercapacitors

The polyaniline (PANI) prepared by the pulse galvanostatic method (PGM) or the galvanostatic method on a stainless steel substrate from an aqueous solution of 0.5 mol/l H₂SO₄ with 0.2 mol/l aniline has been studied as an electroactive material in supercapacitors. The electrochemical performance of the PANI supercapacitor is characterized by cyclic voltammetry, a galvanostatic charge–discharge test and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy in NaClO₄ and HClO₄ mixed electrolyte. The results show that PANI films with different morphology and hence different capacitance are synthesized by controlling the synthesis methods and conditions. Owing to the double-layer capacitance and pseudocapacitance increase with increasing real surface area of PANI, the capacitive performances of PANI were enhanced with increasing real surface area of PANI. The highest capacitance is obtained for the PANI film with nanofibrous morphology. From charge–discharge studies of a nanofibrous PANI capacitor, a specific capacitance of 609 F/g and a specific energy density of 26.8 Wh/kg have been obtained at a discharge current density of 1.5 mA/cm². The PANI capacitor also shows little degradation of capacitance after 1,000 cycles. The effects of discharge current density and deposited charge of PANI on capacitance are investigated. The results indicate that the nanofibrous PANI prepared by the PGM is promising for supercapacitors.     

Conducting Polyaniline Nanowire Arrays Modified Electrode for High Performance Supercapacitor and Enhanced Catalysis of Nitrite Reduction

Vertically aligned conducting polymer nanowire arrays had great potential applications in supercapacitor electrode material and exhibited enhanced electrocatalytic behavior towards the reduction of nitrite. In this paper, a facial template‐free approach to synthesize large arrays of vertically aligned polyaniline (PANI) nanowires on electrochemically pretreated glassy carbon electrodes was reported by using a galvanostatic current method. The as‐prepared large arrays of PANI nanowires had very narrow diameters and were oriented perpendicular to the substrate, which was a benefit to the ion diffusion when being used as the supercapacitor electrode. The highest specific capacitance of PANI nanowire arrays was measured and kept high at a large charge‐discharge current density. Furthermore, it also can detect nitrite with ultrahigh sensitivity of 62.99 µA mM^?1 cm^?2 and a remarkable fast response time of less 1 s. The results indicated that the vertically aligned PANI nanowires could dramatically enhance the electrochemical performance.     

Preparation of 3D MnO2/Polyaniline/Graphene Hybrid Material via Interfacial Polymerization as High‐Performance Supercapacitor Electrode

MnO₂/polyaniline/graphene composite as a supercapacitor electrode material was synthesized through an interfacial polymerization approach in the interface of oil/water phase. The as‐synthesized MPG is characterized by infrared spectroscopy, XRD, XPS, SEM and TEM, and its electrochemical performance is measured by cyclic voltammetry, galvanostatic charge/discharge, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The 3D nanostructure of MPG and loose nanorod structure of polyaniline (PANI) coated with round MnO₂ pellets could be clearly observed. The maximum energy density of MPG is 45.4 Wh/kg (at a power density of 67.8 kW/kg) and the highest power density is 229.2 kW/kg (at an energy density of 25.7 Wh/kg). The capacitance retentions after 500 cycles at the scan rate of 5 mV/s for MGP composite and PANI/graphene are 70.4% and 59.1%, respectively, and the capacitance values after 500 cycles are 158.4 F/g and 114.8 F/g, respectively. The improved performance of MPG is due to the 3D nanostructure, loose nanorod structure of PANI and stable support of graphene, which prevent the mechanical deformation effectively during the fast charge/discharge process and facilitate the diffusion of the electrolyte ions into the inner region of active materials. The composite material is very promising for the next generation of high‐performance supercapacitors electrode.     

氧化钌/活性炭超电容器复合电极的电化学行为

电化学超电容器作为一种新一代储能系统具有广泛的应用领域. 直流充放电、循环伏安以及交流阻抗等实验显示了本文制备的活性碳材料以及复合电极材料具有良好的电化学性能.活性碳材料的质量比容量为172 F•g－1,采用无定形RuO2与上述活性碳复合制成的新型电极材料具有359 F•g－1以上的比容量和良好的功率特性，并对上述材料的双电层电容和法拉第准电容等电化学特性进行了详细的讨论.     

Strong and Robust Polyaniline‐Based Supramolecular Hydrogels for Flexible Supercapacitors

We report a supramolecular strategy to prepare conductive hydrogels with outstanding mechanical and electrochemical properties, which are utilized for flexible solid‐state supercapacitors (SCs) with high performance. The supramolecular assembly of polyaniline and polyvinyl alcohol through dynamic boronate bond yields the polyaniline–polyvinyl alcohol hydrogel (PPH), which shows remarkable tensile strength (5.3 MPa) and electrochemical capacitance (928 F g^?1). The flexible solid‐state supercapacitor based on PPH provides a large capacitance (306 mF cm^?2 and 153 F g^?1) and a high energy density of 13.6 Wh kg^?1, superior to other flexible supercapacitors. The robustness of the PPH‐based supercapacitor is demonstrated by the 100 % capacitance retention after 1000 mechanical folding cycles, and the 90 % capacitance retention after 1000 galvanostatic charge–discharge cycles. The high activity and robustness enable the PPH‐based supercapacitor as a promising power device for flexible electronics.     

Facile preparation and enhanced capacitance of the polyaniline/sodium alginate nanofiber network for supercapacitors

A porous and mat-like polyaniline/sodium alginate (PANI/SA) composite with excellent electrochemical properties was polymerized in an aqueous solution with sodium sulfate as a template. Ultraviolet-visible spectra, X-ray diffraction pattern, and Fourier transform infrared spectra were employed to characterize the PANI/SA composite, indicating that the PANI/SA composite was successfully prepared. The PANI/SA nanofibers with uniform diameters from 50 to 100 nm can be observed on scanning electron microscopy. Cyclic voltammetry and galvanostatic charge/discharge tests were carried out to investigate the electrochemical properties. The PANI/SA nanostructure electrode exhibits an excellent specific capacitance as high as 2093 F g(-1), long cycle life, and fast reflect of oxidation/reduction on high current changes. The remarkable electrochemical characteristic is attributed to the nanostructured electrode materials, which generates a high electrode/electrolyte contact area and short path lengths for electronic transport and electrolyte ion. The approach is simple and can be easily extended to fabricate nanostructural composites for supercapacitor electrode materials.