One-nucleon spectroscopy of light nuclei

The capabilities and limitations of the conventional many-particle shell model and modern potential cluster models are discussed. New revaluated and more accurate calculations of one-nucleon spectroscopic characteristics of the light nuclei of 1p shell are presented. In many-particle shell model for nuclei with A = 7, 9, 11, 13, and 15 nucleon partial widths of highly excited states with the isotopic spin T = 3/2 were calculated both for “allowed” and “forbidden” transitions. One-nucleon spectroscopic factors were calculated in threebody multicluster models of ⁶Li{αnp}, ⁸Li{αtn}, and ⁹Be{ααn} nuclei. For isobar-analogue nuclei ⁷Li and ⁷Be, the spectroscopic proton S _p and neutron S _n factors for transitions to the ground and excited states of corresponding residue nuclei of the triplet ⁶Li-⁶He-⁶Be were calculated in the framework of binary potential αtand ατ models. Integral, differential and polarization characteristics of photonuclear processes ⁷Li(γ, n ₀)⁶Li, ⁶He(p, γ_{0 + 1})⁷Li, ⁷Li(γ, p ₀)⁶He, and ⁹Be(γ, p _{0 + 1})⁸Li were calculated in this approach.     

Searching for rare cluster configurations of <Superscript>14</Superscript>C nuclei in the pion absorption reaction

Analysis of the two-dimensional Dalitz plot measured in the reaction ¹⁴C(π^–, pd)X allows us to follow the absorption of pions by cluster ³p and identify signs of the configuration ³p + ¹¹Li in the ¹⁴C nucleus. The highly excited state of ^12,13Be beryllium isotopes with excitation energies E* ≈ 30 MeV and which decay with the emission of hydrogen isotopes is observed for the first time: ¹²Be* → p + ¹¹Li and ¹³Be* → d + ¹¹Li.     

Isospin in halo nuclei: Borromean halo,tango halo,and halo isomers

It is shown that the wave functions for isobaric analog, double isobaric analog, configuration, and double configuration states may simultaneously have components corresponding to nn, np, and pp halos. The difference in the halo structure between the ground and excited states of a nucleus may lead to the formation of halo isomers. A halo structure of both Borromean and tango types can be observed for np configurations. The structure of ground and excited states with various isospins in halo-like nuclei is discussed. The reduced probabilities B(Mλ) and B(Eλ) for gamma transitions in ^6?8Li, ^8?10Be, ^8,10,11B, ^10?14C, ^13?17N, ^15?17,19O, and ¹⁷F nuclei are analyzed. Particular attention is given to the cases where the ground state of a nucleus does not have a halo structure, but where its excited state may have it.     

The formation of the superheavy hydrogen isotope <Superscript>6</Superscript>H in the absorption of stopped π<Superscript>−</Superscript>-mesons by nuclei

An experimental search for the superheavy hydrogen isotope ⁶H was conducted through studying the absorption of stopped π^?-mesons by ⁹Be and ¹¹B nuclei. A structure in the missing mass spectrum caused by the resonance states of ⁶H was observed in three reaction channels, namely, ⁹Be(π^?, pd)X, ¹¹B(π^?, d³He)X, and ¹¹B(π^?, p⁴He)X. The parameters of the lowest state E_r=6.6±0.7 MeV and Γ=5.5±2.0 MeV (E_r is the resonance energy with respect to the disintegration into the triton and three neutrons) are evidence that ⁶H is a more weakly bound system than ⁴H and ⁵H. Three excited states of ⁶H were observed. Their resonance levels (E_1r=10.7±0.7 MeV, Γ_1r=4±2 MeV, E_2r=15.3±0.7 MeV, Γ _2r=3±2 MeV, and E_3r=21.3±0.4 MeV, Γ_3r=3.5±1.0 MeV) are energetically capable of disintegrating into six free nucleons.     

Spectroscopy of the <Superscript>5</Superscript>H superheavy hydrogen isotope

The formation of the ⁵H superheavy hydrogen isotope was experimentally sought in the reactions induced by stopped π^? mesons absorbed by ⁹Be nuclei. Peaks in missing-mass spectra were observed in two reaction channels, ⁹Be(π^?, pt)X and ⁹Be(π^?, dd)X, and were attributed to the ⁵H resonance states. The lowest state has parameters Er=5.5±0.2 MeV and Г=5.4±0.5 MeV [E_r is the resonance energy measured from the (triton + two neutrons) threshold]. Therefore, ⁵H is bound more weakly than ⁴H. Excited states of ⁵H were also observed. All three resonance levels (E_1r=10.6±0.3 MeV, Г_1r=6.8±0.5 MeV; E_2r=18.5±0.4 MeV, Г_2r=4.8±1.3 MeV; E_3r=26.7±0.4 MeV, Г_3r=3.6±1.3 MeV) can decay into five free nucleons.     

Untersuchungen über die Energieabhängigkeit von Kernreaktionen mit Neutronen im Energiebereich zwischen 12 und 19 MeV

Continuing earlier investigations we studied the energy dependence of the cross sections of the following nuclear reactions produced by neutrons in the energy range from 12 to 19 MeV: P³¹(n, 2n)P³², P³¹(n,α)Al²⁸, Cu⁶⁵(n, 2n)Cu⁶⁴, Cu⁶⁵(n, p)Ni⁶⁵, Zn⁶⁴(n, 2n)Zn⁶³, Zn⁶⁴(n, p)Cu⁶⁴, V⁵¹(n, p)Ti⁵¹, Br⁷⁹(n, α)As⁷⁶, O¹⁶(n, α)C¹³. The results were compared with cross sections calculated according to the statistical theory, considering the competition ofγ-ray emission and particle (predominantly neutron) emission from the excited residual nucleus.     

Excess neutron nucleus <Superscript>11</Superscript>Be as a product of reaction (<Emphasis Type="Italic">t</Emphasis>, <Emphasis Type="Italic">p</Emphasis>)

The (t, p) reaction on the ⁹Be nucleus is analyzed using the mechanisms of dineutron stripping and ⁸Li heavy cluster stripping. It is shown that in the shell model, the wave function of the ¹¹Be(1/2⁺) nucleus formed by adding two neutrons to the 9Be nucleus is constructed from a ¹⁰Be(0⁺) core and a 2s-neutron. This concept of the ¹¹Be(1/2⁺) structure allows us to calculate the reduced width of tritium and a dineutron with a relative orbital angular momentum equal to 1. The differential cross section of the (t, p) reaction is calculated with allowance for the contribution from both mechanisms. The agreement between the theoretical and experimental cross sections of dineutron stripping at narrow angles θ_p confirms the shell model can be used to describe the states of nuclei with complex structure and mixed configurations of different shells.     

New data on the mechanism of decay of the giant dipole resonance in the <Superscript>58</Superscript>Ni nucleus

New data on the mechanism of decay of the giant dipole resonance in the ⁵⁸Ni nucleus are obtained from an analysis of the experimental cross sections for the photonucleon reactions ⁵⁸Ni(γ, p_i)⁵⁷Co and ⁵⁸Ni(γ, n_i)⁵⁷Ni. The method used in this analysis takes into account both the energy spread of the dipole strength concentrated in various isospin components of the giant dipole resonance and the spread of the spectroscopic strength of the populated nucleon-hole states over the levels of the final nuclei. The entire body of experimental spectroscopic information about the levels of the final nuclei ⁵⁷Co and ⁵⁷Ni is employed. It is found that the probability of the semidirect mechanism of decay of the giant dipole resonance in the ⁵⁷Ni nucleus lies in the range 0.16–0.3. The probability of semidirect processes is much higher in the (γ, n) channel (0.28–0.62) than in the (γ, p) channel (0.07–0.17).     

Verzweigungsverhältnisse und Konversionskoeffizienten von angeregten Zuständen des208Tl

The branching ratios of theγ rays of the second and fourth excited states of²⁰⁸Tl have been investigated by coincidence measurements between the α rays of²¹²Bi and subsequent 40keVγ ray. The detectors employed were a silicon surface barrier counter for α particles, and a 1.5 in ×2 mm NaJ (Tl) crystal forγ rays. It has been found that (75.6±3.7)% of all transitions of the 328 keV state and (94±7)% of all transitions of the (492 keV+473 keV) states populate the first excited state of²⁰⁸Tl. The 40 keV state is excited to (3.4±0.3)% by transitions of higher excited states relative to the direct excitation by α particles. The number of α particles with energyE _α = 6.047 MeV and the number of subsequent 40keVγ rays resulted in a conversion coefficient α(40keV)=22.55± 0.46. Similarly coincidence measurements between Tl-x rays and α particles have been used to determine theK- conversion coefficients α_K(328 keV)=0.31±0.03 and α_K(492 keV+ 473keV)=0.100±0.015. The experimental results are in good agreement with the theoretical values ofSliv.     

Transient bi-fractional diffusion: space-time coupling inducing the coexistence of two fractional diffusions

Anomalous diffusion is researched within the framework of the coupled continuous time random walk model, in which the space-time coupling is considered through the correlated function g(t) ~ t ^γ , 0 ≤ γ< 2, and the probability density function ω(t) of a particle’s transition time t follows a power law for large t: ω(t) ~ t ^{? (1 + α)},1 <α< 2. The bi-fractional generalized master equation is derived analytically which can be applied to describe the transient bi-fractional diffusion phenomenon which is induced by the space-time coupling and the asymptotic behavior of ω(t). Numerical results show that for the transient bi-fractional diffusion, there is a transition from one fractional diffusion to another one in the diffusive process.     

Structure of the spatial periphery of the <Superscript>11</Superscript>Li and <Superscript>11</Superscript>Be isobars

On the basis of the shell model with an extended basis, the structure of ⁹Li-⁹Be to ¹¹Li-¹¹Be nuclei is examined with allowance for the competition of ^jj coupling and Majorana exchange forces via considering the sequential addition of neutrons, and the respective wave functions are determined. A formalism for calculating the spectroscopic factor for a dineutron and for individual neutrons in nuclei whose wave functions incorporate the mixing of shell configurations is developed. The reactions ⁹Li(t, p)¹¹Li and ⁹Be(t, p)¹¹Be treated with allowance for the mechanisms of dineutron stripping and a sequential transfer of two neutrons are considered as an indicator of the proposed structure of lithium and berylliumisotopes. The parameters of the optical potentials, the wave functions for the bound states of transferred particles, and the interaction potentials corresponding to them are determined from a comparison of the theoretical angular distribution of protons from the reaction ⁹Be(t, p)¹¹Be with its experimental counterpart. It is shown that a dineutron periphery of size about 6.4 fm is present in the ¹¹Li nucleus and that a single-neutron periphery of size about 8 fm is present in the ¹¹Be nucleus.     

Yields of multiparticle photoneutron reactions on the <Superscript>209</Superscript>Bi isotope

The relative yields of multiparticle photoneutron reactions on the ²⁰⁹Be isotope with emission of two to seven neutrons from the nucleus are measured. The experiment was carried out with the bremsstrahlung beam from the RTM-70 pulsed race-track microtron (INP, MSU) with a maximum photon energy E _γ ^m = 67.7 MeV.     

Kern-Isomerie bei In116

The short lived indium isomer produced by thermal neutron capture is confirmed to be In¹¹⁶. A new determination of half-live andγ energy yieldsT _1/2=(2.17α0.07) sec andE _γ=(164±1) keV. From measurement of theK shell conversion coefficient follows that the multipolarity of the transition isE 3, leading to a spin and parity assignment of 8^? for the isomeric level.     

Observational Data Fitting to Constrain Variable Modified Chaplygin Gas in the Background of Horava-Lifshitz Gravity

FRW universe in Horava-Lifshitz (HL) gravity model filled with a combination of dark matter and dark energy in the form of variable modified Chaplygin gas (VMCG) is considered. The permitted values of the VMCG parameters are determined by the recent astrophysical and cosmological observational data. Here we present the Hubble parameter in terms of the observable parameters Ω _{d m0}, Ω _{v m c g0}, H ₀, redshift z and other parameters like α, A, γ and n. From Stern data set (12 points), we have obtained the bounds of the arbitrary parameters by minimizing the χ ² test. The best-fit values of the parameters are obtained by 66 %, 90 % and 99 % confidence levels. Next due to joint analysis with BAO and CMB observations, we have also obtained the bounds of the parameters (A, γ) by fixing some other parameters α and n. The best fit value of distance modulus μ(z) is obtained for the VMCG model in HL gravity, and it is concluded that our model is perfectly consistent with the union2 sample data.     

Coordinate asymptotic behavior of the radial three-particle wave function for a bound state involving two charged particles

The asymptotic expression for the radial component of the wave function for a three-particle bound state involving two charged particles is derived in an explicit form. This expression contains a three-particle asymptotic normalization factor C(φ), where φ is a hyperangle in the six-dimensional space of intrinsic coordinates of the three-particle system. The resulting expressions are used to analyze the asymptotic behavior of the wave functions for the ⁹Be nucleus that were calculated within the α + α + n three-particle model for various forms of the an potential. A comparison of the asymptotic expression derived here and the asymptotic expressions for model wave functions makes it possible to extract C(φ) values, which turned out to be sensitive to the form of αn interaction. This permits deducing information about two-particle interaction from a comparison of the theoretical values of C(α) with their phenomenological counterparts found from an analysis of experimental differential cross sections for relevant nuclear reactions.     

Investigation of semicoherent interactions of 1-GeV protons with silicon

An experiment on studying the ²⁸Si(p, p′ γ ₀ X)²⁴Mg semicoherent reaction is carried out at the MAG setup on the 1-GeV proton beam of the U-10 ITEP accelerator. Two particles, proton and γ-ray photon, which accompanies the transition of the ²⁴Mg* nucleus from the first excited state to the ground state, are detected. When the events with the proton emission angle from 3° to 6.5° are selected, the following four processes are observed: the direct knockout of a nuclear α cluster by a proton, the formation of a _ΔSi isobaric nucleus, the formation of a Δ₁₂₃₂ isobar, and the production of a π ⁰ meson at rest in the nuclear coordinate system. The cross sections for the indicated processes are obtained.     

Kern-Isomerie bei77Ir192 und77Ir194

Theβ- andγ-radiation of Ir¹⁹² and Ir¹⁹⁴, produced by slow neutron irradiation, has been studied with scintillation spectrometers. A new isomeric activity with a (47±2) second-half life is found to be Ir^194m , decaying by a 130 kev-transition to Ir¹⁹⁴ and byβ-emission to excited states of Pt¹⁹⁴. Gamma rays of energy (130±4), (323±7) and (625±20) kev were found. An upper limit for the conversion coefficient of the isomeric transition is given, which shows in connection with energy-half life-relations, that the 130 kev gamma ray is anE 3 transition.     

Study of the Involvement of <Superscript>8</Superscript>Be and <Superscript>9</Superscript>B Nuclei in the Dissociation of Relativistic <Superscript>10</Superscript>C, <Superscript>10</Superscript>B,and <Superscript>12</Superscript>C Nuclei

The results obtained by estimating the contribution of 8Be and 9B nuclei to the coherent dissociation of ¹⁰C, ¹⁰B, and ¹²C relativistic nuclei in nuclear track emulsions (“white” stars) are presented. The selection of white stars accompanied by 9B leads to a distinct peak appearing in the distribution of the excitation energy of 2α2p ensembles and having a maximum at 4.1 ± 0.3 MeV. A 8Be nucleus manifests itself in the coherent-dissociation reaction ¹⁰B → ²He + H with a probability of (25 ± 5)%, (14 ± 3)% of it being due to 9B decays. The ratio of the branching fractions of the ⁹B + n and ⁹Be + p mirror channels is estimated at 6 ± 1. An analysis of the relativistic dissociation of ¹²C nuclei in a nuclear track emulsion revealed nine 3α events corresponding to the Hoyle state.     

Study of photon electroproduction on the nucleon at high and low energy by Virtual Compton Scattering

Virtual Compton Scattering (VCS) and Deeply Virtual Compton Scattering (DVCS) on the nucleon are two processes accessed via the photon electroproduction reaction (eN → eγN). In the first part of this paper we are interested by the DVCS on the neutron. We measured the (D(e, eγ)X-H(e, e'γ)X) unpolarized cross section and we extracted, for the first time, a non-zero contribution of (neutron-DVCS + coherent- deuteron-DVCS) at Q ² = 1.75 GeV² and x _B = 36 from Jefferson Lab experiment E08-025. VCS on the proton has been studied at Mainz Microtron MAMI at the four-momentum transfer squared Q ² = 0.5 GeV², below the pion production threshold. In the second part of this paper we present our preliminary results of the structure functions (P _LL ? (P _TT/ε)) and P _LT, and the electric and magnetic generalized polarizabilities α _E (Q ²) and β _M (Q ²) extracted from this experiment.     

A statistical model for simulating the emission of light particles from excited nuclei

The algorithms and basic equations of a novel evaporation model that have been implemented in the program package EVAP15 are detailed. The level density of an excited nucleus is described by the composite Gilbert–Cameron formula with parameter values as suggested by the IAEA working group RIPL-3. Special attention is paid to the cross sections of inverse reactions and, in particular, to those for the interactions of low-energy neutrons with nuclei and for crossing of the Coulomb barrier by low-energy charged particles. The model predictions are compared with a large volume of experimental data on the spectra of particles emitted in the reactions (n, xn), (n, xp), and (n, xα) induced by neutrons with energy near 14 MeV and on the four spectra for the reaction (p, xp) induced by 62-MeV protons.