L波段大功率全带宽波导盒型窗

 由于鬼模振荡的存在,普通波导盒型窗很难获得宽频带输出,其相对带宽一般只有20%～30%。提出一种新的适用于大功率螺旋线行波管非对称全带宽波导盒型窗设计思路,通过３维电磁仿真设计与优化,获得了L波段相对带宽达41.4%盒型窗结构设计参数,且频带内无鬼模振荡,考虑匹配过渡段后整个盒型窗驻波系数模拟计算小于1.1。采用此功率输出结构研制的S波段大功率行波管连续波输出功率达3 kW以上,整管实测驻波系数小于1.6。     

高功率盒形窗内次级电子倍增效应

以S波段高功率盒型窗为对象,采用Monte Carlo模拟方法对盒型窗内的次级电子倍增效应进行研究,探索次级电子的倍增规律。模拟得到了盒型窗内TE11模和TM11模共同作用下,两种陶瓷窗片表面次级电子倍增活跃的区域随传输功率的变化特点。在低传输功率下,次级电子仅在未镀膜窗片表面被激励,并以双面倍增的方式在金属法兰与镀膜窗片相对应的区域增长;在较高的传输功率下,窗片表面的次级电子将以单面倍增的方式活跃在窗片表面与波导口相对的区域。传输功率的升高使得镀膜窗片表面的次级电子倍增活跃区域转移到矩形波导窄边对应的区域,并加剧了未镀膜窗片表面的局部倍增效应。     

波导型高功率微波输能窗的研究进展

波导型高功率微波输能窗是高功率速调管和高能粒子加速器的关键部件,输出窗高频击穿是引起高功率速调管失效的一个重要因素。综述了国内外电真空领域波导型输能窗的研究进展,介绍了传统盒型窗的研究现状、工艺要求和击穿机理;介绍了锥型窗、行波窗、复合模窗以及过模窗等新型输能窗的设计特点,给出了改变窗片材料属性、改变窗片表面形态、窗片边缘倒角、外置直流电场/直流磁场、改变信号波形等击穿抑制技术的研究进展。     

C波段小型化高功率微波输出窗的设计

为了满足高功率微波系统对微波输出窗高功率容量和紧凑化的应用需求,以传统盒型窗的设计理论为基础,通过优化窗体结构和添加过渡段等手段,设计了一种C波段小型化高功率微波输出窗。通过增大窗体表面积、改变矩形波导-圆波导过渡段的连接方式可提高功率容量并缩小微波输出窗的纵向尺寸;采用“I”型的窗体结构可有效抑制三相点（真空-介质-金属）附近的次级电子倍增效应对输出窗性能的影响。在电磁仿真的基础上采用粒子模拟（Particle-in-Cell）的方法研究了微波输出窗三相点附近的次级电子倍增效应,从微观角度进一步证实了“I”型窗体结构可使三相点位置发生移动,减小三相点发射的电子在窗片表面产生次级电子倍增效应的概率,降低微波输出窗的击穿风险。设计结果表明,微波输出窗在中心频点处的主模反射系数低于0.01,传输效率高于99.9%,功率容量可达47.9 MW。     

Q波段回旋行波管新型盒型输出窗的设计

利用等效电路理论,初步设计了窗片厚度为1.32mm的回旋行波管盒型输出窗,再加入感性膜片,更改窗片形状,最终设计出了能承受25kW平均功率、相对带宽达到14%、窗片厚度达到1.7mm的Q波段新型宽频带回旋行波管盒型输出窗;采用高频软件HFSS与有限元分析软件ANSYS协同仿真的新方法对回旋行波管盒型窗进行热特性研究表明,盒型窗理论上功率容量达到62kW平均功率,说明输出窗窗片承受25kW平均功率的可行性,窗片中心与边缘的温差为66℃,没有达到陶瓷窗片的临界温差158℃,验证了新型盒型窗设计的合理性。     

高功率微波弯曲圆波导设计

 报道了可分别传输TM₀₁模和TE₀₁模的两种弯曲圆波导的设计方法和计算结果。研究表明：所设计的TM01模弯曲波导和TE₀₁模弯曲波导在中心频率上传输效率均超过99.5%,传输效率大于95%的带宽分别达到20.0%和14.4%;该两个弯曲波导也分别适用于传输TE₁₁模和TM₁₁模;水平极化TE₁₁模与TM₀₁模、垂直极化TM₁₁模与TE₀₁模在弯曲圆波导中传输时具有相似的传输效率和频带特性;而垂直极化TE₁₁模、水平极化TM₁₁模由于不易和其它模式耦合,在弯曲波导中传输时具有较高的传输效率。     

同轴TEM－余矩形TE10模式变换器的优化设计

 用HFSS软件和网络理论对S波段同轴TEM－矩形TE₁₀模式变换器进行了优化设计。其中同轴波导工作于过模状态,可同时传输TEM、TE₁₁、TE₂₁模。模式变换器可应用于高功率微波的能量提取系统,优化设计方法可用于通过短路活塞来实现调配的同轴－矩形、圆波导－矩形的模式变换器。     

回旋速调管输入耦合器分析与设计

 对Ka波段工作模式为TE₀₁模和TE₀₂模的两种回旋速调管的输入耦合器进行了详细研究，利用模式匹配理论和HFSS建模仿真计算了内圆柱腔和外同轴腔的尺寸；提出了一种与软件计算相结合的模式纯度计算方法，对内腔工作模式纯度、内外腔能量分数进行了计算。内腔侧面上的耦合缝的大小、角向位置都直接决定外同轴腔内的TE_m11模向内圆柱腔的TE_0n1模的耦合情况。针对耦合缝与输入波导成45°和0°分布两种情况，研究了耦合缝长、宽和角向偏移，以及内外腔频差对频率、Q值及内腔能量分数的影响。分别设计了Ka波段内腔工作模式为TE₀₁₁、外腔为TE₄₁₁和内腔TE₀₂₁、外腔TE₈₁₁的两种输入耦合器，并利用矢量网络分析仪对内腔工作模式为TE₀₁₁的耦合器进行了冷高频测量，测得频率为34.257 GHz，与计算结果34.300 GHz仅相差43 MHz。     

过模圆转弯波导的设计与实验

 研究了一种新型的过模圆转弯波导,可实现圆波导TM₀₁模的转弯传输。介绍了这种过模圆转弯波导的基本原理：即沿转弯平面插入一块金属板,将圆波导转换为两个半圆波导。圆波导TM₀₁模在半圆波导中转换为半圆波导TE₁₁模,经转弯传输后,重新将半圆波导TE₀₁模转换为圆波导TM₀₁模,从而实现圆波导TM₀₁模的转弯传输。基于这一原理设计了一个中心频率为2.856 GHz、转弯45°的过模圆转弯波导,并进行了数值模拟和实验研究。实验结果表明：其转弯半径为123.7 mm,转弯半径较小;在中心频点2.856 GHz处,传输损耗约为0.247 dB,驻波系数为1.217;在2.75～2.95 GHz的频率范围内传输损耗小于0.53 dB,驻波系数小于1.34。     

金属壁与介质窗之间次级电子倍增效应的研究

高功率盒形窗内的TM11模法向电场对次级电子倍增现象具有较大的影响,特别是在介质窗片与金属波导壁相对的区域,易发生双面次级电子倍增.采用蒙特卡罗粒子模拟方法,研究了法向电场作用下氧化铝陶瓷窗片与铜波导壁之间的双面倍增敏感曲线、倍增阈值电压、粒子数量的演变过程以及粒子运动轨迹.通过对相关参数的分析,获得了金属壁与陶瓷窗片之间双面谐振倍增和非谐振倍增的规律以及双面倍增向单面倍增转变的特点.此研究可为分析窗片失效机理提供理论依据.     

A forced gas-cooled single-disk window using silicon nitride composite for high power CW millimeter waves

Silicon nitride composite as a candidate of a window material for high power CW (Continuous Wave) millimeter-waves was high power tested especially with a surface cooling by impinging gas nitrogen jets on the single-disk surface. Gas-cooling dramatically suppressed the temperature of the window disk even with gas flow rate of around 100 l/min. With gas cooling of 465l/min., 130kW CW power of HE₁₁ mode could be transmitted through the silicon nitride window with a diameter of 88.9mm. The peak window temperature was completely saturated on 123.6 °C. Without gas-cooling it did not saturate and reached 323 °C during 30 seconds pulse. A possibility of 1MW CW single disk Brewster windows with a forced gas-cooling is discussed, resulting in convinced prospects of the windows with realistic size and thickness.     

940 nm low beam divergence tapered window laser arrays

The structures of 940 nm low vertical beam divergence semiconductor lasers grown by molecular beam epitaxy are presented. The high power laser consists of an array of closely spaced tapered waveguides giving lower parallel beam divergence and window structure. The emission wavelength is 939 nm. The FWHM of the far field pattern is 8×30°. The maximum continuous wave (CW) output power of 30 W has been achieved. In the aging tests, the laser arrays have been operating for over 3000 h under the CW condition of 25 W.     

Thermo-Mechanical Analysis of Single-Disc Edge-Cooled Silicon Nitride Millimeter Wave Window for 200 kW CW Gyrotrons

This paper investigates the possibility of using Silicon Nitride Composite (Kyocera SN-287) as single-disc, edge-cooled window for gyrotrons operating below 200 kW CW in the frequency range 28-42 GHz. Rotationally symmetric TE_0n, and TEM₀₀ Gaussian modes of rf transmission through the window have been considered. Analysis performed using a one dimensional (1D) finite difference (FD) code reveals that thermal stresses developed due to non-uniform temperature distribution on the disc surface are well within manageable limits for a 200 kW 42 GHz gyrotron proposed for some ECRH applications. For industrial gyrotrons, for microwave material processing and operating at a maximum power level of 100 kW CW, Si₃N₄ windows may be a cost effective replacement for sapphire windows. It is found that a TE₀₂ profile results in lower peak temperature at the window disc in comparison to a Gaussian beam profile and allows the use of smaller discs.     

CONCEPTUAL DESIGN STUDIES OF AN 84 GHz, 500 kW, CW GYROTRON

The feasibility of an 84 GHz, 500 kW, CW gyrotron for ECRH on an experimental tokamak will be presented in this paper. Mode competition and mode selection procedures are carefully investigated by considering various candidate modes and the TE_10,4 mode is chosen as the operating mode. A conventional cylindrical cavity resonator with weak input and output tapers and parabolic roundings is considered for interaction studies. Self-consistent, both single mode and time-dependent, calculations are carried out and power and efficiencies are computed for a typical set of beam parameters. The results show that an output power of well over 500 kW, CW and efficiency around 40% can be reached without a depressed collector.     

D-band frequency step-tuning of A 1 MW gyrotron using a brewster output window

In order to demonstrate the usability of gyrotron oscillators as frequency step tunable high power millimeter-wave sources, experiments on a 1 MW, 140 GHz TE_22,6 gyrotron with a built-in quasi-optical (q. o.) mode converter have been performed. By varying the operating parameters of the tube, a series of oscillations in the frequency range from 114 GHz to 166 GHz were excited. To avoid reflections, caused by the required vacuum barrier window, the gyrotron was equipped with a Brewster window. The achieved output power levels between 0.85 and 1.05 MW are compared to measurements carried out with the same tube using a conventional single-disk window. These experiments showed that even by using a q. o. mode converter, the influence of window reflections on the gyrotron oscillatory behavior cannot be removed completely.     

基于优化探测窗口的光斑质心探测方法

哈特曼-夏克波前传感器进行波前探测时，用子孔径光斑强度的一阶矩来计算光斑质心位置，子孔径窗口作为探测窗口，但探测时子孔径窗口内噪声对一阶矩有很大的影响，会使质心探测精度产生很大的误差。因此在计算质心位置时探测窗口的选取对探测精度有重要影响，必须选取合适的探测窗口来提高光斑质心探测精度。为此，在传统算法的基础上提出优化探测窗口的方法来提高质心探测精度,仿真和实验结果表明新方法提高了质心探测的精度，未经处理的高噪声恢复波前的波前残差峰谷值是2.851 4λ，均方根值是0.606 3λ，优化探测窗口后波前残差的峰谷值是1.636 2 λ，均方根值是0.367 1 λ，重构误差减小了40％。证明了算法的可行性和稳定性。     

Fabrication of the high power input coupler for BEPCⅡ superconducting cavities

The BEPCII storage ring adopts two 500 MHz superconducting cavities (SCC). Each one is equipped with a 500 MHz input power coupler. The coupler is to feed 150 kW power in continuous wave (CW) mode with both standing and traveling wave modes. Due to high power feeding and high frequency of the coupler, its fabrication is a big challenge. The fabrication started with two key components,the window and the antenna. Up to now, two sets including windows and antennas have been made by IHEP. And a 270 kW RF power in CW has passed through the coupler during the high power test. The fabrication details are presented in this paper.     

Fabrication of the high power input coupler for BEPCⅡ superconducting cavities

The BEPCII storage ring adopts two 500 MHz superconducting cavities (SCC). Each one is equipped with a 500 MHz input power coupler. The coupler is to feed 150 kW power in continuous wave (CW) mode with both standing and traveling wave modes. Due to high power feeding and high frequency of the coupler, its fabrication is a big challenge. The fabrication started with two key components, the window and the antenna. Up to now, two sets including windows and antennas have beam made by IHEP. And a 270 kW RF power in CW has passed through the coupler during the high power test. The fabrication details are presented in this paper.     

3mm回旋行波管微波等离子体化学气相沉积金刚石输出窗

为了解决目前3mm回旋行波管所使用的蓝宝石输出窗因功率容量不足而发生破裂的问题。从抗热震性和功率容量两个方面出发,对常用的几种窗片材料进行了对比。在国内首次以微波等离子体化学气相沉积金刚石为窗片材料,利用数值计算及ANSYS软件仿真设计了用于3mm回旋行波管的低反射,低吸收,宽带宽,高功率容量的输出窗。结果表明,所设计的输出窗适用于TE01模式输出,其S11参数小于-20dB的带宽为6GHz。同时,该输出窗具有良好的抗热震性,在自然对流散热条件下具有61kW的功率容量。