Si(110)和Si(111)衬底上制备InGaN/GaN蓝光发光二极管

分别在Si(110)和Si(111)衬底上制备了In Ga N/Ga N多量子阱结构蓝光发光二极管(LED)器件.利用高分辨X射线衍射、原子力显微镜、室温拉曼光谱和变温光致发光谱对生长的LED结构进行了结构表征.结果表明,相对于Si(111)上生长LED样品,Si(110)上生长的LED结构晶体质量较好,样品中存在较小的张应力,具有较高的内量子效率.对制备的LED芯片进行光电特性分析测试表明,两种衬底上制备的LED芯片等效串联电阻相差不大,在大电流注入下内量子效率下降较小;但是,相比于Si(111)上制备LED芯片,Si(110)上LED芯片具有较小的开启电压和更优异的发光特性.对LED器件电致发光(EL)发光峰随驱动电流的变化研究发现,由于Si(110)衬底上LED结构中阱层和垒层存在较小的应力/应变而在器件中产生较弱的量子限制斯塔克效应,致使Si(110)上LED芯片EL发光峰随驱动电流的蓝移量更小.     

Zn(BTZ)2白色有机电致发光材料的合成及其器件制备

以PCl₃为脱水剂,将邻氨基硫酚与水杨酸脱水环化合成出2-(2-羟基苯基)苯并噻唑,并进一步将所得产物与乙酸锌反应合成出2-(2-羟基苯基)苯并噻唑螯合锌(Zn(BTZ)₂)材料。以该配合物作为发光层制备出结构为ITO/PVK:TPD/Zn(BTZ)₂/Al近白色电致发光器件,其色坐标位于白场之内(x=0.242,y=0.359),在驱动电压为16V时,亮度达3200cdm²,对应的量子效率为0.32%。进一步在Zn(BTZ)₂中掺入橙红色染料Rubrene,制成ITO/PVK:TPD/Zn(BTZ)₂:Rubrene/Al结构器件,实现了纯白色发光(色坐标值:x=0.324,y=0.343),非常接近于白色等能点,且量子效率达0.47%。最后对上述器件的发光和电学性能进行了深入的研究和探讨。     

Single-neutron states in (101)Sn

The first data on the relative single-particle energies outside the doubly magic (100)Sn nucleus were obtained. A prompt 171.7(6) keV gamma-ray transition was correlated with protons emitted following the beta decay of (101)Sn and is interpreted as the transition between the single-neutron g(7/2) and d(5/2) orbitals in (101)Sn. This observation provides a stringent test of current nuclear structure models. The measured nug(7/2)-nud(5/2) energy splitting is compared with values calculated using mean-field nuclear potentials and is used to calculate low-energy excited states in light Sn isotopes in the framework of the shell model. The correlation technique used in this work offers possibilities for future, more extensive spectroscopy near (100)Sn.     

Phototoxic effects of zinc oxide nanowires (ZnO NWs) complexed with 5-ALA in RD cell line

In this current study, we have manifested the photosensitizing effects of zinc oxide nanowires (ZnO NWs) in dark as well as under ultra violet light exposure with 240 nm of UV region, using human muscle cancer (Rhybdomyosarcoma cells, RD) as in vitro experimental model. We have fabricated ZnO-NWs on the tip of borosilicate glass capillaries (0.5 μm diameter) and were conjugated using 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) for the efficient intracellular drug delivery. When ZnO NWs were applied on tumor localizing drugs with non ionizing illumination, then excited drug liberates reactive oxygen species (ROS), effecting mitochondria and nucleus resulting in cell necrosis within few minutes. During investigations, we observed that when ZnO-NWs grown on intracellular tip was excited by using 240 nm of UV light, as a resultant 625 nm of emitted red light were used as appetizer in the presence of 5-ALA for chemical reaction, which produces singlet oxygen, responsible for cell necrosis. Morphological changes of necrosed cells were examined under microscopy. Moreover, Viability of controlled and treated RD cells with optimum dose of light (UV-Visible) has been assessed by MTT assay as well as reactive oxygen species (ROS) detection.     

Anisotropic transport properties in the phase-separated La_(0.67)Ca_(0.33)MnO_3/NdGaO_3 (001) films

The anisotropic transport property was investigated in a phase separation La_(0.67)Ca_(0.33)MnO_3(LCMO) film grown on(001)-oriented Nd GaO_3(NGO) substrate. It was found that the resistivity along the b-axis is much higher than that along the a-axis. Two resistivity peaks were observed in the temperature dependent measurement along the b-axis, one located at 91 K and the other centered at 165 K. Moreover, we also studied the response of the resistivities along the two axes to various electric currents, magnetic fields, and light illuminations. The resistivities along the two axes are sensitive to the magnetic field. However, the electric current and light illumination can influence the resistivity along the b-axis obviously, but have little effect on the resistivity along the a-axis. Based on these results, we believe that an anisotropicstrain-controlled MnO_6 octahedra shear-mode deformation may provide a mechanism of conduction filaments paths along the a-axis, which leads to the anisotropic transport property.     

Persistence in photoconductivity and optical property of nanostructured copper (II) phthalocyanine thin films

The optical and photoconductive properties of nanostructured copper (II) phthalocyanine (CuPc) surface cells have been studied at room temperature (30 °C). The change in the conductivity of the surface type sample cells under illumination of light was studied as a function of duration and wavelength of photoexcitation. The photoconductivity spectrum of a film of CuPc surface cell does not agree with the absorption spectrum. Particularly for the photoexciting wavelengths in the region 400–500 nm, the photoconductivity shows an appreciable value (or comparatively higher value), although the absorbance in this region is minimum or very less. The change in current under illumination of light and after turning it off has indicated that photoinduced effects persist for a longer period of time even after turning off the illumination of light of various wavelengths and duration. An increase in persistence in photocurrent was noticed with the repeated exposure within a short interval of time. Such studies are important for searching new types of electrically conducting systems (semiconductors) in the form of nanostructured thin films for use as photoactive materials in optoelectronic and memory devices.     

脉冲激光沉积(PLD)法生长高质量ZnO薄膜及其发光性能

采用脉冲激光沉积(PLD)法在单晶Si(100)衬底上生长ZnO薄膜,以X射线衍射(XRD)、原子力显微镜(AFM)和透射电镜(TEM)等手段分析了所得ZnO薄膜的晶体结构和微观形貌。优化工艺(700℃,20Pa)下生长的ZnO薄膜呈c轴高度择优取向,柱状晶垂直衬底表面生长,结构致密均匀。室温光致发光(PL)谱分析结果表明,随着薄膜生长时O₂分压的增大,近带边紫外发光峰与深能级发光峰之比显著增强,表明薄膜的结晶性能和化学计量比都有了很大的改善。O₂分压为20Pa时所生长的ZnO薄膜具有较理想的化学计量比和较高的光学质量。     

Attaining 186-nm light generation in cooled beta-BaB(2)O(4) crystal

The transparency range of beta-BaB(2)O(4) (BBO) was expanded by means of cooling, and the resulting absorption coefficient at 193.4 nm was reduced to 0.29cm(-1) at 91 K from 1.39cm(-1) at 295 K. Further, generation of light at 186.0 nm (the measurement limit in air) by type I sum-frequency generation (SFG) based on fundamental (744-nm) and third-harmonic (248-nm) light from a Ti:sapphire laser was confirmed for cooled BBO. Calculations based on observed data for SFG wavelengths and phase-matching angles indicate a potential for cooled BBO to generate wavelengths as low as 181.7 nm.     

The vectorial photoelectric effect on cesiated GaAs (110) and Si (111) surfaces

Polarization dependence of photoelectric emission at 45° incidence was investigated on cesiated Si (111) and GaAs (110) surfaces. Yield and energy distributions from surfaces covered with submonolayers of cesium did not depend on polarization of the light. Energy distributions and emitted current depend on the plane of polarization when more than a monolayer of cesium was deposited onto cooled samples. These phenomena can be explained in terms of radiation density calculated from Fresnel's equation and bulk optical properties of the semiconductor; no polarization dependence of the optical excitation need be invoked.     

4-(2-吡啶偶氮)-间苯二酚的共振散射光谱研究

研究了4-(2-吡啶偶氮)-间苯二酚(PAR)水溶液的共振散射光谱的形成机理与影响因素。在弱酸性溶液中,PAR可产生很强的共振光散射, 散射光谱形状与吸收光谱有关。溶液酸度影响PAR的电离平衡和存在状态,因而影响散射光谱。在pH 3.1～6.2之间,PAR为不带电荷的中性分子,可在疏水力的作用下结合形成分子聚合体,从而导致共振光散射增强。光偏振实验表明PAR的散射光为完全偏振光。在一定实验条件下,光散射强度与PAR浓度之间存在线性关系。     

Molecular mechanisms of photochemotherapy (Review)

Mechanisms of photophysical, photobiological, and therapeutic action of light on blood in vivo are discussed based on results of spectral and clinical studies of blood, plasma, and erythrocytes. Spectral manifestations of photochemical reactions initiated in blood by therapeutic doses of radiation in vivo with light of different wavelengths are considered. Spectral and clinical results of blood investigations are compared for patients whose complex treatment included intravenous blood irradiation and magnetotherapy. Mechanisms for secondary (dark) reactions induced by the action of light on blood in vivo are discussed. The radiation of laser and non-laser light sources used at present for intravenous blood irradiation (365, 405, 450, 530, 632, 635, 808 nm) is shown to fall within hemoglobin absorption bands. The conclusion is made that blood absorption of laser and non-laser light radiation results in functional alteration of hemoglobin as a possible primary photoacceptor absorbing light radiation of the above wavelengths. The therapeutic effect of intravenous blood irradiation is initiated by hemoglobin functional activity modulation. Phototherapy is a means to correct it. Intravenous phototherapy should be considered as a therapeutic method that changes (provided that the dosage is correct) the balance of active oxygen species production and their inhibition by antioxidants. Translated from Zhurnal Prikladnoi Spektroskopii, Vol. 76, No. 1, pp. 51–75, January–February, 2009.     

Structure of Ag(111)-p(4 x 4)-O: no silver oxide

The structure of the oxygen-induced p(4 x 4) reconstruction of Ag(111) is determined by a combination of scanning tunneling microscopy, surface x-ray diffraction, core level spectroscopy, and density functional theory. We demonstrate that all previous models of this surface structure are incorrect and propose a new model which is able to explain all our experimental findings but has no resemblance to bulk silver oxide. We also shed some light on the limitations of current density functional theories and the potential role of van der Waals interactions in the stabilization of oxygen-induced surface reconstructions of noble metals.     

Long-term stability of Bi(2223) and Dy(123) superconducting tapes in the direct current circuit

The stability of critical parameters T _c and I _c of commercial high-temperature superconducting wires upon long-term passage of transport current (about 0.7I _c) in liquid nitrogen (77 K) is studied. Voltage-current characteristics U(I), as well as the critical current and critical temperature, are investigated for the case of Bi(2223) hermetic multifilament wires and Dy(123) superconducting tapes covered by a thin Ag layer. In the former case, a considerable decrease in the critical current (by ～30%) and swelling of the wires after passage of the current for 323 h are observed. The same is true for a reference sample, which does not experience the action of current and stays in liquid nitrogen for 700 h. The decrease in the critical current in the Bi(2223) sample is likely to be associated with penetration of a liquid coolant into the composite conductor: evaporating and expanding as a result of heating, it severely deforms the material. The Dy(123) sample grown epitaxially demonstrates high stability of the critical current after it has experienced the action of current for 400 h and been kept in liquid nitrogen for 1000 h.     

Critical current of YBa(2)Cu(3)O(7-delta) low-angle grain boundaries

Transport critical current measurements have been performed on 5 degrees [001]-tilt thin film YBa(2)Cu(3)O(7-delta) single grain boundaries with the magnetic field rotated in the plane of the film, phi. The variation of the critical current has been determined as a function of the angle between the magnetic field and the grain boundary plane. In applied fields above 1 T the critical current j(c) is found to be strongly suppressed only when the magnetic field is within an angle phi(k) of the grain boundary. Outside this angular range the behavior of the artificial grain boundary is dominated by the critical current of the grains. We show that the phi dependence of j(c) in the suppressed region is well described by a flux cutting model.     

Spin-orbit coupling-induced magnetic phase in the d-density-wave phase of La(2-x)Ba(x)CuO4 superconductors

We study the effects of spin-orbit coupling in the d-density wave (DDW) phase. In the low-temperature orthorhombic phase of La(2-x)Ba(x)CuO4, we find that spin-orbit coupling induces ferromagnetic moments in the DDW phase, which are polarized along the [110] direction with a considerable magnitude. This effect does not exist in the superconducting phase. On the other hand, if the d-density wave order does not exist at zero field, a magnetic field along the [110] direction always induces such a staggered orbital current. We discuss experimental constraints on the DDW states in light of our theoretical predictions.     

The role of sensitivity of ALA (PpIX)-based PDT on Human embryonic kidney cell line (HEK293T)

Present study evaluates the effects of photodynamic therapy (PDT) with aminolevulinic acid (5-ALA) as photo sensitizer using Human embryonic kidney (HEK293T) cell line as an experimental model. Porphyrins derivatives are used as active cytotoxic antitumor agents in PDT. Above mentioned cell line were irradiated with red light (a diode laser, λ = 635 nm) at different doses (0–160 J/cm²) of light. The influence/effectiveness of incubation time, various concentrations of aminolevulinic acid (5-ALA) and light doses on the cellular viability was studied. HEK293T cells were deliberated by exposing the ALA-PpIX (0–1000 μg/ml) of concentrations. The optimal uptakes of photosensitizer (PS) in cell lines were investigated by means of spectro photo metric measurements. Cells viability was determined by means of neutral red assay (NRA). It was observed that alone, neither photosensitizer nor light dose have significant effect on cells viability, but optimal concentration of PS along with suitable dose of light exhibit effective impact on the viability of cell. Our results showed that light doses of 40 J/cm² demonstrates effective PDT outcome for HEK293T cell line when incubated with 400 μg/ml, with wrapping up view that HEK293T cell line is very sensitive to ALA-mediated PDT as compared to cell line published in our data. At the end results has been verified by using reactive oxygen species (ROS) measure test.     

Influence of tetrabutylammonium hexafluorophosphate (TBAPF6) doping level on the performance of organic light emitting diodes based on PVK:PBD blend films

The effect of doping level of tetrabutylammonium hexafluorophosphate (TBAPF₆) on the performance of single-layer organic light emitting diodes (OLEDs) with ITO/PVK:PBD:TBAPF₆/Al structure were investigated where indium tin oxide (ITO) was used as anode, poly(9-vinylcarbazole) (PVK) as hole-transporting polymeric host, 2-(4-biphenylyl)-5-phenyl-1,3,4-oxadiazole (PBD) as electron-transporting molecule and aluminium (Al) as cathode. It was found that the doped devices underwent a unique transition at the first voltage scan as indicated by drastically increasing of current at certain applied voltage. After the transition, the threshold voltage for current injection as well as the turn-on voltage decreased significantly as compared to the undoped device. The current injection threshold voltage and turn-on voltage decreased with the increase of TBAPF₆ doping level. More importantly, a relatively low current injection threshold voltage of 3 V has been achieved by doping a significant amount of TBAPF₆ (weight ratio greater than five) in the single-layer OLED based on PVK:PBD blend films with high work function Al metal as cathode. The significant improvement was attributed to the reduction of both electron and hole injection energy barriers caused by accumulation of ionic species at the interface.     

Photodynamic damage (PDD) study using stimulated raman scattering

In the current study, photodynamic damage in different cell cultures was examined using a pulsed laser light. Two different experiments were performed to analyse the photodynamic damage. For the first one, a stimulated Raman scattering laser has been obtained by exciting DMSO liquid with Nd-YAG laser, second harmonic generation, 532 nm. The resulted SRS wavelength is pulsed 630 nm. 1 ml ALA (200 μg/ml) was added to cell suspension and keep it for incubated for 4 h then irradiate the suspension with SRS wavelength 630 nm at different light dose 8, 12, 17, 25, 30, 40, 60, 100, 150, 200 μJ for 10 pluses and obtain the cell degradation. We repeat the step above but for 30 pluses. Finally for the second experiment, 1 ml ALA (200 μg/ml) was added to cell suspension and was incubated for 4 h and then irradiated with Nd-YAG Laser at wavelength 532 nm. Different doses range between 8 up to 200 μJ for 10 pluses only and the cell degradation rate was measured.     

基于磷光配合物Re(CO)3Cl-dipyrido[3,2-a:2',3'-c] phenazine有机光伏器件

本文以4,4′,4′′-三[3-甲基苯基苯胺基)三苯胺(m-MTDATA)为电子给体,Re(CO)3Cl-dipyrido [3,2-a:2',3'-c]phenazine (Re-DPPz)为电子受体制成有机光伏器件。在紫外灯(365 nm, 1.6 mW/cm2)从ITO方向垂直照射下,器件的短路电流(Isc), 开路电压 (Voc), 填充因子(FF),功率转换效率分别为57.1 μA/cm2, 0.86 V, 0.39, 1.2%。研究结果表明有机磷光发光材料Re-DPPz也具有良好的光伏性能。     

Electroluminescent properties of dimeric bis(2-(2′-hydroxyl phenyl)benzthiazolate)zinc (II) complex

A blue shifted photoluminescent emission in bis(2-(2′-hydroxyl phenyl)benzthiazolate)zinc (II) complex, ZBZT, arises out of the dimeric structure, typical of the localized electron density around the non-bridged ligand in the excited state of the complex. An average decay lifetime of 4.8 and 3.0 ns for the ligand and the complex, respectively indicates an energy transfer from the ligand to the metal. A PL quantum efficiency of about ?_ZBZT=0.45 in DMF solution is observed, in comparison to the Alq₃, complex, ?_Alq3=0.116. Semi empirical ZINDO/S-SCF-CI calculations support the dominance of non-bridged ligand moiety in controlling the photoluminescent properties. An unusually broad white light (FWHM ∼220 nm) electroluminescent emission in the two layer device structure brings out the features of an exciplex formation between the active layer ZBZT/TPD interface, which is studied at different current densities. Such a broadened emission is verified for different thicknesses of the active layer substantiating the role of exciplex formation.