几种燃料云雾爆轰临界起爆能的研究

采用自行设计的立式激波管 ,测定了几种燃料与空气混合物不同当量比时的临界起爆能 ,并且从理论上将激波管内得到的起爆能数据外推到无约束条件下的临界起爆能 ,理论结果与实验值吻合较好。这一结果对预防意外爆炸事故的发生以及研究其在军事上的应用具有重要的参考价值。     

退役单基药的冲击起爆特性

为了研究退役单基药的冲击起爆特性,参照GJB772A-97中卡片式隔板法实验方法,分别开展了退役单基药的连续爆速实验、冲击波感度实验及锰铜压力计实验,观测了其冲击起爆的爆轰建立过程,得到了临界隔板值以及临界起爆压力。在连续爆速实验中,隔板厚度为50 mm时,观察到了退役单基药反应冲击波不断增长的过程,并在90mm处转变为爆轰; 在冲击波感度以及锰铜压力计实验中,测得其临界隔板厚度为50~52 mm,临界起爆压力为1.35~1.49 GPa。对退役单基药的冲击起爆过程进行了数值模拟,结合三种实验的实验结果,标定了其点火增长模型反应速率方程参数。

     

杆式弹对厚壁壳体装药冲击起爆机制模拟分析

为研究高速杆式弹冲击厚壁壳体装药的起爆机制,运用冲击物理显式欧拉型动力学SPEED软件,开展了不同弹径和弹长的钨合金杆式弹与厚壁壳体Comp-B装药相互作用过程的数值模拟,采用升降法获得弹体起爆装药临界着速及装药起爆位置变化。研究结果表明:弹体起爆装药临界着速随弹径增大而显著降低,随弹长增大呈先降低后平缓变化的规律;弹体以临界着速起爆装药时,存在2种装药起爆机制,即弹体贯穿壳体后的宏观剪切起爆和未贯穿壳体的低速冲击起爆,且其机制随弹体着速在临界着速以上继续提高会发生转变,最终均会转变为高速冲击起爆机制;装药起爆位置均发生在炸药壳体交界面后一定距离处,相同机制下此距离随弹体着速提高而减小。     

破片撞击起爆柱面带壳装药的临界速度修正判据

为获得适用于柱面带壳装药的冲击起爆修正判据,以Picatinny工程判据为基础加入修正项进行修正。采用AUTODYN-3D软件对破片撞击柱面带钢壳的B炸药进行数值计算,获得了破片入射角、装药曲率半径对炸药临界起爆速度的影响规律;通过拟合得到修正项表达式,建立了考虑破片入射角、柱壳装药形状函数的炸药起爆临界速度修正判据。判据计算值与实验数据和数值计算值吻合较好,该判据能较好的预测柱形带壳装药的冲击起爆条件。     

C2H2-O2-Ar和C2H2-N2O-Ar直接起爆形成爆轰的临界能量

采用高压电点火进行直接起爆形成爆轰,起爆能量通过放电过程中电流的输出信号确定。首先通过实验测定并对比C2H2-O2-Ar和C2H2-N2O-Ar等2种混合物在各种初始状态下直接起爆形成爆轰的临界起爆能量。实验结果表明,在相同状态下C2H2-N2O-Ar混合物的临界起爆能量显著高于C2H2-O2-Ar混合物的。进一步基于各物质爆炸特征长度和爆轰临界管径的参量关系对临界起爆能量差异性进行分析,得到了C2H2-N2O-Ar混合气体的爆轰临界管径预测曲线,并在此基础上得出C2H2-N2O-Ar混合物爆炸特征长度与临界管径的关系为r0=2.5dc,而C2H2-O2-Ar两者关系为r0=2dc。结果清晰地表明,使用N2O 作为氧化剂,爆炸特征长度与爆轰临界管径之间的比例因数增大,表明该物质直接起爆形成爆轰所需的起爆源单位能量增大,因而直接形成爆轰的临界能量相应提高。     

C2H4-O2混合气体直接起爆的临界能量

主要基于化学动力学和Ng模型,对C2H4-O2混合气体的爆轰胞格尺寸进行预测;结合Lee表面积能量模型,预测物质在不同初始压力和化学当量比的条件下,直接起爆引起球面爆轰的临界起爆能量。直接起爆实验主要采用高压电点火提供起爆能量,起爆能量通过放电过程中电流的输出信号确定。结果表明,理论预测与实验值较吻合。首先,通过化学动力学计算得出ZND模型的爆轰参数,利用Ng模型得出爆轰胞格尺寸与ZND诱导区长度之间的比例因数A 在不同初始压力与当量比的条件下分别为:A=43.815(1+p1/p0)-0.12371和A=8.531exp(/3.135)+28.644,在此基础上对爆轰胞格尺寸进行定量预测。胞格尺寸的理论预测与实验结果吻合。其次,把爆轰胞格尺寸作为中间特征参数并结合Lee的表面积能量模型,提出可以预测临界起爆能量的定量模型,并得出C2H4-O2混合气体直接起爆的临界起爆能量与初始压力和化学当量比的参量拟合关系分别为Ec=0.332(p1/p0)-2.017和Ec=exp[3.951(-1.401)2-1.9]。     

CL-20基混合炸药的冲击起爆特征

为了研究CL-20基混合炸药的冲击起爆特征,深入分析冲击波作用下CL-20基混合炸药的爆轰成长规律,采用炸药驱动飞片冲击起爆实验方法,对CL-20、CL-20/NTO和CL-20/FOX-7三种压装混合炸药进行了冲击起爆实验,通过嵌入在炸药内部不同位置处的锰铜压力传感器,获得了炸药内部压力的变化历程。依据实验结果标定了混合炸药的点火增长模型参数,其中,利用反应速率方程中的两个增长项,分别模拟CL-20/NTO和CL-20/FOX-7混合炸药中两种组分的反应增长过程,得到这两种混合炸药的反应速率方程参数。并通过数值模拟的方法得到了三种炸药的临界起爆阈值和POP关系。研究结果表明：三种CL-20基混合炸药中,CL-20/NTO混合炸药具有更高的临界起爆阈值,而CL-20/FOX-7混合炸药具有更长的爆轰成长距离;此外,利用此套拟合双组分混合炸药反应速率方程的方法,可以对新型配方炸药的冲击起爆过程进行预测性计算

     

液体碳氢燃料云雾爆轰特性的实验研究

采用升降法和烟迹技术在立式激波管中分别实测了液态燃料（环氧丙烷、硝酸异丙酯、己烷、C5~C6、庚烷、癸烷）与空气混合物直接起爆的临界起爆能和胞格尺寸。数据表明,气液两相云雾爆轰的临界起爆能与当量比呈U形曲线关系,这与气相爆轰得到的结论是一致的;临界起爆能的最小值并不是对应于等化学当量的混合物而是偏向于富燃料;根据三波点运动的烟迹记录,分析了云雾爆轰作用机制,认为液滴的碎解、汽化过程以及燃烧区前导是控制气液两相云雾爆轰的主要步骤。此外,还测定了无限空间下可燃气云的临界起爆能,并将激波管内得到的临界起爆能数据外推到无约束气云的临界起爆能,理论推算结果与实验值吻合较好。     

起爆偏心调整原理

某些轴对称爆炸装药要求严格的轴线起爆,有的炸药装药要求在指定的某点起爆,这就需要一种装置,在可能发生的各种起爆情况下,通过该装置,均能使得主装药按予定的条件起爆,此装置称为调整器。起爆偏心调整器是目前得到实际应用的一种调整器。本文对三种调整器的原理进行了探讨,并作了比较。     

装药弹体侵彻混凝土厚靶中的炸药摩擦起爆模型

基于炸药的热爆炸理论,采用炸药的热点温度（也称为临界起爆温度）作为起爆判据,分析了装药弹体在侵彻混凝土厚靶过程中的炸药安全性问题,建立了炸药摩擦起爆的热传导模型。对模型进行了量纲一化分析,得出量纲一热流率幅值Qm与炸药和弹壳界面量纲一温度峰值Tmax的关系,以及可在实际工程中应用的临界量纲一控制参数Qmc,同时得到了反映摩擦产生的热量在炸药与弹壳间分配比例关系的量纲一参数Ⅰ。结果表明,炸药装药和弹壳接触面间的强摩擦是形成热点、从而导致炸药早炸的一个重要因素。     

Investigation of detonation initiation in aluminium suspensions

Detonation initiation is investigated in aluminium/oxygen and aluminium/air mixtures. Critical conditions for initiation of spherical detonations are examined in analogy with the criteria defined for gaseous mixtures, which correlate critical parameters of detonation initiation to the characteristic size of the cellular structure. However, experimental data on the detonation cell size in these two-phase mixtures are very scarce, on account of the difficulty to perform large-scale experiments. Therefore, 2D numerical simulations of the detonation cellular structure have been undertaken, with the same combustion model for Al/air and Al/O₂ mixtures. The cell size is found to be λ = 37.5 cm for a rich (r = 1.61) aluminium–air mixture, and λ = 7.5 cm for a stoichiometric aluminium-oxygen mixture, which is in reasonable agreement with available experimental data. Calculations performed in large-scale configurations (up to 25 m in length and 1.5 m in lateral direction) suggest that the critical initiation energy and predetonation radius for direct initiation of the unconfined detonation in the aluminium–air mixture are, respectively, 10 kg of TNT and 8 m. Moreover, numerical simulations reveal that the structure of the detonation wave behind the leading front is even more complicated than in pure gaseous mixtures, due to two-phase flow effects. This paper is based on work that was presented at the 21st International Colloquium on the Dynamics of Explosions and Reactive Systems, Poitiers, France, July 23–27, 2007.     

液体燃料云雾爆轰参数实验

为深入了解液体燃料云雾爆轰机理,借助自行设计和建造的立式爆轰管,并采用升降法和烟迹技术,对环氧丙烷等液体燃料云雾爆轰参数(爆速、爆压、临界起爆能和爆轰胞格尺寸)与当量比的关系进行了实验研究。结果表明,环氧丙烷的爆速和爆压随当量比的增加先增大后平缓减小;碳氢液体燃料云雾爆轰的临界起爆能与当量比呈U型关系,最佳值点偏向富燃料一侧;临界起爆能的大小与燃料的分子结构和挥发性有密切关系,IPN和PO 临界起爆能相当,而烷烃类临界起爆能均较大。环氧丙烷在25和50 ℃时的爆轰胞格宽度与当量比皆呈U型关系,最小值点偏向富燃料一侧;气相爆轰胞格宽度比云雾爆轰略小。常温下环氧丙烷云雾爆轰主要由气相反应所控制。     

Rapid detonation initiation by sparks in a short duct: a numerical study

Rapid onset of detonation can efficiently increase the working frequency of a pulse detonation engine (PDE). In the present study, computations of detonation initiation in a duct are conducted to investigate the mechanisms of detonation initiation. The governing equations are the Euler equations and the chemical kinetic model consists of 19 elementary reactions and nine species. Different techniques of initiation have been studied for the purpose of accelerating detonation onset with a relatively weak ignition energy. It is found that detonation ignition induced by means of multiple sparks is applicable to auto-ignition for a PDE. The interaction among shock waves, flame fronts and the strip of pre-compressed fresh (unburned) mixture plays an important role in rapid onset of detonation.     

Direct initiation of detonations in unconfined gasoline sprays

Large scale experiments on detonation initiation in gasoline-air by two different sources were carried out at stoichiometric conditions. Unconfined clouds of volume generated by a special facility had a shape of semicylinder of 15–17 m in length and 6–8 m in radius. Both the charge of condensed HE and the charge of stoichiometric propane-air were used to initiate detonation in the mixture. In case of initiation by a propane-air charge the critical initiation energy was up to 7 times as large as that for HE initiation. The detonation cell size for gasoline-air was determined as 0.04–0.05 m. It was shown, that the well-known correlation between the critical energy of point blast initiation and the cell size failed for this system. The cell size obtained is close to one of propane-air, but no direct transfer of detonation from one mixture to another was observed. Received 10 March 1995 / Accepted 12 March 1995     

Critical energy for direct initiation of detonation induced by laser ablation

This study describes experimental work examining the critical energy for direct initiation of detonation by laser ablation in a stoichiometric acetylene–oxygen mixture. The amount of input energy, the target material, and the surface roughness of the target were varied to study their effects on shock wave generation. Aluminum and stainless steel were used as target materials. The propagating shock wave induced by laser ablation was observed using high-speed shadow imaging. The critical energy for direct initiation of detonation was calculated using the strong blast wave theory. The critical input energy for aluminum was found to be lower than that for stainless steel. Because the thermodynamic critical temperature of aluminum is lower than that of stainless steel, aluminum caused a phase explosion more easily than stainless steel, thus resulting in direct initiation of detonation with a lower amount of input energy. The effects of surface roughness on critical input energy and shock wave generation were negligibly small. The critical initiation energy was estimated to be \(10.3 \pm 0.2\) mJ, which is in agreement with the experimental data obtained in previous work. The estimated critical initiation energy was independent of the target material. However, other predictions of the critical initiation energy by using the cell size overestimated this value because of the scatter in cell size data of an unstable cellular structure. Furthermore, interaction between plasma plumes formed by laser ablation and those formed by breakdown near the target surface might have contributed to requiring a lower amount of energy for initiating detonation.     

低冲击下固体推进剂延迟起爆现象

为了研究固体推进剂在低强度冲击作用下的延迟爆轰现象（XDT）,设计了2次冲击波加载的双隔板实验。用X光摄像技术观测了推进剂在低强度冲击作用下的延迟起爆现象。建立了推进剂双隔板实验计算模型,运用非线性动力学有限元方法对推进剂的双隔板实验进行了数值模拟,得到推进剂在2次独立冲击波加载作用下的压力历史,分析了推进剂发生延迟爆轰的受力过程。结果表明,在强度较低的冲击波作用下,该推进剂会发生XDT现象,对推进剂重复冲击加载作用和推进剂在加载作用下的敏化程度是控制XDT现象发生的主要因素。     

Detonability of fuel-oxygen and fuel-air mixtures

An analysis of theoretical models and experimental investigations of the detonability of unconfined detonation in uniform gaseous mixtures shows a disparity in results. The present study is limited to propane, acetylene and methane diluted with oxygen or air in variable proportions and initial pressures at ambient temperature conditions. Because of the disparity in results, a simple and general formulation of critical initiation energy for gaseous detonations has been investigated. The problem has been formulated using the conservation equation of total energy enclosed by the shock. From this, a simple form for the critical energy has been deduced. This approach leads to a good simulation in uniform mixtures, regardless of initiation conditions. Some applications are presented in this paper. A new experimental study on the detonability of methane/oxygen mixtures diluted with propane and/or nitrogen is reported. The gaseous mixtures are confined in a cylindrical vessel. The initial conditions are various equivalence ratio and pressure under room temperature. In the case of methane/oxygen mixtures, the predetonation radius varies directly with the cell width. The constant ratio is in the order of 18, slightly different from the classical relation R _c= 20λ. For propane the slope variation of the critical energy versus initial pressure depends on the dilution. We have compared the critical energy obtained by several authors with the theoretical values. Fuel ratio and initial pressure are the chosen parameters. These comparisons show that the formulation allows for the prediction of the critical energy of detonation of uniform mixtures with a good estimation range. The correlation between the different geometries has been deduced and a test has been conducted as well in the case of stoichiometric methane/oxygen and acetylene/oxygen mixtures versus initial pressure for a cylindrical detonation. Received 9 January 1996 / Accepted 24 January 1997     

爆轰波碰撞的聚能效应

利用两高爆速导爆索对称布置于药卷两侧,起爆后炸药爆轰波在对称线处汇聚碰撞,当碰撞角度达到一定值时,发生马赫反射,使爆轰压力成倍增加,形成高压、高能量密度区域的聚能效应。本文在爆轰波传播碰撞理论的基础上,通过炸药做功能力和猛度试验验证爆轰波碰撞的聚能效果。做功能力试验结果表明爆轰波碰撞能够增加炸药能量利用率;猛度试验结果表明采用对称起爆技术下的爆轰波碰撞能够改变爆轰波在特定方向上的扩散作用。试验结果与爆轰波入射角的几何关系表明,当高爆速起爆药条与主装药爆速比例在1.15倍以上时,爆轰波碰撞能够达到一定的聚能效果。