高温冲击拉伸试验中的快速接触加温技术

本文阐述了高温冲击拉伸试验技术中基于大热容量热惯性温升极大值原理的快速接触加温技术;研制了稳定性好、加热效率高、总体热惯性大、断电温升至极大值的稳定时间长的一对新的加温炉。测试结果表明,可以在试件上获得了最高可达1073K的近似稳定和均匀的温度场。通过实验研究建立了试件温度、稳定炉温和加温炉加热自动断电设定温度之间的标定关系。利用此标定关系,可以根据试验所需要的试件温度方便地确定加温炉自动断电设定温度,并通过监控稳定炉温来实施的所需试件温度下的冲击拉伸试验。本文还对高温冲击拉伸试验中的相关问题进行了分析讨论。     

高温冲击拉伸试验技术

在自行研制的高速旋转盘式间接杆杆型冲击拉伸试验装置上。采用扁平哑铃状的试件。用耐高温无机胶使试件两端分别与输入杆和输出杆的叉口粘接；采用自行研制的高温炉对粘接后的试件进行快速接触加温，初步形成了800℃以下的高温冲击拉伸试验技术。对SUS304不锈钢板（厚度为1.1mm）实施常温至537℃的冲击拉伸试验和准静态拉伸试验。初步探索表明SUS304不锈钢是温度相关和应变率相关的材料。且在准静态和高应变率加载下均出现了高温脆化现象（室温至537℃）。     

套管式Hopkinson冲击拉伸实验相关问题的探讨

基于套管式Hopkinson冲击拉伸实验装置,对板状、棒状材料的冲击拉伸试验进行了简要介绍,重点讨论和解决材料冲击拉伸试验过程中出现的一些问题。通过提出的一种辅助式螺母连接方法,改进了棒状材料试件连接装置,解决了棒状试件试验过程中因连接拧紧度对实验结果的影响;通过建立其有限元模型,运用ABAQUS软件数值模拟分析入射杆端部拉伸螺母厚度对入射波形的影响,给出合理选择拉伸螺母的依据。     

冲击拉伸实验装置的研制及其试验研究

材料动力学试验技术远比准静态力学中的复杂,为了模拟各种速率的冲击加载过程,试验装置设计就成为关键问题之一.特别是针对材料动态拉伸性能的测试,目前的冲击拉伸装置还没有统一标准,因此本文基于一维弹性应力波原理设计了一套双气室间接杆-杆型冲击拉伸试验装置.该装置采用了双气室对称布置的方式,通过气体转换器实现气路的转换,克服了现有气动式冲击拉伸设备结构复杂、密封要求严格的缺点.本文利用该装置对2A12T4铝合金试件的冲击拉伸性能进行了测试,并数值分析了应力波在杆系和试件中的传播效应.通过试验测试和数值分析论证了该冲击拉伸装置实验的可靠性和设计的合理性.     

花岗岩动态力学性能的实验研究

介绍了利用Φ74mm SHPB试验装置进行花岗岩的动态压缩试验和动态劈裂拉伸试验的结果。通过试验获得了花岗岩在100s-1～102s-1应变率加载时的动态力学参数。同时,对试件内的动态应力分布进行了数值模拟,验证了动态试验的有效性。试验结果表明,花岗岩的动态压缩和动态劈裂拉伸的力学性能表现出显著的应变率效应。随着应变率的增加,其冲击压缩破坏应力、冲击压缩破坏应变、弹性模量、冲击压缩应变能密度和动态劈裂拉伸破坏强度均有一定程度的增加。     

含微裂纹的95%Al2O3陶瓷的力学性能

本文采用三种不同加载方式(单轴拉伸,三点弯曲以及圆盘压缩)研究含微裂纹Al_2O_3的陶瓷的弹性性能及其抗拉强度.微裂纹是通过对材料瞬时突变加热和冷却(简称热冲击)形成的.试验结果表明:1)三点弯曲试验得到的力学性能参数较其它两种加载方式所得到的结果要稳定和集中.单轴拉伸试验结果分散性最大.2)热冲击温度越高,材料的等效弹性模量?和等效泊松比?以及各种加载方式下试件的抗拉强度??都有不同程度的下降.电镜观察证实了力学性能参数下降主要与材料内部微裂纹密度增加有关.3)Budiansky-O'Connell方法被用来估计不同热冲击处理后的圆盘试件在断裂过程中的微裂纹密度变化,结果表明实际材料的微裂纹密度较理想材料的微裂纹密度都有一定的偏差.     

杆杆型冲击拉伸试验装置的二维轴对称弹塑性有限元分析

对带有哑铃状圆柱形试件的杆杆型冲击拉伸试验装置,建立了含有多个物理和几何间断面的二维轴对称弹塑性有限元模型,采用动态增量非线性有限元程序ＡＤＩ－ＮＡ,进行了数值模拟模拟分析,揭示了应力波在试验系统中的传播规律,在弹性框架内初步论证了杆杆型冲击拉伸试验装置测试原理的有效性。     

红外瞬态测温装置及其在冲击拉伸试验中的应用

为研究材料在高速变形时的性态和破坏过程以及热力偶合问题,作者自行研制并设计了一套红外瞬态测温装置,同时对它进行了整体动态标定.并利用该装置在摆锤式杆-杆型冲击拉伸试验机上首次获得了三种不同材料的试件在冲击拉伸过程中的瞬态温升曲线,得到了一些颇有意义的结论。     

双相钢板料的单向拉伸断裂失效研究(Ⅱ)——弧长法非线性有限元分析

为了获得docol800DP双相钢板料的等效塑性应变和应力三轴度在单向拉伸断裂失效过程中的变化历程,对其拉伸过程进行了弧长法非线性有限元分析。根据试验得到的材料参数建立了双相钢单向拉伸试件的有限元模型,考虑大变形引起的几何非线性和塑性强化引起的材料非线性,模拟了试件拉伸变形的全过程。计算结果表明:弧长法可较好地模拟试件变形的全程,计算得到的典型变形阶段、集中性失稳带的分布及方向与试验结果吻合很好;发生失稳变形时的应变与理论分析结果一致。最后,给出了起裂点处失效参数的变化历程,为定量化研究双相钢材料的断裂失效模型提供准确的数据支持。     

带有哑铃状扁平形试件的杆杆型冲击拉伸试验系统的三维弹塑性有限元分析

对带有哑铃状扁平形试件的杆杆型冲击拉伸试验系统,建立了含有个物理和几何间断面（包括内部交界面）的三维弹塑性有限元模型,采用动态增量非线性有限元程序ＡＤＩＮＡ对该模型进行了数值分析。在弹塑性框架内初步论证了杆杆型冲击拉伸试验装置一维测试原理有效性及其近似成立的条件,并与文献「１」进行了比较。     

高温高应变率下材料拉伸性能测试的一种新方法

为了实现高温环境下材料高应变率动态拉伸实验技术,将分离式Hopkinson杆直接拉伸装置中试样与拉杆的螺纹连接形式变成楔形连接形式,并加装了气动同步装置系统。这样,在对试样加高温时,能使靠近试样的入射和透射杆端处于较低温度。当撞击管向传递法兰运动时,气动同步装置瞬间拖动透射杆和试样,使两者之间的间隙为零,此时沿入射杆传递的入射波同时对试样拉伸加载。经实验验证,此方法可以有效实现材料高温高应变率拉伸加载。     

Novel Technique for Static and Dynamic Shear Testing of Ti6Al4V Sheet

Few shear test techniques exist that cover the range of strain rates from static to dynamic. In this work, a novel specimen geometry is presented that can be used for the characterisation of the shear behaviour of sheet metals over a wide range of strain rates using traditional tensile test devices. The main objectives during the development of the shear specimen have been 1) obtaining a homogeneous stress state with low stress triaxiality in the zone of the specimen subjected to shear and 2) appropriateness for dynamic testing. Additionally, avoiding premature specimen failure due to edge effects was aimed at. Most dimensional and practical constraints arose from the dynamic test in which the specimen is loaded by mechanical waves in a split Hopkinson tensile bar device. Design of the specimen geometry is based on finite element simulations using ABAQUS/Explicit. The behaviour of the specimen is compared with the more commonly used simple shear specimen with clamped grips. Advantages of the new technique are shown. The technique is applied to Ti6Al4V sheet. During the high strain rate experiments high speed photography and digital image correlation are used to obtain the local shear strain in the specimen. Comparison of experimental and numerical results shows good correspondence.     

Standard Uncertainty Evaluation for Dynamic Tensile Properties of Auto-Body Steel-Sheets

This paper is concerned with the standard uncertainty of the true stress–true strain curve as the tensile properties of auto-body steel sheets at intermediate strain rates ranged from 1 to 100 s^?1. A procedure to obtain true stress–true strain data is properly designed for the experiment and data acquisition. An analytic model is then established to evaluate the standard uncertainty of the measurand. The measurand in this case is the true stress which is a function of the input quantities: the tensile load; the initial length, the thickness and the width of a specimen; and the deformed length of a specimen. Sources of uncertainties of the input quantities are evaluated for the high speed tensile test with their associated sensitivity coefficients. Uncertainty of the stress data acquired is also considered in the procedure of the fast Fourier transform (FFT) smoothing process used to remove unnecessary signals acquired from experiments. Image analysis using a high speed camera is carried out to measure deformation of the specimen during high speed tensile tests with proper uncertainty evaluation. A combined standard uncertainty is evaluated from the uncertainties of the input quantities as well as the influence factor for the true stress of auto-body steel sheets at intermediate strain rates. Consequently, the true stress–true strain data are obtained with proper standard uncertainty evaluation.     

Full Field Strain Measurement in Compression and Tensile Split Hopkinson Bar Experiments

The 3D image correlation technique is used for full field measurement of strain (and strain rate) in compression and tensile split Hopkinson bar experiments using commercial image correlation software and two digital high-speed cameras that provide a synchronized stereo view of the specimen. Using an array of 128 × 80 (compression tests) and 258 × 48 (tensile tests) pixels, the cameras record about 110,000 frames per second. A random dot pattern is applied to the surface of the specimens. The image correlation algorithm uses the dot pattern to define a field of overlapping virtual gage boxes, and the 3-D coordinates of the center of each gage box are determined at each frame. The coordinates are then used for calculating the strains throughout the surface of the specimen. The strains determined with the image correlation method are compared with those determined from analyzing the elastic waves in the bars, and with strains measured with strain gages placed on the specimens. The system is used to study the response of OFE C10100 copper. In compression tests, the image correlation shows a nearly uniform deformation which agrees with the average strain that is determined from the waves in the bars and the strains measured with strain gages that are placed directly on the specimen. In tensile tests, the specimen geometry and properties affect the outcome from the experiment. The full field strain measurement provides means for examining the validity and accuracy of the tests. In tests where the deforming section of the specimen is well defined and the deformation is uniform, the strains measured with the image correlation technique agree with the average strain that is determined from the split Hopkinson bar wave records. If significant deformation is taking place outside the gage section, and when necking develops, the strains determined from the waves are not valid, but the image correlation method provides the accurate full field strain history.     

Flattened Brazilian Disc Method for Determining the Dynamic Tensile Stress-Strain Curve of Low Strength Brittle Solids

An indirect tensile testing method is proposed to measure the full dynamic tensile stress-strain curve of low strength brittle solids. In this method, the flattened-Brazilian disc (FBD) sample is loaded by modified split Hopkinson pressure bars (SHPB) system. Low amplitude dynamic forces were measured with a pair of piezoelectric force transducers embedded in the incident bar and the transmitted bar. The evolution of tensile stress at the center of the disc sample was determined through finite element analyses using the measured stress in SHPB as inputs. In a traditional Brazilian test, a strain gauge is mounted at the center of the specimen to measure the tensile strain, which is difficult to apply for low strength brittle materials. Thus, two types of non-contact methods, the Digital Image Correlation (DIC) technique and the Laser Gap Gauge (LGG), were used to measure the strain. The DIC method was used to monitor the displacement and the strain map of the specimen during the test, from which the strain at the center of the specimen can be obtained. The accuracy of the DIC results was assessed, and the displacement and strain uncertainties of our system were 0.003 mm and 0.003, respectively. LGG was used to monitor the expansion of the disc perpendicular to the loading axis, from which the average tensile strain is deduced. The numerical simulation revealed that the tensile strain at the center of the specimen is proportional to the average tensile strain and that the ratio is not sensitive to the material elastic parameters. The strain measured through LGG was compared with that measured by the DIC method using photos captured with a synchronized high-speed camera. The result of the LGG method was 20 % smaller than that of the DIC process. However, the latter was limited by the number of frames of the high-speed camera. The feasibility of this methodology was demonstrated using a polymer-bonded explosive (PBX).     

基于超高速相机的数字图像相关性全场应变分析在SHTB实验中的应用

基于超高速相机和数字图像相关性全场应变分析方法对传统的分离式Hopkinson拉杆(SHTB)实验系统进行改进,获得尼龙和铝合金材料的动态拉伸应力应变曲线,验证了数字图像相关性全场应变分析在SHTB实验中的有效性。实验结果显示:该方法测量的平均应变与应变片测量结果一致性很好, 而传统的SHTB实验原理计算的应变结果则明显偏大,需要对试件原始标距进行修正后才能获得有效的试件应变,并且在试件的材料和几何尺寸不变的条件下标距修正不依赖于应变率。基于数字图像相关性全场应变测量,讨论了应变均匀性问题:脆性的尼龙试件在标距范围内应变均匀性良好,而韧性的铝合金试件表现出比较严重的应变不均匀性,归因于颈缩变形的影响。     

Experimental study of a metal-matrix composite

A metal-matrix specimen was investigated using moiré interferometry with 2400 ℓ/mm (60,960 ℓ/in.). The specimen was a 6-ply [0/±45] _s boron-aluminum tensile coupon with a central slot. The unequal deformations in fibers and matrix were evident. Special attention was given to a plastic slip zone in the matrix. Normal and shear strains were calculated in the slip zone; the shear-strain concentration factor rose dramatically with the onset of plastic slip and continued to rise gradually with load to 95 percent of the failure load. The precipitous change from maximum tensile strain in one fiber to zero tensile strain in the neighboring fiber was accommodated by the very high shear strain in the matrix in the slip zone. Experimental considerations are discussed: shear strains are independent of rigid-body rotations; simplified strain calculations are justified; averaging across the narrow slip region and the influence of finite thickness of the specimen grating contribute to underestimation of peak strains. Paper was presented at the 1986 SEM Spring Conference on Experimental Mechanics held in New Orleans, LA on June 8–13.     

基于Hopkinson压杆的M型试样动态拉伸实验方法研究

采用传统分离式Hopkinson压杆进行M型试样的动态拉伸实验,可避免试样与杆的连接问题,但该方法并未得到发展和验证。本文中,采用有限元数值分析和实验方法,对M型试样动态拉伸实验进行分析和改进。结果表明:（1）改进的封闭M型试样,可以增强试样整体刚度,有效减少试样畸变引起的附加弯矩对拉伸标段的影响,方便通过Hopkinson压杆加载实现一维拉伸变形;（2）采用试样刚度系数修正法,可消除M型试样整体结构的弹性变形对测试的影响,精确获得试样拉伸标段的塑性应变;（3）高加载率下,建议采用波形整器加载,可显著减少试样结构引起的载荷震荡现象、改善两端的应力平衡,获得准确的动态拉伸应力应变曲线,实现5 900 s?1甚至更高应变率下的动态拉伸实验。研究方法可为M型试样拉伸实验设计和应用提供参考。     

An Experimental Method to Determine the Tensile Strength of Concrete at High Rates of Strain

In the present work, dynamic tensile strength of concrete is experimentally investigated by means of spalling tests. Based on extensive numerical simulations, the paper presents several advances to improve the processing of spalling tests. The striker is designed to get a more uniform tensile stress field in the specimen. Three methods proposed in the literature to deduce the dynamic strength of the specimen are discussed as well as the use of strain gauges and a laser extensometer. The experimental method is applied to process data of several tests performed on wet micro-concrete at strain rates varying from 30 to 150/s. A significant increase of the dynamic tensile strength with strain-rate is observed and compared with data of the literature. In addition, post-mortem studies of specimens are carried to improve the analysis of damage during spalling tests.     

Is There An Optimal Gauge Length for Dynamic Tensile Specimens?

This paper addresses the issue of the dynamic tensile specimen gauge length through an experimental-numerical approach. Emphasis is put on the combined issue of specimen equilibrium and uniformity of the stress and the strain fields in the gauge. The systematic comparison of long and short specimens reveals the unexpected, namely the superiority of the long specimen in terms of the strain and stress uniformity, which in turn affects the accuracy of the experimental stress–strain curve, while excellent force equilibrium is obtained. The feasibility of longer dynamic tensile specimens adds a new degree of freedom to the specimen’s design, while allowing for characterization of materials at lower strain rates.