确定应力强度因子的光弹性法与焦散线法

以光弹性法及焦散线法的基本原理为基础,对两种方法在确定应力强度因子方面进行了比较。发现对于纯I型裂纹问题,光弹性法的精度低于焦散线法的精度;对于I－Ⅱ混合型裂纹问题,就张开型应力强度因子而言,光弹性法的精度低于焦散线法的精度,而就滑移型应力强度因子而言,光弹性法的精度高于焦散线法的精度。     

声焦散线及其与应力强度因子的关系

 根据焦散线的形成原理，以及含I型裂纹试件受力前后光程差与 声程差表达式的相似性，提出了声焦散线的概念，得到了声焦散线沿 横向最大尺寸与应力强度因子的关系，为通过声焦散线法确定应力强 度因子打下了基础.     

焦散线法确定应力强度因子的条件

基于焦散线的形成原理及含裂纹受力试件在裂尖附近区域的应力分布,得到了焦散线法确定应力强度因子的条件：初始曲线半径与试件厚度之比大于0．5。当满足该条件时,对光学各向同性材料及光学各向异性材料前表面反射的情形,只需测量焦散线沿横向的最大尺寸便可较精确地确定应力强度因子;而对于光学各向异性材料的透射或后表面反射情形,只有在忽略远场非奇异应力的影响后,才可借助焦散线的横向尺寸近似确定应力强度因子。     

焦散线法求解裂纹应力强度因子的两种改进方法

为提高焦散线法求解应力强度因子的精度，提出了两种基于多点非线性最小二乘法的改进方法。文中推导了控制方程，编制了程序，阐述了实验技术。作为应用实例，对三种典型裂纹试件作了测试与处理。结果表明，用本文方法处理的结果比文［１］经典法的结果有很大改进。作者还对图像处理用于焦散线法应力强度因子的提取作了初步探讨［５     

焦散线法在断裂力学中的应用(应力强度因子K_1的测定)

本文介绍了一种测量应变奇异性的新方法-焦散线法。阐述了焦散线的基本理论和试验技术。得到了清晰的焦散线照相。材料的应力光学系数通过透射焦散线和反射焦散线的两尺寸比值来确定。通过试验,测定了单边裂纹板受拉时的应力强度因子,与计算结果附合良好。     

三维热权函数法和多虚拟裂纹扩展技术

热权函数法直接利用温度场与热权函数的乘积的积分来求应力强度因子(SIF)的过渡过程，它可以免除对每一时刻进行热弹性力学有限元或边界元应力分析，计算效率大大提高。本文给出了三维热权函数法的基本方程，并提出了求解三维热权函数法基本方程的多虚拟裂纹扩展法(MVCE法)。在MVCE法中，可以引入无穷多个虚拟裂纹扩展模式；虚拟裂纹扩展模式与应力强度因子的插值直接相联系，所得到的方程组的系数矩阵是一个三对角矩阵，具有良好的计算性能。它对于裂纹前缘SIF分布急剧变化的情况，有良好的数值模拟能力。实例计算表明，MVCE法具有权高的计算效率，并具有很高的计算精度。     

含节理岩体爆生裂纹扩展的动焦散模型实验研究

应用动态焦散线测试系统,模拟含节理岩体断裂爆破过程,进行了PMMA模型透射式动态焦散线实验,着重研究了爆炸初始裂纹与节理面不同夹角的情况下,裂纹尖端动态应力强度因子的变化规律,裂纹穿过节理面的扩展规律,以及裂纹扩展速度的变化规律。实验结果分析表明,爆生裂纹穿过节理面时,裂纹尖端的动态应力强度因子和裂纹扩展速度显著下降,穿过节理面后,应力强度因子又有所增强;裂纹穿过节理面时,裂纹会沿节理面偏离一段距离后沿初始裂纹方向继续扩展。研究结果可以为节理岩体的断裂爆破提供理论依据。     

钢轨表面三维疲劳裂纹扩展数值分析

在车轮循环滚动接触载荷作用下,钢轨接触表面裂纹问题频发,严重威胁高速列车运行安全,开展钢轨表面三维滚动接触疲劳裂纹扩展分析意义重大.首先,考虑不同初始裂纹角度,建立钢轨轨头含初始裂纹的三维有限元模型,对钢轨表面施加循环滚动接触载荷,进行轮轨滚动接触计算;然后,基于相互作用积分法计算裂纹前缘的应力强度因子;最后,采用最大周向应力准则和Paris公式计算当前状态下裂纹扩展方向和扩展速率,进而更新下一时刻的裂纹形状和尺寸.通过对上述过程重复实现,从而预测钢轨表面三维裂纹的扩展路径.加载过程中裂纹前缘应力强度因子计算结果表明,随着初始裂纹角度增加,K_Ⅰ的峰值逐渐减小,K_Ⅱ的峰值逐渐增大,裂纹前缘各位置的等效应力强度因子逐渐减小;裂纹前缘节点的位置越靠近钢轨表面,等效应力强度因子越大.疲劳裂纹扩展计算结果表明,随着循环次数的增加,不同初始角度下的裂纹都发生了偏折,逐渐朝着钢轨深度方向扩展,且裂纹的初始角度越大,发生扩展时需要的循环次数越多.对比三种初始裂纹角度下裂纹长度随循环次数的演化曲线可以发现,初始裂纹角度越小,裂纹扩展速率越大.所开发的方法也适用...     

中心裂纹矩形板顺裂纹受压时缝端强度因子的激光焦散线法测定

本文介绍用激光焦散线法,测定中心的裂纹矩形板,在顺裂纹受压时的缝端应力强度因子的实验方法。与计算结果比较表明,结果吻合良好。 1 关于焦散线的基本关系激光焦散线法,是籍助于激光由高应变区所形成的曲面反射或透射时,因发散或汇聚所形成的干涉图,即焦散线,来研究应力强度因子,观测焦散线的光路如图1,其中参数为本实验所采用的。     

带凸缘弯曲梁应力集中区内表面裂纹应力强度因子的研究

用三维光弹性冻结应力实验技术与修正的多点超定法相结合研究了带凸缘弯曲梁应力集中区内表面裂纹的应力强度因子。分析了不同过渡圆弧的应力集中对两种表面裂纹(半圆形表面裂纹与前缘直线表面裂纹)的影响。用实验方法得到了应力强度因子放大系数的数值.结果表明,应力集中对浅裂纹的影响是更大的,是不可忽视的,但放大系数随表面裂纹的几何形状变化很小。这些对管节点的断裂力学评估提供了有价值的实验依据.     

含偏置裂纹三点弯曲梁的动态断裂行为研究

采用动态焦散线方法，对含偏置裂纹三点弯曲梁承受横向冲击的弯曲断裂行为进行了一系列动态断裂力学实验研究，分析了无量纲量ａ／ｌ的改变（ａ——初始裂纹偏离梁中心线的距离；ｌ——梁长度的一半）对于裂纹动态扩展行为（裂纹起始状态、裂纹尖端的复合应力强度因子、裂纹扩展速度、裂纹扩展轨迹）的影响，并借助动态光弹性应力分析，对应力波与扩展裂纹的相互作用以及应力波传播规律进行探讨．给出了裂纹尖端复合应力强度因子、裂纹扩展速度的变化、裂纹曲裂轨迹以及方向与梁中应力波传播的相互关系     

Experimental method of dynamic caustics and its application in fracture mechanics

The equation of static and dynamic caustics, and the formulae determining the position of crack tip and stress intensity factor are given. It is proven that for the case of low speed of crack propagation the static formula is applicable in calculation. A simple method to measure the static stress-optical constants is proposed. An Optical system which is suitable for the experiments of dynamic caustics was set-up and used to study the fracture in beam and rings with initial crack under impact loading. A series of dynamic caustics' photographs and curves showing the variations of corresponding crack lengths and dynamic stress intensity factors with time, are presented.     

爆炸应力波作用下裂纹与孔洞的动态焦散线分析

将高速摄影技术与动态焦散线方法相结合，研究了爆炸应力波对裂纹、空孔的作用历史，记录了环绕它们的动态焦散斑图，给出了爆炸应力场中裂纹尖端复合应力强度因子的时间依赖关系以及空孔周围应力场分布的瞬态变化过程，为固体介质的爆破机理研究提供了新方法。     

Stress intensity factor determination error by the method of caustics

The caustics created at a crack tip under biaxial loading are examined using both the closed form and the approximate solution. Particular attention is given to the caustics and their initial curves created by rays reflected from the rear and front surfaces of the specimen in addition to those in the transverse direction of the cracked specimen. These quantities can differ by more than 30% depending on whether the exact or the approximate solution is used for determining the stress intensity factors which can deviate as much as 80%. The crack length also affects the outcome. Larger errors are committed by the approximate solution for caustics that are closer to the crack tip. The advantage of using the normalized distance from the crack tip is discussed in contrast to using the absolute distance. Incorrect experimental measurements are also discussed in relation to the resulting error for evaluating the crack tip stress intensity factor.     

冲击载荷下含空孔三点弯曲梁的动态断裂行为

为得到圆孔缺陷对运动裂纹扩展过程的影响规律,采用动态焦散线实验方法进行模型实验,研究了冲击载荷下含空孔三点弯曲梁的动态断裂行为。研究结果表明:空孔对裂纹扩展有极大的阻碍作用,在一定范围内,空孔直径越大,阻碍作用越明显。裂纹扩展到空孔附近时,扩展速度会下降。裂纹在空孔上部再次起裂后,最大扩展速度远远大于裂纹与空孔贯通前的最大扩展速度。裂纹扩展至空孔附近时,裂纹尖端动态应力强度因子KdⅠ和KdⅡ均会下降。裂纹在空孔上部再次起裂后,裂尖的应力强度因子KdⅠ和KdⅡ均大于裂纹与空孔贯通前裂尖的KdⅠ和KdⅡ。在整个扩展过程中,裂纹尖端的动态应力强度因子KdⅡ远小于KdⅠ,说明KdⅠ在裂纹扩展过程中起主要作用。     

Edge-cracked stiffened panels analyzed by caustics

Externally bonded composite patches have been proven to be an effective method for repairing damaged aircraft structural components. They are ease in application and provide excellent in-service performance. The major function of a repair is to reduce the stress intensity factor at the crack tip. Calculation of stress intensity factor of a repaired crack has been performed by analytical and numerical methods. However, these methods are based on simplifying assumptions regarding material behavior and repair conditions. In the present paper an experimental determination of mode-I stress intensity factor (SIF), K_I, at the tip of an edge-crack or a V-notch reinforced with double bonded strips or with compression pre-stresses applied along the crack surfaces is undertaken by using the optical method of caustics. This method is simple in its application and has successfully been used for the solution of a host of crack problems of engineering importance.     

应用修正的虚裂纹模型研究混凝土结构的三维裂缝扩展

本文在虚裂纹模型中引入初裂强度因子的概念以研究混凝土结构的三维裂缝扩展。虚裂纹的扩展由裂纹尖端的初裂强度因子和虚裂纹所传递的软化应力共同控制。将软化应力分析曲线分段线性化进行模拟,这使问题得到很大程度的简化,同时又保证了解的必要精度。对所建立的有限元基本方程组建议了一次性的求解方法,可以不进行迭代,这既保持了解的稳定,又减轻了计算工作量。     

Study of half-space elastic contact problems by caustics

The optical method of caustics has been successfully applied to several two dimensional problems of elasticity. Up to now, no complicated three dimensional problems of elasticity have ever been treated by this method. In this paper, the experimental technique of caustics is developed, the caustics are obtained by annealing the stress-frozen epoxy slices. In applying this technique to Boussinesq's problem of a normal force and Cerruti's problem of a tangential force on the plane surface of a half-space, the experimentally obtained caustics for these problems are seen to be in satisfactory agreement with the corresponding theoretical forms. The treatment of the rather complicated three dimensional elasticity problems, including crack problems, by the author's method is also possible.     

爆炸应力波作用下动、静裂纹相互作用的实验研究

采用数字激光动态焦散线测试系统,研究爆炸应力波作用下动裂纹与预制静裂纹(水平夹角为90°、150°)相互作用机理,以及裂纹扩展的动态行为。结果表明:(1)在动、静裂纹贯通之前,静裂纹两端便出现焦散斑,动、静裂纹贯通以后,静裂纹沿爆炸应力波传播方向扩展,并且扩展速度小于动裂纹扩展速度,也小于无静裂纹时动裂纹扩展速度; (2)静裂纹存在时,动裂纹扩展的总体长度减小。动裂纹起裂时间缩短,扩展速度基本不受静裂纹的影响,裂纹应力强度因子值大于静裂纹两端值; (3)随着静裂纹水平夹角的增大,动、静裂纹贯通时动裂纹沿水平方向偏转距离增大,静裂纹B端反向扩展与动裂纹相互“咬合”,C端裂纹扩展位移和速度增大。     

The effects of surface topography on the method of caustics

An investigation was performed to establish the effects of surface topography on the determination of stress intensity factors of opaque components using the method of caustics. Theoretical predictions of caustics produced by curved surfaces were generated and validated by experiment. The errors introduced for stress intensity factors determined at various radii of curvature were assessed. It was found that relatively small surface curvatures caused significant errors in the stress intensity factor. These errors were affected by the initial radius, load and material properties.