温度对流动注射分析中溶液分散影响的研究

本文从理论和实验两方面进行了温度对流动注射分析中溶液分散影响的研究。结果表明,随着溫度升高,峰高值增大,半峰宽减小,保留值延长,峰面积则基本不变。增大进样体积和流速能够减小温度对峰高、半峰宽和保留时间的影响程度。     

高效液相色谱峰压缩中灵敏度增加值与峰压缩因子的关系研究

以从塔板理论得到的色谱流出曲线为基础,推导了高效液相色谱(HPLC)双流动相分离场中实现峰压缩时,峰压缩因子(峰压缩后的半峰宽与未进行峰压缩时的半峰宽的比值)和峰高表示的灵敏度变化(峰压缩后的峰高与未进行峰压缩时的峰高的比值)的关系,结果表明峰高表示的灵敏度增加值等于峰压缩因子的倒数.并用色氨酸、香豆素、苯和2-硝基酚在不同速率差实现堆积时的相关参数进行了验证.实验结果表明,这些化合物在各个峰压缩条件下的峰压缩因子倒数和实际灵敏度增加值相等,实验结果与理论推导结果一致.考察了该关系式在实际样品测定中的应用,结果表明灵敏度增加值等于峰压缩因子的倒数,这也与理论部分的结果一致.     

超临界流体色谱法测定复方氨酚烷胺中咖啡因和对乙酰氨基酚含量

建立超临界流体色谱法分离测定复方氨酚烷胺中咖啡因和对乙酰氨基酚含量的方法,并研究其影响因素.Kromasil Slica填充柱(250×4.6mm,5μm),流动相为含18%甲醇的CO2,流速2.0mL/min,柱温50℃,背压200bar,检测波长275nm.在测定范围内,对照品浓度与峰面积呈良好的线性关系,以峰面积和保留时间计算精密度分别为咖啡因0.49%.1.88%和对乙酰氨基酚0.44%和1.09%.该方法在所用分析条件下,5 min即可完成测定,且具有较好的重现性和线性关系.     

高效液相色谱法测定癸二酸和癸二腈

采用C18不锈钢柱为色谱柱(25 cm×4.6 mm,5 um),示差折光检测器,高效液相色谱法测定癸二酸和癸二腈.测定癸二酸时选用己二酸做内标物,甲醇和乙酸(1 99)溶液以体积比50比50混合的溶液作为流动相.在100-900 mg·L-1范围内,峰面积比和峰高比对标准溶液的质量浓度呈线性关系.测定癸二腈时选用己二腈做内标,甲醇和乙酸(1 99)溶液以体积比40比60混合作为流动相.在0.227-8.17 g·L-1范围内,峰面积比和峰高比对标准溶液的质量浓度呈线性关系.     

离子色谱-脉冲安培电化学检测引流组织液中的妥布霉素

建立了一种离子色谱(IC)分离,脉冲安培电化学法(PAD)直接检测人体引流组织液中妥布霉素的分析方法.采用高交换容量阴离子交换柱和低浓度KOH在线淋洗分离,不需要采用衍生化和离子对-柱后加碱等实现分离,并可在短时间内完成妥布霉素的测定.采用本方法测定的妥布霉素线性范围为0.05～10 mg/L,线性相关系数为0.9997,保留时间、峰面积和峰高的相对标准偏差分别为0.14％,0.38％和0.81％,检出限为7.11 μg/L.本方法成功应用于骨髓炎患者引流组织液中妥布霉素的测定,样品实际加标回收率为100.8％.     

非抑制电导检测离子色谱法测定硅藻培养液中硅酸根

采用戴安阴离子AS23(4 mm×250 mm)分析柱和AG23(4 mm×50 mm)保护柱、恒温电导检测器,建立了测定硅藻培养液中硅酸根(SiO2-3)含量的非抑制电导检测离子色谱法。以4 mmol/L碳酸钠为淋洗液,淋洗液流速1.0 mL/min,进样体积100 μL,采用峰高定量。该法测定SiO2-3的线性范围为0~40 mg/L,检出限为0.017 mg/L,重复测定同一标样的相对标准偏差( RSD,n=7 ) 小于5%,峰面积和峰高的RSD分别为10.9%、4.8%。测定不同生长时期硅藻培养液中的SiO2-3,样品的加标回收率为102%~120%。该法灵敏、准确、简便易行,适用于硅藻培养液中SiO2-3的检测。     

微柱固相萃取-毛细管液相色谱在线联用技术

以填充毛细管柱作为固相萃取柱,通过定体积阀进样和阀切换技术与毛细管液相色谱在线联用。用65 mm×0.45 mm i.d.5μm C18毛细管填充柱作为萃取柱,以对甲氧基苯甲醛水标样考察了该系统性能。线性范围为0.01~0.5 mg/L;保留时间、峰高以及峰面积的相对标准偏差分别为1.4%~2.2%、4.2%~5.7%和6.0%~10.1%,标准曲线回归系数(r)大于0.998。与直接进样相比,所用方法使检出限降低3个数量级,浓度检出限为6.0 ng/L(S/N=3)。另外,对多环芳烃化合物的富集倍数在30~100倍。采用该方法在大连香炉礁海水中检测到了萘,通过向空白海水中加标样,确定海水中萘的检出限为0.128μg/L(S/N=3)。填充毛细管固相萃取柱的优点是柱性能重复可靠,商品填料种类丰富。     

平头pH电极用于流动注射-电位滴定法测定碱溶液的浓度

以盐酸溶液为滴定剂,采用流动注射-平头pH电极测定强碱(如氢氧化钠溶液)及弱碱(如氨水)溶液的浓度。选择流动注射分析系统的工作参数为:①混合管长度40 cm;②载流盐酸溶液浓度1.027×10-3mol·L-1;③样品进样量310μL;④流速0.82 mL·min-1。结果表明:氢氧化钠和氨水的峰面积、峰高和半峰宽均与其浓度的对数值在一定的范围内呈线性关系。方法用于实际样品分析,滴定灵敏度比手工滴定方法的灵敏度高10倍,测定值的相对标准偏差(n=5)在1.1%~1.8%之间。     

高效液相色谱法测定肉类中克伦特罗等激素类生长促进剂残留量

肉类样品用乙醇提取,经C18固相萃取柱,甲醇(10+90)2mL淋洗,甲醇2mL洗脱。采用HypersilC18色谱柱(250mm×4.6mm,5μm),甲醇-磷酸(1+99)为流动相(75∶25),流速1mL.min-1,柱温26℃,紫外检测波长240nm测定。克伦特罗、多巴胺、己烯雌酚、睾丸素、黄体酮五种激素类生长促进剂成分可同时测定,检出限分别为0.4,2.4,0.3,0.5,0.4μg.g-1,平均回收率分别为99.0%,98.0%,100.7%,97.5%,94.0%,RSD分别为2.7%,1.2%,2.3%,2.3%,3.5%。检测方法简便快速、可靠准确。     

反相高效液相色谱法测定罗布麻叶中槲皮素和山萘酚

采用反相高效液相色谱法(RP-HQLC)测定了罗布麻叶中槲皮素和山萘酚。色谱柱为Nova-pak C18(15cm×4.6mm i.d.),流动相为A.甲醇、B.1%乙酸,流速为0.6mL/min,检测波长为360nm。槲皮素在0.0137~0.136μg、山萘酚在0.0053~0.0265μg范围内与峰面积呈良好的线性关系,相关系数分别为0.9998和0.9980。槲皮素的回收率为99.6%,RSD为0.97%;山萘酚的回收率为98.2%,RSD为2.0%。方法可用于罗布麻叶中槲皮素和山萘酚的测定。     

氟环唑外消旋体在纤维素-三(3,5-二甲基苯基氨基甲酸酯)手性固定相上的高效液相色谱法拆分

在纤维素-三(3,5-二甲基苯基氨基甲酸酯)（CDMPC）手性固定相上,分别采用正相、反相及极性有机相色谱模式对氟环唑外消旋体进行了拆分,并考察了流动相组成在手性识别中对手性分离的影响。氟环唑在Chiralcel OD-H手性色谱柱（填充CDMPC手性固定相）上采用反相色谱模式,以甲醇-水(体积比为80∶20)为流动相,获得了最佳的拆分,其两对对映异构体的分离度Rs分别为1.64和6.50。     

Improved efficiency in micellar liquid chromatography using triethylamine and 1-butanol as mobile phase additives to reduce surfactant adsorption

The effect of triethylamine as a mobile phase modifier on chromatographic efficiency in micellar liquid chromatography (MLC) is reported for nine different columns with various bonded stationary phases and silica pore sizes, including large-pore short alkyl chain, non-porous, and perfluorinated. Reduced plate height (h) versus reduced velocity (nu) plots were constructed for each column and the A' and C' terms calculated using a simplified Van Deemter equation introduced in our previous work. To further explore the practicality of using triethylamine in the micellar mobile phase, the efficiency of nine polar and non-polar substituted benzenes was studied on seven columns. Surfactant adsorption isotherms were measured for five columns with three micellar mobile phases to understand the relationship between adsorbed surfactant, mobile phase additive, and column efficiency. Clear improvements in efficiency were observed with the addition of 2% (v/v) triethylamine to a 1-butanol modified aqueous micellar mobile phase. This finding is supported by the lower amount of surfactant adsorbed onto the stationary phase when TEA is present in the mobile phase compared to an SDS only or a 1-butanol modified SDS mobile phase.     

CEC separation of insect oostatic peptides using a strong-cation-exchange stationary phase

The separation of several insect oostatic peptides (IOPs) was achieved by using CEC with a strong-cation-exchange (SCX) stationary phase in the fused-silica capillary column of 75 microm id. The effect of organic modifier, ionic strength, buffer pH, applied voltage, and temperature on peptides' resolution was evaluated. Baseline separation of the studied IOPs was achieved using a mobile phase containing 100 mM pH 2.3 sodium phosphate buffer/water/ACN (10:20:70 v/v/v). In order to reduce the analysis time, experiments were performed in the short side mode where the stationary phase was packed for 7 cm only. The selection of the experimental parameters strongly influenced the retention time, resolution, and retention factor. An acidic pH was selected in order to positively charge the analyzed peptides, the pI's of which are about 3 in water buffer solutions. A good selectivity and resolution was achieved at pH <2.8; at higher pH the three parameters decreased due to reduced or even zero charge of peptides. The increase in the ionic strength of the buffer present in the mobile phase caused a decrease in retention factor for all the studied compounds due to the decreased interaction between analytes and stationary phase. Raising the ACN concentration in the mobile phase in the range 40-80% v/v caused an increase in both retention factor, retention time, and resolution due to the hydrophilic interactions of IOPs with free silanols and sulfonic groups of the stationary phase.     

Characterization of some functionalized RP-HPLC phases by the use of linear solvation energy relationships

The linear solvation energy relationship equation developed by Abraham and coworkers was applied to the retention factors k of a series of 20 polar solutes on four chemically different RP-HPLC phases. Three of them were specially synthesized and are functionalized with ether, phenylsulfide or phenylsulfoxide groups. Their retention properties are compared with those of a nonpolar octadecylsiloxane (ODS) phase. The phase properties r, the excess molar refraction; s, the dipolarity; a and b, the hydrogen-bond basicity and acidity; and v, the cavity factor show significant differences on the four phases and are used here to suggest a classification of stationary phases based on the type of interactions that are important for the retention. The hydrophilic system properties r, s, a and b are the reason for different elution orders of a set of solutes on the four phases. The intrinsic hydrophobicity of the system, the v/A ratio (A is the surface coverage in μmol/m²), shows a dependence on the mobile phase composition as do the normalized phase properties r/v, s/v, a/v and b/v. Averaging the constants over a large span of mobile phase composition should be done very carefully. The LSER model is used to predict the elution order on the stationary phases for five phenols which show coelution on ODS. On the phenylsulfide phase they are resolved. Received: 3 December 1998 / Revised: 1 February 1999 / Accepted: 8 February 1999     

Cellulose tris‐(3,5‐dimethylphenylcarbamate)‐based chiral stationary phase for the enantioseparation of drugs in supercritical fluid chromatography: comparison with HPLC

A cellulose tris‐(3,5‐dimethylphenylcarbamate)‐based chiral stationary phase was studied as a tool for the enantioselective separation of 21 selected analytes with different pharmaceutical and physicochemical properties. The enantioseparations were performed using supercritical fluid chromatography. The effect of the mobile phase composition was studied. Four different additives (diethylamine, triethylamine, isopropylamine, and trifluoroacetic acid) and isopropylamine combined with trifluoroacetic acid were tested and their influence on enantioseparation was compared. The influence of two different mobile phase co‐solvents (methanol and propan‐2‐ol) combined with all the additives was also evaluated. The best mobile phase compositions for the separation of the majority of enantiomers were CO₂/methanol/isopropylamine 80:20:0.1 v/v/v or CO₂/propan‐2‐ol/isopropylamine/trifluoroacetic acid 80:20:0.05:0.05 v/v/v/v. The best results were obtained from the group of basic β‐blockers. A high‐performance liquid chromatography separation system composed of the same stationary phase and mobile phase of similar properties prepared as a mixture of hexane/propan‐2‐ol/additive 80:20:0.1 v/v/v was considered for comparison. Supercritical fluid chromatography was found to yield better results, i.e. better enantioresolution for shorter analysis times than high‐performance liquid chromatography. However, examples of enantiomers better resolved under the optimized conditions in high‐performance liquid chromatography were also found.     

Test to evaluate countercurrent chromatographs. Liquid stationary phase retention and chromatographic resolution

Countercurrent chromatography (CCC) is a liquid chromatography (LC) technique with a special column able to retain a liquid stationary phase while the liquid mobile phase is pumped through. The coil planet centrifuge machines are made of open tube wound on spools. A simple test is proposed. The methanol-water (90:10, v/v)-heptane biphasic system is used with heptane as the mobile phase in the ascending or tail-to-head mode. The methanol-water stationary phase retention volume is measured at different flow-rates and rotor rotation speeds. After every machine equilibration, an alkylbenzene mixture is injected and the retention factors, peak efficiencies and resolution factors are measured or calculated for each solute. The wealth of information contained in the data set obtained is demonstrated. Four coil planet centrifuge machines of very different characteristics and one hydrostatic CCC machine with channels and ducts were submitted to the test. It was shown that the Sf, stationary retention factor, obtained with these machines was linearly dependent on the square root of F, the mobile phase flow-rate [Q. Du, C. Wu, G. Qian, P. Wu, Y. Ito, J. Chromatogr. A 835 (1999) 231-235]. It is shown that the slopes of the Sf versus F(1/2) lines could be related to a minimum rotor rotation, omega(mini), necessary to obtain the hydrodynamic equilibrium. The Sf and F parameters give the mobile phase linear velocity, u. It is shown that u is proportional to the square root of omega, the rotor rotation speed. The slope and intercept of the latter relationship also result in an omega(mini) value coherent with the first one. With the peak efficiencies and chromatographic resolution factors obtained for toluene and hexylbenzene, the parameters: number of plates per tubing turn, machine volume for one plate, and tubing length for one plate, were calculated and compared for the five machines. The internal diameter of the tubing used is shown to be a critical parameter acting on the machine volume and number of tubing turns.     

Insights into the retention mechanism on an octadecylsiloxane-bonded silica stationary phase (HyPURITY C18) in reversed-phase liquid chromatography

Plots of the retention factor against mobile phase composition were used to organize a varied group of solutes into three categories according to their retention mechanism on an octadecylsiloxane-bonded silica stationary phase HyPURITY C18 with methanol-water and acetonitrile-water mobile phase compositions containing 10-70% (v/v) organic solvent. The solutes in category 1 could be fit to a general retention model, Eq. (2), and exhibited normal retention behavior for the full composition range. The solutes in category 2 exhibited normal retention behavior at high organic solvent composition with a discontinuity at low organic solvent compositions. The solutes in category 3 exhibited a pronounced step or plateau in the middle region of the retention plots with a retention mechanism similar to category 1 solutes at mobile phase compositions after the discontinuity and a different retention mechanism before the discontinuity. Selecting solutes and appropriate composition ranges from the three categories where a single retention mechanism was operative allowed modeling of the experimental retention factors using the solvation parameter model. These models were then used to predict retention factors for solutes not included in the models. The overwhelming number of residual values [log k (experimental) - log k (model predicted)] were negative and could be explained by contributions from steric repulsion, defined as the inability of the solute to insert itself fully into the stationary phase because of its bulkiness (i.e., volume and/or shape). Steric repulsion is shown to strongly depend on the mobile phase composition and was more significant for mobile phases with a low volume fraction of organic solvent in general and for mobile phases containing methanol rather than acetonitrile. For mobile phases containing less than about 20 % (v/v) organic solvent the mobile phase was unable to completely wet the stationary phase resulting in a significant change in the phase ratio and for acetonitrile (but less so methanol) changes in the solvation environment indicated by a discontinuity in the system maps.     

Modified Diatomaceous earth as a principal stationary phase component in TLC

Modified natural diatomaceous earth (DE) is a principal component of the stationary phase in normal thin-layer chromatography (TLC) applications and is mixed with commercial silica gel 60GF254 (Si-60GF254). Modification is carried out by flux calcination and refluxing with acid. Natural DE, modified DEs [flux calcinated (FC)DE and FCDE-I), and Si-60GF254 are characterized by scanning electron microscopy and Fourier-transform-IR spectroscopy. Particle size, specific surface area, pore distribution, pore volume, and surface hydroxyl group density parameters of materials are determined by various techniques. FCDE-I and Si-60GF254 are investigated for their usefulness in the stationary phase of TLC both individually and in composition. Commercially available red and blue ink samples are run on layers of Si-60GF254 and FCDE-I individually, and on various FCDE-I and Si-60GF254 mixtures. Butanol-ethanol-2M ammonia (3:1:1, v/v) and butanol-acetic acid-water (12:3:5, v/v) mixtures are used as mobile phases. The polarities of stationary phases decrease, and the retention factor (Rf) values of ink components increase when the FCDE-I content of the stationary phase increases. The properties of the stationary phase can be optimized by adding FCDE-I to Si-60GF254. This study may be useful in understanding both the systematic effects of stationary phase properties [e.g., specific surface area and surface hydroxyl group density, aOH(s)] and those of the mobile phase (e.g., polarity and acidity) on Rf values and the separability of components.     

纤维素-三（3,5-二甲苯基氨基甲酸酯）手性固定相拆分氨鲁米特对映体

以纤维素-三（3,5-二甲苯基氨基甲酸酯）为手性固定相（Chiralcel OD-H）在高效液相色谱上拆分了氨鲁米特对映体。通过测定氨鲁米特在正己烷/乙醇和正己烷/异丙醇中的溶解度,优选了对样品溶解度大的流动相体系,并考察了流动相添加剂乙醇胺对拆分效果的影响。在此基础上进一步研究了流动相中乙醇含量、柱温和进样量对分离因子、分离度、不对称因子和理论板数的影响,从而确定了最佳的拆分条件：固定相为Chiralcel OD-H,流动相为正己烷/乙醇/乙醇胺（体积比为30：70：0.1）,柱温25℃。本文所得结果可为工业放大提供基础数据。