草簇状石墨烯片限域Pd纳米粒子及其催化应用(英文)

通过氨基离子液体改性石墨烯,并将其固载于堇青石表面,作为负载型Pd催化剂的载体.所制备的Pd催化剂经加氢老化后,表面石墨烯呈草簇状结构,将Pd纳米粒子限域于片层内,有效防止了Pd的流失和团聚.在重要的工业反应对羧基苯甲醛(4-CBA)加氢中,此结构催化剂与传统的钯碳催化剂相比,表现出很好的稳定性     

基于氮掺杂多孔炭的加氢催化剂的理性设计

选择性加氢反应是化学化工领域中最具挑战性的反应之一.针对选择性加氢反应来设计具有工业应用价值的负载型纳米催化剂一直是学术界和工业界的研究热点与难点.载体是负载型催化剂的重要组成部分,在不同类型的载体中,炭载体因其来源广、成本低、耐酸碱、具有高比表面积而被广泛采用.但是,由于炭材料本身相对惰性,炭与负载的金属之间相互作用较弱;此外,碳前驱体的种类甚至产地对炭载体性能影响也非常大,导致催化剂活性及稳定性难以满足工业要求,从而严重限制了炭负载型催化剂的发展.近年来,氮掺杂炭由于其独特的性质受到了广泛的关注,大量的研究证实氮原子的掺入有助于提高炭负载型纳米催化剂的催化效率.本文将重点关注氮掺杂多孔炭负载型催化剂在选择性加氢反应中的应用;最后,将讨论并展望如何基于氮掺杂炭理性设计新型负载型纳米金属催化剂.氮掺杂炭材料中的氮主要可分为石墨氮、吡啶氮、吡咯氮和氨基氮.氮的引入一方面可改变炭材料的局域电子密度,引发电子在载体与活性组分之间的重新分配,电子转移的方向和程度可通过氮掺杂形式(如吡啶型或石墨型氮等)及浓度进行调节,从而实现对活性组分电子结构的调控;另一方面,提供了孤对电子用于形成氢键网络,从而调节了催化剂的亲水性,改善了催化剂在反应体系中的分散性.而且丰富的氮物种可为活性组分提供了稳定的锚定位点,从而提高了活性组分在炭载体上的分散度和稳定性.此外,部分氮物种为催化剂提供了碱性位点,可作为固体碱参与反应,丰富了氮掺杂炭负载型催化剂的应用范围.本文将氮掺杂炭负载型催化剂分为以下四种类型:传统负载型、包覆型、镶嵌型以及单原子催化剂.传统负载型催化剂即以氮掺杂炭材料为载体,采用浸渍法或液相还原法等将活性组分负载其上,该类型催化剂已经被广泛研究和使用.对于包覆型和镶嵌型催化剂,其金属和载体间的相互作用要强于传统炭负载型催化剂,这种强相互作用可有效提升催化剂稳定性,更能使某些高活性亚稳相稳定存在,进而大幅增强催化性能.但是炭层的过度包覆会导致暴露的金属活性位点减少,进而影响催化剂的性能.最近,炭负载型单原子催化剂得到迅速发展,它有着独特的配位环境和微观结构,众多单原子催化剂(如镍、钌、金等)已在选择性加氢反应中展现出优异的催化性能,且在某些反应中表现出独特的选择性.最后,本文讨论了氮掺杂炭负载型加氢催化剂未来的发展方向.原始生物质是氮掺杂炭的理想原料,且制备过程应尽量避免模板剂的使用.丰富氮掺杂炭材料的形貌和微观结构,以应对不同的反应需求是今后的重点发展方向.贵金属催化剂拥有优异的催化性能,如何提升其稳定性是急需解决的问题.非贵金属催化剂的活性相对较低,多组分协同催化是提升其性能的有效方法,进一步的工业应用也值得期待.不含金属的氮掺杂炭直接催化加氢反应需要极为苛刻的反应条件,其工业应用前景相对较低.     

原子层沉积法制备限域型Pt基催化剂及其苯酚催化性能

选择合适的载体负载贵金属Pt纳米粒子,对于制备高效的苯酚加氢催化剂具有重要意义。使用原子层沉积技术,以碳纳米纤维作为模板,在其表面依次沉积Pt纳米粒子,厚的氧化钛壳层,通过高温烧结除去模板,得到限域在氧化钛纳米管内壁的Pt纳米粒子。在500℃烧结温度下Pt纳米粒子的粒径在2.0～3.2 nm之间,平均粒径为2.6 nm,尺寸高度一致,均匀地分散并且嵌入到氧化钛纳米管的中空管道内壁。与常规负载在氧化钛纳米管外壁的Pt纳米粒子相比,该限域催化剂的催化转化率更高,在500℃烧结温度下转化频率(TOF)值为482.1 h^-1,表现出更好的催化活性,而且由于氧化钛纳米管的保护作用,可有效防止Pt纳米粒子在反应过程中的聚集和脱落,在反应后Pt的质量分数仅降低了4.52%,其形貌也没有发生明显改变,从而表现出优异的催化稳定性。     

原子层沉积构筑Pd/TiO2限域催化剂及其在1,4-丁炔二醇加氢的应用

利用ALD制备了TiO₂限域的Pd催化剂, 研究了限域空间内Pd纳米颗粒与TiO₂的界面作用对1,4-丁炔二醇(BYD)加氢性能的影响. 相比于管外负载型催化剂, 限域催化剂在催化1,4-丁炔二醇选择性加氢反应中体现出非常高的催化活性和1,4-丁烯二醇的选择性. HR-TEM、 EDX-Mapping、 XRD、 XPS和H₂-TPR表征说明, 限域体系中Pd-TiO₂的界面相互作用强于传统TiO₂表面负载型Pd催化剂, 这种强界面作用不仅能够提高BYD的加氢活性, 也可抑制半加氢产物1,4-丁烯二醇的异构化和深度加氢, 提高1,4-丁烯二醇的选择性, 而且限域结构也可阻止管内壁Pd纳米颗粒的脱落, 提高催化剂的稳定性.     

氮掺杂多级孔碳负载钴纳米颗粒促进糠醛催化转移加氢

将钴金属纳米粒子负载在具有高比表面积的氮掺杂多级孔碳(Co/HNPC)上,并用于糠醛(FF)的催化转移加氢反应。实验结果表明,Co/HNPC在120℃、4 h的温和条件下,获得了97.6%的FF转化率和95.3%的糠醇(FOL)选择性。优异的催化性能主要取决于金属与HNPC载体之间的协同作用,以及金属本身的负载量。此外,由于HNPC载体的高比表面积和氮掺杂,Co/HNPC催化剂的稳定性也得到了提高。     

生物质基分子水相催化加氢反应及多相催化剂

生物质转化为平台分子,进一步转化成燃料和化学品是生物质利用的重要途径之一。本文总结了水相加氢反应及其催化剂的研究进展,指出了水相催化反应对催化剂的调控合成带来的挑战,如活性组分的流失,催化剂表面重构及毒化等。总结了水相催化加氢反应中高活性及高稳定性加氢催化剂的合成策略:如载体表面结构调控、炭的表面包覆、载体与金属活性组分之间相互作用的增强及新结构催化剂的设计合成等,指出了水相加氢反应的催化剂设计合成的发展方向,为生物质催化转化研究提供参考。     

掺氮纳米炭球担载高分散钯纳米催化剂的制备及其苯甲醇氧化性能(英文)

负载型贵金属纳米催化剂中的金属纳米粒子易发生团聚或流失,因此提高金属活性组分的分散性和稳定性很重要。我们报道了一种制备高分散钯纳米催化剂的方法,通过浸泡法将氯钯酸前驱体负载到苯并噁嗪聚合物上,再经过惰性气氛一步热解得到纳米炭球担载钯催化剂.催化剂性能通过温和条件下苯甲醇氧化反应进行评价.经过500℃热处理制备的催化剂,从TEM图可以看出Pd纳米粒子均匀分散在载体上,尺寸大小约为3 nm,这是由于载体和钯活性组分的配位作用有利于提高钯纳米粒子的分散性和稳定性.通过调控金属负载量及负载时间,尽可能地实现活性组分分布在载体外表面,制备的催化剂上最高TOF为690 h-1.此催化剂同时具有较好的循环稳定性,失活后的催化剂经过200℃焙烧即可实现再生.     

原位红外光谱法研究中孔炭限域钌纳米催化剂的形成机理（英文）

炭载金属纳米催化剂广泛应用于精细化学品加氢反应及燃料电池等许多领域.炭载体因具有较高的表面积、易于调控的表面化学官能团以及特有的耐酸耐碱等性质而经常用作负载型金属催化剂的载体.但是相对于氧化物载体,炭载体表面较为惰性,与金属纳米粒子的相互作用较弱,采用后引入金属前体,如沉淀-沉积法和浸渍法等方法制备的催化剂,在液相和高温反应条件下,金属纳米粒子易流失和烧结.因此制备高稳定性的炭负载金属纳米催化剂仍是多相催化剂制备领域的一个重要课题.随着新型炭材料的出现及纳米孔材料制备科学的发展,极大丰富和推动了炭载金属催化剂制备方法的发展.近年来,通过炭热还原法即在制备中孔炭的过程中引入金属前体,一步制备炭载金属催化剂已经成为炭载金属催化剂的一个新的制备方法.此法制备的催化剂通常具有金属纳米粒子分散均匀、炭和金属活性中心之间的作用力强、热稳定性好、炭载体对负载金属纳米粒子具有限域作用等诸多优点,而且在诸多催化反应中具有优异的催化性能.例如本课题组曾以RuCl_3/SBA-15为硬模板,采用原位碳热还原法制备了Ru-OMC催化剂,它在液相苯环加氢、合成氨及费托合成反应中均具有优异的催化性能及稳定性,但是对于中孔炭中均匀分散的钌纳米颗粒形成的机理尚不清楚.基于此,本文采用原位的红外光谱结合热重表征技术对sucrose-RuCl_3/SBA-15炭化过程钌物种的形成过程及机理进行了研究,探讨了蔗糖在炭化过程中对高分散钌纳米颗粒形成过程的稳定机制.研究发现,尽管经历了高达850 oC的高温炭热处理,所得Ru-OMC催化剂中钌纳米粒子仍然可以均匀分散,钌粒径在1-2 nm之间.同时,由于这种方法中钌前体预先负载在SBA-15载体表面,在炭化过程中,钌纳米粒子可以均匀地分散在模板氧化硅和形成的炭骨架之间的界面上,去除氧化硅模板后,钌纳米粒子可以更多的暴露在中孔炭的孔道内侧,因而具备更好的催化剂性能.通过对sucrose-RuCl_3/SBA-15炭化过程中原位红外光谱表征发现,Ru~(3+)在炭化过程中逐步被还原,并和具有含氧官能团的炭前体形成类金属羰基配合物Ru(CO)x.这种配合物的生成可以有效抑制钌纳米粒子在热处理过程的迁移乃至长大,因而对得到均匀分散的钌纳米粒子具有至关重要的作用.同时Ru(CO)_x周围刚性的氧化硅模板和碳骨架可以有效地防止钌纳米粒子在高温处理过程中烧结和团聚.对sucrose-RuCl_3/SBA-15炭化中间体的X射线光电子能谱表征进一步证明了Ru~(3+)在350 oC之前即可被还原,钌的3p轨道结合能发生了位移,说明钌和炭载体之间具有较强的相互作用.该结果可为炭载贵金属催化剂的调控制备及高活性纳米催化剂的形成机理研究提供一定的参考.     

不同载体稳定的纳米金催化剂室温催化氧化甲醛研究

甲醛是一种常见的室内空气污染物,人们针对其消除已经做了大量的研究工作.催化氧化法是脱除挥发性有机物的一种重要方法,能在较低温度下通过催化剂作用将甲醛完全氧化为无毒的CO2和H2O.所用催化剂主要为负载型贵金属催
　　化剂和非贵金属催化剂,但只有担载贵金属Pt或Pd的催化剂可在室温下将甲醛完全氧化,而非贵金属一般则需要较高的温度. Au催化剂是近年来催化领域的一个研究热点,但是关于纳米Au催化剂室温消除甲醛的研究较少.本课题组前期研究发现,以可还原性氧化物(CeO2, FeOx)为载体负载的Au催化剂具有优异的室温氧化甲醛活性;并且突破以可还原性载体负载金的传统思路,首次发现“惰性载体”γ-Al2O3,负载的金催化剂在室温、有水条件下具有优异的甲醛氧化活性.本文对比了还原性氧化物(CeO2, FeOx)和非还原性氧化物(Al2O3, SiO2和HSZM-5)载体负载金催化剂,研究了载体氧化还原性质对负载金催化剂在高空速(600000 ml/(g·s))条件下室温催化氧化甲醛的活性和稳定性影响.结果表明,在室温、高空速且相对湿度为50%的条件下, Au/Al2O3催化剂的初活性最高,且较为稳定. Au/SiO2和Au/HZSM-5催化剂的初活性虽然较高,但很快失活.而还原性氧化物载体(CeO2, FeOx)负载的金催化剂初活性较低,但是稳定性较好.通过电镜对负载金催化剂表面Au粒子大小的表征,并将粒子尺寸与负载金催化剂室温氧化甲醛初活性相关联,它与催化氧化甲醛反应速率成线性关系. Au粒子尺寸较小的催化剂(Au/Al2O3和Au/SiO2),在高空速条件下具有更高的氧化甲醛活性,而Au粒子尺寸较大的Au/FeOx催化剂活性较差.载体的氧化还原性质虽然不直接影响Au催化剂初活性,但直接影响催化剂稳定性.由于Au与SiO2或HZSM-5载体的相互作用较弱,导致反应过程中Au粒子聚集长大,使其失活较快;而Au/Al2O3催化剂表面则富含羟基物种,能够与Au形成配体或产生锚定作用,因此反应过程中金粒子没有明显长大.而表面中间物种的沉积并覆盖活性位是负载金催化剂缓慢失活的主要原因.     

置换反应制备Pd-Fe双金属催化剂及其催化加氢性能

以Fe(CO)5为前体采用超声法合成纳米Fe胶体粒子,通过Fe胶体与PdCl2发生金属置换反应制备出活性炭负载Pd-Fe双金属催化剂.研究了表面活性剂聚乙烯吡咯烷酮对制备负载型催化剂的影响.采用XRD、H2程序升温还原(H2-TPR)、TEM、EDX等表征手段对催化剂进行表征,以苯乙炔加氢反应为探针反应考察了Fe含量对于催化剂催化性能的影响.结果表明加氢催化活性较差的金属组分Fe在合适的比例下可以促进Pd基催化剂的加氢催化活性和选择性,然而,过多的Fe也会降低其催化活性.     

Taming heterogeneous rhenium catalysis for the production of biomass-derived chemicals

Rhenium is one of important components for heterogeneous catalysts,which has been recently used for the catalytic reactions related to the production of biomass-derived chemicals such as deoxydehydration of vicinal OH groups,C-O hydrogenolysis,and hydrogenation of carboxylic acids,and so on.Suitable oxidation state of Re as a catalytic active species is strongly dependent on the catalytic reactions.The control of the oxidation state of Re species on the catalysts is crucial on the catalyst development.     

Palladium Nanoparticles Immobilized on Individual Calcium Carbonate Plates Derived from Mussel Shell Waste: An Ecofriendly Catalyst for the Copper‐Free Sonogashira Coupling Reaction

The conversion of waste into high‐value materials is considered an important sustainability strategy in modern chemical industries. A large volume of shell waste is generated globally from mussel cultivation. In this work, mussel shell waste (Perna viridis ) is transformed into individual calcium carbonate plates (ICCPs) and is applied as a support for a heterogeneous catalyst. Palladium nanoparticles (3–6 nm) are deposited with an even dispersion on the ICCP surface, as demonstrated by X‐ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy. Using this system, Sonogashira cross‐coupling reactions between aryl iodides and terminal acetylenes were accomplished in high yields with the use of 1 % Pd/ICCP in the presence of potassium carbonate without the use of any copper metal or external ligand. The Pd/ICCP catalyst could also be reused up to three times and activity over 90 % was maintained with negligible Pd‐metal leaching. This work demonstrates that mussel shell waste can be used as an inexpensive and effective support for metal catalysts in coupling reactions, as demonstrated by the successful performance of the Pd‐catalyzed, copper‐free Sonogashira cross‐coupling process.     

Recent Advances in C5 and C6 Sugar Alcohol Synthesis by Hydrogenation of Monosaccharides and Cellulose Hydrolytic Hydrogenation over Non-Noble Metal Catalysts

A new reality of the 21st century is the transition to a new type of economy and energy concepts characterized by the replacement of existing petrochemical routes to a bio-based circular economy. The needs for new strategies in obtaining basic products from bio-based resources with minimum CO₂ traces has become mandatory. In this review, recent trends in the conversion of biomass-derived molecules, such as simple monomeric sugars and cellulose, to industrially important C₅ and C₆ sugar alcohols on heterogeneous catalysts based on non-noble metals are discussed focusing on the influence of catalyst structures and reaction conditions used on the substrate conversion and product selectivity. The challenges and prominent ideas are suggested for the further development of catalytic hydrogenation of naturally abundant carbohydrates to value-added chemicals on non-noble metal catalysts.     

非贵金属Co-N-C/MgO高效催化糠醛氧化酯化制糠酸甲酯

设计开发绿色、可持续的生物质资源高效转化制化学品催化过程具有重要的科学与应用研究价值.生物质基平台分子糠醛在分子氧存在下与甲醇发生氧化酯化,提供了一条糠酸甲酯的"非石油基"合成新路线.该反应采用贵金属/非贵金属催化体系,目前通常需要引入K2CO3或CH3ONa等碱性添加剂,以提高催化氧化酯化反应活性和选择性;但是存在活性组分流失、生成副产物及污染环境等问题,阻碍了其进一步应用.探索高性能非贵金属催化剂,实现无碱条件下糠醛高效氧化酯化,对于提高该生物质路线竞争力与推动工业化进程具有重要意义.     

A Non‐Phosgene Route Synthesis of Carbamate in Continuous Fixed Bed Reactor

A non‐phosgene route synthesis of carbamate was carried out in a continuous fixed‐bed reactor through oxidative carbonylation of aniline using palladium catalysts and sodium iodide as promoter. The activity, selectivity and stability of both carbon and alumina‐supported palladium catalysts were evaluated. It was found that the alumina‐supported catalyst system exhibited a higher activity and selectivity than that of the carbon‐supported system, and an average aniline conversion of 95.6% and carbamate selectivity of 74.6% were achieved for the Se‐Pd/Al₂O₃ catalyst after 91 h on stream. Reclamation analysis of the spent Pd/C catalyst suggested that the deactivation was mainly due to the leaching and sintering of palladium metal and the accumulation of insoluble chemicals on catalyst support also aggravated the decline of catalyst activity. When small amounts of selenium were added to the Pd/Al₂O₃ catalyst, its activity, selectivity and stability were significantly improved which indicated that a promotional effect existed for carbamate formation on a Pd‐Se catalyst system.     

Recyclable Catalysts for Alkyne Functionalization

In this review, we present an assessment of recent advances in alkyne functionalization reactions, classified according to different classes of recyclable catalysts. In this work, we have incorporated and reviewed the activity and selectivity of recyclable catalytic systems such as polysiloxane-encapsulated novel metal nanoparticle-based catalysts, silica–copper-supported nanocatalysts, graphitic carbon-supported nanocatalysts, metal organic framework (MOF) catalysts, porous organic framework (POP) catalysts, bio-material-supported catalysts, and metal/solvent free recyclable catalysts. In addition, several alkyne functionalization reactions have been elucidated to demonstrate the success and efficiency of recyclable catalysts. In addition, this review also provides the fundamental knowledge required for utilization of green catalysts, which can combine the advantageous features of both homogeneous (catalyst modulation) and heterogeneous (catalyst recycling) catalysis.     

巴豆醛气相选择性加氢催化剂

巴豆醛是α, β-不饱和醛中最具代表性的一类有机化合物,采用气相催化巴豆醛选择加氢制备巴豆醇符合原子经济和绿色化学要求,具有重要的工业应用和学术价值。本文综述了近十年国内外巴豆醛气相选择性加氢合成巴豆醇的负载型催化剂的研究成果,评述了贵金属催化剂(铂、金、铱、银、钯)和非贵金属催化剂(钴、铜)上巴豆醛选择性加氢性能,分析了活性组分、载体、助剂以及活性组分粒径对催化剂性能的影响,探讨了巴豆醛选择性加氢的反应机理和失活机理。最后,对气相巴豆醛选择性加氢催化剂所存在的问题进行总结,并对催化剂的发展趋势作出了展望。指出了非贵金属催化剂的巴豆醛选择性加氢性能因具有价廉易得等优势,将是该领域的研究方向之一。催化剂失活是巴豆醛气相选择性加氢工业化的最大障碍,因此研究和认识反应机理,解决催化剂失活问题是重点研究方向。     

Synthesis and conversion of alcohols over modified transition metal sulphides

Alkali modified (Co/Ni)MoS systems are promising catalysts for higher alcohol synthesis from synthesis gas. The influence of various supports, modifiers and promoters on the activity of sulphide catalysts is reviewed. It is found that alkali metal reduces support acidity and affects the active phase morphology and active site functioning. Promotion of the catalyst with Co and Ni favours alcohol formation. KCoMoS catalyst activity in syngas conversion and hydrodesulphurization reactions is studied. An effect of organic compound additives such as methanol, ethanol, and ethylene on the catalyst behaviour is studied. It is suggested that alcohol formation may proceed in two steps: CO insertion and aldol condensation. Which of the two dominates depends on the reaction conditions.     

Effect of polyamide on selectivity of its supported Raney Ni catalyst

A newly-developed polyamide supported Raney Ni catalyst, which is suitable for use in fix-bed reactions with high selectivity, was studied in this paper. Selective hydrogenation of acetone to isopropanol was chosen as a probe reaction. It has been found that clean preparation of isopropanol could be achieved, that is to say, the two main byproducts (isopropyl ether and methyl- iso-butyl carbinol) could be eliminated with the newly-developed polyamide supported Raney Ni catalyst. The elimination of these side reactions was attributed to the adsorption effect of polyamide support and a model was proposed. The proposed model was further proved by hydroamination reaction of acetone. According to this model, catalyst support can play an important role in chemical reactions. Different products could be produced when different catalyst support is used, the main reaction and side reactions can even be reversed sometimes when the chemicals, active component of catalyst and reaction condition are the same. This model could help to improve catalytic selectivity of many Raney metal catalysts used routinely in chemical and oil refining industry, and is also useful for hydrogenation reactions in pharmaceutical and food industry.