热处理温度对铁卟啉电催化性能的影响

合成了四苯基卟啉及其铁衍生物,用红外光谱进行了结构表征.采用光电子能谱方法研究了热处理温度对铁卟啉结构的影响,通过测定空气电极极化曲线研究了热处理温度对铁卟啉的催化活性和稳定性的影响.结果表明:铁卟啉具有良好的氧气还原催化活性,热处理提高了铁卟啉的催化活性和稳定性,600℃下热处理的铁卟啉催化活性最好,800℃热处理的铁卟啉的稳定性最好.     

卟啉-金属氧簇超分子化合物的光谱及电催化氧还原

应用紫外可见吸收光谱研究了meso 四(4 N 苄基吡啶基)卟啉(MTBPyP4＋,M=H2,Zn)阳离子与金属氧簇阴离子(SiW12O4－40)在水溶液中的光谱行为. 光谱演变及Job图表明MTBPyP4＋与SiW12O4－40在水溶液中可形成稳定的1∶1的超分子化合物. 同时本文还考察了化学计量为1∶1的[CoTBPyP][SiW12O40]超分子化合物的电催化分子氧还原行为, 表明该类超分子化合物有望成为一类新的催化氧还原的修饰电极材料.     

铁卟啉的合成及其电催化性能研究

合成了四苯基卟啉及其铁衍生物,用红外光谱进行了结构表征。采用光电子能谱(XPS)方法研究了热处理对铁卟啉结构的影响,通过测定空气电极极化曲线研究了热处理对铁卟啉的催化活性和稳定性的影响。结果表明,铁卟啉具有良好的氧气还原催化活性。热处理提高了铁卟啉的催化活性和稳定性,600℃下热处理的铁卟啉催化活性最好,800℃热处理的铁卟啉的稳定性最好。     

共价键合铁卟啉有序多层膜电极的组装及其对H2O2的电催化还原

以玻碳电极为基础电极,先用静电自组装方法将带负电荷的四磺酸基苯基铁卟啉和带正电荷的含重氮盐基团的重氮树脂在电极表面进行层-层组装,然后在紫外光的照射下,使铁卟啉的磺酸基与重氮树脂的重氮基引发交联反应,使层与层之间的离子键变成共价键,从而使铁卟啉在电极表面形成稳定、有序、分子水平的层-层构筑.用UV-Vis和IR光谱表征了组装过程,用CV方法研究了该电极的电化学性能.结果表明,该电极不但具有非常优异的稳定性,而且对H₂O₂的电还原反应也表现出很好的催化活性.     

meso-四(4-N-甲基吡啶基)卟啉-金属-氧簇超分子化合物的光谱及电催化氧还原行为研究

采用紫外可见吸收光谱研究了meso -四 ( 4 -N -甲基吡啶基 )卟啉 (M1 TMPyP ,M1 =H2 ,Zn)阳离子与金属-氧簇阴离子 (SiW1 2 O40 4 - )在水溶液中的光谱行为 .光谱演变及Job′s图表明M1 TMPyP与SiW1 2 O40 4 - 在水溶液中可形成相对稳定的 1∶1的超分子化合物。溶液的紫外可见吸收谱图明显不同于未相互作用的反应物吸收谱图的加和 ,表明有新化合物生成 ,且卟啉的发色团与SiW1 2 O40 4 - 通过静电发生强相互作用 ,同时考察了化学计量为1∶1的 [CoTMPyP][SiW1 2 O40 ]超分子化合物的电催化氧还原活性及其稳定性 ,表明该类超分子化合物有望成为新一类的催化氧还原的修饰电极材料。     

MOF衍生碳基电催化剂限域催化O2还原和CO2还原反应

化石燃料的大量消耗和环境的逐渐恶化导致迫切需要开发和探索有效的能源转换和存储技术. 电化学是各种能源转换装置的基础和关键. 设计和合成具有高催化活性的非贵金属基和非金属基催化剂是最好的选择. 金属有机骨架(MOF)衍生的碳基材料具有比表面积大、 孔隙率高的特点, 可以选择性地限制不同类型的金属. 因此, MOF衍生碳作为催化剂载体使用时具有良好的限域效应, 有利于提高催化剂的活性和稳定性. 本文综合评述了MOF衍生材料在催化反应中的限域效应, 并介绍了MOF衍生碳基材料在氧还原反应(ORR)和二氧化碳还原反应(CO₂RR)电催化方面的最新进展, 揭示了MOF碳基材料在电催化反应中的构效关系. 最后, 讨论了MOF衍生的碳基材料在ORR和CO₂RR电催化中的挑战和机遇, 以及未来可能的解决方案.     

CO2电催化还原的研究(Ⅲ)——TPP、TMAP、TMAPI系列金属卟啉的电催化活性

由于CO₂电催化还原有较高的电流效率、较低的过电位和较高的能量转换效率、因而倍受人们的注意。我们系统地研究了以TPP、TMAP和TMAPI为配体的配合物对CO₂电催化还原的活性,这对于开发CO₂的综合利用无疑是有意义的。     

Underevaluated Solvent Effects in Electrocatalytic CO2 Reduction by FeIII Chloride Tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)porphyrin

Fe^III chloride tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)porphyrin ( 1 ) is known to have poor electrocatalytic activity for the CO₂-to-CO conversion in dimethylformamide. In this work, we re-examined Fe porphyrin 1 as a CO₂ reduction catalyst in various solvents. Our results show that 1 displays fairly high electrocatalytic CO₂-to-CO activity in acetonitrile with a turnover frequency (TOF) up to 4.2×10⁴ s⁻¹. On the other hand, 1 shows a modest activity in propylene carbonate, and is inefficient to catalyze CO₂ reduction in benzonitrile, dimethylformamide, and tetrahydrofuran. Several solvent effects were considered, but none of these effects alone can explain the observed large activity difference of 1 for CO₂ reduction in these solvents. Based on the results, it is suggested that more care should be paid when comparing different CO₂ reduction catalysts because solvent effects are significant and are underevaluated.     

Co-N4大环配合物分子应用于异相电催化CO2还原

利用可再生能源产生的电能催化二氧化碳还原(CO₂RR)是可持续制备碳基化学品的一种潜在途径.电催化剂是实现这个转化的关键,目前还需要深入地研究机理去优化催化剂的设计.M-N₄结构的大环配合物是一类结构明确、性能易调控的分子电催化剂,是研究结构-性能关系的理想平台.其中,金属酞菁在异相电催化CO₂RR中展现出较好的催化性能,受到广泛关注.而其它M-N₄结构大环配合物(如金属卟啉、金属咔咯)在异相电催化CO₂RR中报道较少,且催化性能一般.本文对比研究了酞菁钴(CoPc)、四苯基卟啉钴(CoTPP)和三苯基咔咯钴(CoTPC)三种分子异相电催化CO₂RR的性能,揭示制约金属卟啉和金属咔咯分子应用于异相体系的原因,并提出改进方法.首先采用碳纳米管(CNT)复合的方法对三种分子进行了研究.结果表明,只有CoPc能够与CNT形成性能优异的复合电催化剂,而CoTPP和CoTPC复合电催化剂几乎不具备活性.这是因为这两种分子具有扭曲的苯环导致分子与CNT作用力弱,在复合物里面只有很少的分子锚定在CNT上.本文采用直接滴涂法制备三种分子与CNT物理混合电极,并研究了分子载量对催化性能的影响.结果表明,在1.08×10^-8molcm^-2低分子载量时,CoTPP+CNT和Co TPC+CNT样品基本无活性,它们的电催化活性随着分子载量的提升而显著增加.在5.4×10^-7molcm^-2的高载量时,CoTPC+CNT和CoTPP+CNT样品在-0.67 V(相对可逆氢电极,下同)的电位下分别展现出14.0和7.61 mA cm^-2的CO分电流密度,是1.08×10^-8 molcm^-2载量样品的8.7和7.9倍.这说明对于Co TPP和CoTPC分子,可以通过加大载量来增加与CNT作用几率,从而提高电极活性.然而,基于CoPc制备的样品活性随着CoPc分子载量的增加变化不明显.这是由于在低载量下CoPc分子已经很好地与CNT相互作用,并且CNT上CoPc分子负载量是有限的,继续增大载量只会导致聚集.本文进一步发展一种聚乙烯吡啶(PVP)桥连的办法,提升CoTPP和CoTPC在低载量下的电极活性.聚乙烯链能够通过疏水作用缠绕在CNT上,同时吡啶能够与分子金属中心配位,从而为分子与CNT结合建立桥梁.当分子载量为1.08×10^-8mol cm^-2时,CoTPP+CNT/PVP在-0.67 V电位下展现出85%以上的CO法拉第效率,而且CO分电流密度达到7.84 mA cm^-2,是没有添加PVP对比样CoTPP+CNT的8倍.由此可见,分子与基底的相互作用强度对异相电催化CO₂RR的性能有重要影响.对于与基底相互作用弱的大环配合物分子可以通过大分子载量的滴涂法或引入桥连分子来提高电极性能.这些方法可以拓展到其它分子体系,有助于构建高效的异相分子电催化剂.     

Electrochemically Driven Cation Exchange Enables the Rational Design of Active CO2 Reduction Electrocatalysts

Metal oxides or sulfides are considered to be one of the most promising CO₂ reduction reaction (CO₂RR) precatalysts, owing to their electrochemical conversion in situ into highly active electrocatalytic species. However, further improvement of the performance requires new tools to gain fine control over the composition of the active species and its structural features [e.g., grain boundaries (GBs) and undercoordinated sites (USs)], directly from a predesigned template material. Herein, we describe a novel electrochemically driven cation exchange (ED‐CE) method that enables the conversion of a predesigned CoS₂ template into a CO₂RR catalyst, Cu₂S. By means of ED‐CE, the final Cu₂S catalyst inherits the original 3 D morphology of CoS₂, and preserves its high density of GBs. Additionally, the catalyst's phase structure, composition, and density of USs were precisely tuned, thus enabling rational design of active CO₂RR sites. The obtained Cu₂S catalyst achieved a CO₂‐to‐formate Faradaic efficiency of over 87 % and a record high activity (among reported Cu‐based catalysts). Hence, this study opens the way for utilization of ED‐CE reactions to design advanced electrocatalysts.     

Transition metal coordinated framework porphyrin for electrocatalytic oxygen reduction

A series of transition metal coordinated framework porphyrin was evaluated regarding the electrocatalytic oxygen reduction reactivity for an optimized selection of the coordinated metal ion.     

Advances in the electrochemical catalytic reduction of CO2 with metal complexes

Electrocatalytic CO₂ reduction has emerged as a promising strategy to effectively produce fuels and chemicals sustainably. In this regard, the study of electrochemical catalytic reduction of CO₂ with metal complexes is a powerful tool for both the development of catalysts that operated under desired conditions (low overpotentials, high catalytic rates and selectivity, and extended durability) and the understanding of basic principles in catalysis. To illustrate the state-of-the-art, this revision presents a selection of the most recent and remarkable findings reported in terms of key strategies to improve reaction rates, selectivity and mechanism understanding for the leading families of homogeneous catalysts.     

二维材料电催化剂的构建及其CO2还原应用的研究进展

近年来,随着温室效应即全球变暖引发的环境问题越来越严峻,因此,CO2转化与再生引起了科学界的广泛关注,其中备受关注的是电催化CO2还原。而二维材料电催化剂可以将CO2还原为高附加值的多碳化合物,但催化剂的合成设计以及理论研究有待更多的研究。从发现石墨烯开始,二维材料的其他超薄层状结构的广泛研究逐渐出现。本文重点综述了石墨烯、MXenes、金属氧化物、二维MOFs和过渡金属硫族化合物等二维材料的构建以及其CO2还原电催化技术应用方面的最新进展,并简要的介绍了二维材料的分类和制备方法。讨论了电催化CO2还原的基本原理以及反应途径。指出了二维材料电催化剂面临的机遇和挑战,旨在对二维材料电催化剂的合成以及应用提供一些新的思路。     

Electrolyte Effects on the Electrochemical Reduction of CO2

The electrochemical reduction of CO₂ to fuels or commodity chemicals is a reaction of high interest for closing the anthropogenic carbon cycle. The role of the electrolyte is of particular interest, as the interplay between the electrocatalytic surface and the electrolyte plays an important role in determining the outcome of the CO₂ reduction reaction. Therefore, insights on electrolyte effects on the electrochemical reduction of CO₂ are pivotal in designing electrochemical devices that are able to efficiently and selectively convert CO₂ into valuable products. Here, we provide an overview of recently obtained insights on electrolyte effects and we discuss how these insights can be used as design parameters for the construction of new electrocatalytic systems.     

Electrocatalytic CO2 Reduction with a Half‐Sandwich Cobalt Catalyst: Selectivity towards CO

We present herein a Cp*Co(III)‐half‐sandwich catalyst system for electrocatalytic CO₂ reduction in aqueous acetonitrile solution. In addition to an electron‐donating Cp* ligand (Cp*=pentamethylcyclopentadienyl), the catalyst featured a proton‐responsive pyridyl‐benzimidazole‐based N,N‐bidentate ligand. Owing to the presence of a relatively electron‐rich Co center, the reduced Co(I)‐state was made prone to activate the electrophilic carbon center of CO₂. At the same time, the proton‐responsive benzimidazole scaffold was susceptible to facilitate proton‐transfer during the subsequent reduction of CO₂. The above factors rendered the present catalyst active toward producing CO as the major product over the other potential 2e/2H⁺ reduced product HCOOH, in contrast to the only known similar half‐sandwich CpCo(III)‐based CO₂‐reduction catalysts which produced HCOOH selectively. The system exhibited a Faradaic efficiency (FE) of about 70% while the overpotential for CO production was found to be 0.78 V, as determined by controlled‐potential electrolysis.     

Strategies for Bioelectrochemical CO2 Reduction

Atmospheric CO₂ is a cheap and abundant source of carbon for synthetic applications. However, the stability of CO₂ makes its conversion to other carbon compounds difficult and has prompted the extensive development of CO₂ reduction catalysts. Bioelectrocatalysts are generally more selective, highly efficient, can operate under mild conditions, and use electricity as the sole reducing agent. Improving the communication between an electrode and a bioelectrocatalyst remains a significant area of development. Through the examples of CO₂ reduction catalyzed by electroactive enzymes and whole cells, recent advancements in this area are compared and contrasted.