不同载体稳定的纳米金催化剂室温催化氧化甲醛研究

甲醛是一种常见的室内空气污染物,人们针对其消除已经做了大量的研究工作.催化氧化法是脱除挥发性有机物的一种重要方法,能在较低温度下通过催化剂作用将甲醛完全氧化为无毒的CO2和H2O.所用催化剂主要为负载型贵金属催
　　化剂和非贵金属催化剂,但只有担载贵金属Pt或Pd的催化剂可在室温下将甲醛完全氧化,而非贵金属一般则需要较高的温度. Au催化剂是近年来催化领域的一个研究热点,但是关于纳米Au催化剂室温消除甲醛的研究较少.本课题组前期研究发现,以可还原性氧化物(CeO2, FeOx)为载体负载的Au催化剂具有优异的室温氧化甲醛活性;并且突破以可还原性载体负载金的传统思路,首次发现“惰性载体”γ-Al2O3,负载的金催化剂在室温、有水条件下具有优异的甲醛氧化活性.本文对比了还原性氧化物(CeO2, FeOx)和非还原性氧化物(Al2O3, SiO2和HSZM-5)载体负载金催化剂,研究了载体氧化还原性质对负载金催化剂在高空速(600000 ml/(g·s))条件下室温催化氧化甲醛的活性和稳定性影响.结果表明,在室温、高空速且相对湿度为50%的条件下, Au/Al2O3催化剂的初活性最高,且较为稳定. Au/SiO2和Au/HZSM-5催化剂的初活性虽然较高,但很快失活.而还原性氧化物载体(CeO2, FeOx)负载的金催化剂初活性较低,但是稳定性较好.通过电镜对负载金催化剂表面Au粒子大小的表征,并将粒子尺寸与负载金催化剂室温氧化甲醛初活性相关联,它与催化氧化甲醛反应速率成线性关系. Au粒子尺寸较小的催化剂(Au/Al2O3和Au/SiO2),在高空速条件下具有更高的氧化甲醛活性,而Au粒子尺寸较大的Au/FeOx催化剂活性较差.载体的氧化还原性质虽然不直接影响Au催化剂初活性,但直接影响催化剂稳定性.由于Au与SiO2或HZSM-5载体的相互作用较弱,导致反应过程中Au粒子聚集长大,使其失活较快;而Au/Al2O3催化剂表面则富含羟基物种,能够与Au形成配体或产生锚定作用,因此反应过程中金粒子没有明显长大.而表面中间物种的沉积并覆盖活性位是负载金催化剂缓慢失活的主要原因.     

负载纳米金对氧化铁载体结构和水煤气变换催化性能的影响

采用共沉淀法在多种条件下分别制备氧化铁及其负载金催化剂,测定其水煤气变换反应活性.通过BET-PS,XRD,H2-TPR和CO-TPD等表征手段,研究负载纳米金对氧化铁载体结构、结晶行为、还原性能以及CO吸脱附性质的影响,探讨氧化铁负载金催化剂的活性相.结果表明:(1)负载纳米金能抑制氧化铁载体在焙烧时的结晶过程,提高其还原性能以及增加表面CO吸附中心.但这种抑制作用与催化剂的制备条件(如沉淀剂种类、沉淀方式和焙烧温度等)密切相关.(2)氧化铁负载金催化剂的低温高活性(<300℃)可能是纳米金粒子与Fe3O4相协同作用的结果,在高温区(>300℃)仍是Fe3O4相起主要催化作用.     

镍掺杂对氧化铝纳米片负载金催化剂在CO氧化反应中的促进作用（英文）

负载型金催化剂在CO氧化反应中具有良好的低温活性,受到了研究者的广泛关注,其催化性能与载体的性质密切相关.氧化铝具有廉价易得、比表面积大和热稳定性好等优点.然而,作为一种非还原性载体,氧化铝提供活性氧物种的能力差,与还原性载体相比催化剂的CO氧化活性较低.理论计算和实验结果表明,在金催化剂中引入过渡金属镍能够有效促进氧分子在催化剂表面的吸附和活化,从而提升金催化剂活性.此外,过渡金属的存在能够提高金的分散度,增加活性位数目,防止在高温预处理过程中金颗粒的烧结,从而提高催化剂的活性和稳定性.基于上述考虑,本文在氧化铝纳米片合成过程中原位引入硝酸镍,以实现对氧化铝载体的改性,然后负载金并应用于CO氧化反应.结果表明,当载体中的Ni/Al摩尔比为0.05,金负载量为1wt%时,采用还原性气氛对催化剂进行预处理可以得到具有CO氧化性能优良的金催化剂, 20 oC下CO转化率即可达100%.预处理气氛能够显著影响催化活性,采用还原性气氛预处理后催化剂活性明显优于氧化性气氛预处理.采用X射线衍射(XRD)、高分辨透射电镜(HRTEM)、氢气程序升温还原(H2-TPR)、氧气程序升温脱附(O2-TPD)、CO吸附原位红外光谱(CO-DRIFT)和X射线光电子能谱(XPS)等表征手段进一步研究了镍掺杂对Au/Al2O3催化剂上CO氧化反应的促进作用机制.XRD测试未观察到明显的金或镍衍射峰,表明金或镍物种均为高分散.HRTEM结果进一步证实,引入镍物种后金颗粒的粒径由3.6 nm减小为2.4 nm,表明镍掺杂有助于提高金的分散度.而XPS结果显示,镍掺杂催化剂中金与镍存在电子转移,而镍仍以Ni O为主.H2-TPR结果表明,镍掺杂的催化剂前驱体中的金物种更容易被还原.O2-TPD结果证实,镍掺杂催化剂能够引入更多的氧空位,促进氧分子的吸附和活化,从而促进CO氧化反应的进行.CO-DRIFT结果表明,相比于氧化性气氛,采用还原性气氛预处理后金物种的电子云密度增加, CO吸附增强.而对于镍掺杂的催化剂,金物种吸附CO分子的能力进一步提高,有利于CO氧化反应的进行.综上,镍掺杂能够有效提高催化剂中金的分散度,增强催化剂对CO的吸附,促进氧气分子的吸附和活化,从而提高了催化剂的CO氧化活性.     

纳米金催化剂上CO低（常）温氧化的研究

金历来被认为是催化惰性的,但近年来有关金催化剂的研究与开发引起人们的兴趣与关注。负载纳米金催化剂显示了良好的催化性能,尤其对一氧化碳氧化反应,能够在低（常）温下将CO氧化为CO₂。和其他CO氧化催化剂相比,金催化剂具有高的催化活性、稳定性和抗潮湿的性能,预示着更加广泛的应用前景。本文从制备方法、载体的性质、微粒粒径的大小、预处理、活性机理和催化反应机理等方面进行综合与评述。     

不同载体稳定的纳米金催化剂室温催化氧化甲醛研究（英文）

甲醛是一种常见的室内空气污染物,人们针对其消除已经做了大量的研究工作.催化氧化法是脱除挥发性有机物的一种重要方法,能在较低温度下通过催化剂作用将甲醛完全氧化为无毒的CO_2和H_2O.所用催化剂主要为负载型贵金属催化剂和非贵金属催化剂,但只有担载贵金属Pt或Pd的催化剂可在室温下将甲醛完全氧化,而非贵金属一般则需要较高的温度.Au催化剂是近年来催化领域的一个研究热点,但是关于纳米Au催化剂室温消除甲醛的研究较少.本课题组前期研究发现,以可还原性氧化物(CeO_2,Fe O_x)为载体负载的Au催化剂具有优异的室温氧化甲醛活性;并且突破以可还原性载体负载金的传统思路,首次发现"惰性载体"γ-Al_2O_3,负载的金催化剂在室温、有水条件下具有优异的甲醛氧化活性.本文对比了还原性氧化物(CeO_2,Fe O_x)和非还原性氧化物(Al_2O_3,SiO_2和HSZM-5)载体负载金催化剂,研究了载体氧化还原性质对负载金催化剂在高空速(600000 ml/(g·s))条件下室温催化氧化甲醛的活性和稳定性影响.结果表明,在室温、高空速且相对湿度为50%的条件下,Au/Al_2O_3催化剂的初活性最高,且较为稳定.Au/SiO_2和Au/HZSM-5催化剂的初活性虽然较高,但很快失活.而还原性氧化物载体(CeO_2,FeO_x)负载的金催化剂初活性较低,但是稳定性较好.通过电镜对负载金催化剂表面Au粒子大小的表征,并将粒子尺寸与负载金催化剂室温氧化甲醛初活性相关联,它与催化氧化甲醛反应速率成线性关系.Au粒子尺寸较小的催化剂(Au/Al_2O_3和Au/SiO_2),在高空速条件下具有更高的氧化甲醛活性,而Au粒子尺寸较大的Au/Fe O_x催化剂活性较差.载体的氧化还原性质虽然不直接影响Au催化剂初活性,但直接影响催化剂稳定性.由于Au与SiO_2或HZSM-5载体的相互作用较弱,导致反应过程中Au粒子聚集长大,使其失活较快;而Au/Al_2O_3催化剂表面则富含羟基物种,能够与Au形成配体或产生锚定作用,因此反应过程中金粒子没有明显长大.而表面中间物种的沉积并覆盖活性位是负载金催化剂缓慢失活的主要原因.     

超稳纳米金催化剂—走在实用化的路上

纳米金的催化性能受载体影响巨大,选择合适的载体或设计金属-载体界面精细结构能显著影响纳米金的催化性能.迄今发现各种载体包括酸、碱金属氧化物、碳材料以及有机聚合物均可作为纳米金的有效载体.相应的各种金催化剂均展现出独特的催化活性与选择性.一个典型的例子是核壳结构的Au/NiO催化剂,基于该催化剂催化异丁烯醛制备异丁烯酸甲酯的化工厂己于2008年开始兴建.金催化剂在AsH3气体传感器和汞收集器等环境分析方面也开始实际应用.因而,金催化剂的稳定性和使用寿命成为当前关注的焦点问题.目前报道的长寿命金催化剂典型例子有MINTEK催化剂和YD-3烟台催化剂,后者是由α-Fe2O3和La2O3改性氧化铝负载的金催化剂.中国科学院大连化学物理研究所张涛院士和王军虎研究员团队在近期研究中发现高温焙烧条件下Au纳米颗粒与羟基磷灰石(HAP)载体之间会发生金属-载体强相互作用(Strong Metal-Support Interaction简称SMSI)效应.SMSI效应导致载体对Au纳米颗粒形成包裹,可以有效提升Au纳米颗粒的抗烧结性能,但其对活性位的覆盖也会导致催化剂活性的下降.最近,该团队通过向载体HAP中添加TiO2进行修饰,成功设计开发出Au/HAP-TiO2催化剂.该催化剂上Au纳米颗粒与HAP接触的一侧被HAP薄层包裹,与TiO2接触的一侧裸露,呈现出独特的半包裹结构.通过这种纳米尺度的结构设计,该金催化剂经过8000℃的高温焙烧后不仅对一系列反应均表现出可观的催化活性和优异的抗烧结性能,且在模拟汽车尾气CO消除反应中表现出优于商业三效催化剂的反应稳定性.该工作为负载型纳米金催化剂的应用,特别是在高温催化反应中的实际应用提供了新途径,因此有望促进负载型金催化剂的实用化乃至商业化进程.     

不同载体负载的 Rh 基催化剂催化甲烷溴氧化反应

 在常压固定床反应器上考察了不同载体担载的 Rh 催化剂上的甲烷溴氧化反应, 发现在惰性载体 SiC 和 SiO2 担载的 Rh 催化剂上溴代甲烷选择性较高, 而以金属氧化物 ZrO2 和 TiO2 为载体的 Rh 催化剂上易发生深度氧化. 程序升温还原实验表明, 惰性载体担载的 Rh 催化剂更难还原. 热力学数据分析表明, 在所考察的温度区间内, 提高反应温度有利于一溴甲烷水汽重整反应的进行. 惰性载体担载的 Rh 催化剂活性高可归因于 Rh 适中的氧化还原能力, 抑制了溴甲烷水汽重整反应的进行. 由于 Rh/SiC 显示出较高的甲烷转化率和溴代甲烷选择性, 因此对该催化剂的 Rh 载量和反应条件进行了优化. 结果表明, 在 620 oC, 气、液空速分别为 900 和 3.0 ml/(g•h) 条件下, 甲烷单程转化率和溴代甲烷总选择性分别保持在 20% 和 90% 以上, 并且连续反应 100 h 未发生催化剂失活.     

金单原子催化剂上一氧化碳低温氧化

CO低温氧化对于基础研究和实际应用均具有重要意义.自上世纪八十年代日本的 Haruta教授发现氧化物负载金催化剂对 CO氧化的超高活性以来,负载金催化剂受到了广泛关注与深入研究,被认为是目前活性最高的 CO氧化催化剂.在诸多影响 CO氧化活性的因素中,纳米金的粒子尺寸是最重要因素之一.目前主流观点认为对于 CO氧化,纳米金有一个最优尺寸范围,在0.5–5 nm,而 Au原子/离子(Au3+, Au+)的活性则低一到两个数量级.因此,一般认为负载金单原子催
　　化剂对于 CO氧化反应的活性要比金纳米粒子和团簇低很多.然而,最近几年的理论与实验研究均表明,金单原子负载于合适的载体上可以显示出与金纳米粒子和团簇相当的活性.本文对这些新进展进行综述,阐述金单原子催化剂对 CO氧化的独特反应性能. Gates教授研究组进行了大量关于正价金对 CO氧化影响的研究,其中包括孤立的金原子(Au+).他们的研究发现, CO氧化活性随价态降低而降低,表明正价金对 CO氧化至关重要.此外,他们的研究也表明,孤立金原子对 CO氧化的活性(TOF)比金纳米粒子低一到两个数量级.然而,在他们的研究中,有几个因素可能导致催化剂的低活性.首先,他们一般采用非或弱还原性的载体.而载体的还原性对金催化剂上 CO氧化活性影响非常巨大.另外,他们所用的金原子前驱体为配合物,在催化剂制备与反应过程中配体并没有去除,可能也是导致催化剂活性低的原因之一.与此相反,张涛课题组近期采用氯金酸为前驱体,通过简单的吸附浸渍法制备了一系列负载金单原子催化剂.同时用相同的载体制备了负载金纳米粒子催化剂进行对比,可以排除载体等其它影响因素.对比结果显示,单原子催化剂均显示出与纳米粒子相当的 TOF(单位表面 Au原子)和更高的反应速率(单位重量金).首先制备了氧化铁负载金单原子催化剂,该催化剂在室温即展现出可观活性, TOF值与2–3 nm金粒子 TOF值相当(~0.5 s–1).更有趣也更重要的是,该催化剂在高温(200oC以上)展现出非常高的反应稳定性,在200oC反应100 h无失活.在300和400oC反应50 h也无失活发生,为开发高温稳定的金催化剂提供了新途径.其次制备了氧化钴负载金单原子催化剂,该催化剂以0.05%金负载量即可实现室温全转化,其 TOF值高达1.4 s–1.然而该催化剂在达到高活性之前必须首先在反应气氛中进行高温处理,这限制了其实用性.此外,催化剂需经反应气氛活化的原因尚待进一步研究.随之又制备了氧化铈负载金单原子催化剂,对富氢条件下 CO选择氧化不仅具有高活性,而且具有极高的 CO选择性.进一步研究结合理论计算表明,高选择性来自氧化铈负载的金单原子不能解离活化氢,对于氢气氧化活性极低,从而导致 CO氧化的高选择性.理论研究方面也有进展. Camellone等计算发现金原子可以取代 CeO2(111)面上的 Ce原子形成 Au+并促进 CO氧化.然而该金原子会扩散至氧空位形成带负电荷的 Auδ-,阻止 CO和 O2吸附,因而使催化剂失活.李隽课题组利用从头算分子动力学模拟首次发现氧化铈和氧化钛负载的 Au纳米粒子在 CO氧化过程中可以形成单原子的现象,并将之称为动态单原子催化剂. Yang等则计算了二维材料 BN负载 Au单原子催化 CO氧化并发现反应优先通过三原子 E-R机理进行.     

Au/CeO2催化剂的制备及其对CO催化氧化性能的研究

采用水溶液沉淀法和沉积-沉淀法分别制备了CeO2载体及相应Au/CeO2催化剂,以CO氧化反应为表征反应,考察了载体制备条件,催化剂的焙烧温度、预处理温度和气氛以及活性组分负载量对催化剂性能的影响,并对催化剂进行了BET、XRD和TEM表征,分析了影响催化剂活性的原因.结果表明,载体的制备条件对催化剂的活性有一定影响,经微波处理的载体负载活性组分后,由于活性组分和载体的接触较紧密,因此有利于催化剂活性的提高.催化剂的最佳焙烧温度为300℃,最佳活化温度为300℃,气氛为空气,最佳金负载量为4%.     

载金微孔分子筛催化剂研究进展

长期以来金被认为是化学惰性的,虽然早期对它的催化活性有所研究,但直到20世纪80年代中期,才相继出现了两个突破性的进展:1985年,英国威尔士大学的Hutchings教授,发现Au-Pd催化剂能够催化乙炔氢氯化反应~([1]);日本首都东京大学的Haruta教授发现,负载型纳米金催化剂具有优异的低温催化CO氧化活性~([2]).之后纳米金催化剂吸引了众多学者的目光,它的应用范围也越来越广泛.研究表明,影响纳米金催化剂催化性能的因素主要有载体的种类和性质、纳米金粒子的尺寸(常小于10 nm)形貌、氧化状态等,如何制备较小纳米金颗粒以及控制其粒径长大是获得高活性高稳定性金催化剂的关键~([3～5]).     

Ordered Mesoporous Silica as Supports in the Heterogeneous Asymmetric Catalysis

Enantioselective synthesis of organic compounds has been studied by homogeneous catalysts for several years. However, these catalysts have yet to make a significant impact on industrial scales for fine chemical synthesis. A primary reason is the designing of a homogeneous asymmetric catalyst, which requires relatively bulky ligands and catalyst recovery and recycling often causes problems. One of the convincing ways to overcome this problem is to immobilise the asymmetric catalyst onto a solid support and the resulting heterogeneous asymmetric catalyst system can, in principle, be readily re-used. A large number of supports such as inorganic oxides including zeolites, alumina, zirconia, silica and organic polymers have been employed as supports in heterogeneous asymmetric catalysis. Therefore, in this review article we have summarized the work done by us in our laboratory on the immobilization of chiral transition metal complexes such as Ru, Ir, Mn and Ti onto ordered mesoporous silica and its asymmetric catalysis. All these immobilized catalysts were well characterized by different physicochemical techniques to confirm the structural retention of the support as well as the active metal complex after immobilization. This report includes our asymmetric catalytic investigations in enantioselective reactions such as hydrogenation of ketones, olefins, oxidation of sulfides and oxidative kinetic resolution of alcohols and sulfoxides through immobilized heterogeneous catalyst systems.     

热稳定单原子催化剂的理性构筑:从原子级结构到实际应用

80%以上的工业生产过程涉及催化,如化工生产、能源转换、制药和废物处理等等.催化剂的使用显著提高了生产效率,降低了生产成本,为国民经济、地球环境和人类文明的可持续发展做出了很大贡献.为了满足日益增长的生产需求和最大的经济效益,开发高效、稳定、低成本的新型催化剂已成为当务之急.金属中心负载在载体上的负载型金属催化剂因其较好的催化活性和相对较低的金属用量而受到广泛关注.研究发现,负载型结构可增强传热和传质并增加活性金属中心的分散度,从而影响催化性能.此外,负载金属的颗粒尺寸对催化剂的性能有很大影响.迄今为止,科学家们一直在通过减小金属颗粒尺寸和提高原子利用效率来提高催化剂的活性.原子级尺寸的颗粒通常表现出与大尺寸颗粒显着不同的物理和化学性质,而当活性位点的尺寸缩小到单个原子时,单原子催化剂的概念应运而生.对于单原子催化剂,金属原子中心通过配位被载体中的缺陷锚定,从而调整金属原子的电子云分布.这种配位调整使得单原子催化剂拥有与传统催化剂不同的性能.作为催化领域的新前沿,单原子催化剂已经在许多催化反应中表现出前所未有的活性和选择性.然而,许多报道的单原子催化剂在高温环境或长期催化应用中容易受到奥斯特瓦尔德熟化过程的影响,从而导致催化剂烧结和失活.而烧结的原因在于金属原子和载体之间较弱的相互作用.失活催化剂的再生和回收将大大增加工业生产的时间和经济成本.因此,开发具有优异热稳定性的单原子催化剂以满足工业需求是十分必要的.本综述首先总结了近年来关于热稳定型单原子催化剂合成方法的基础研究,并从原子尺度上分析了这些方法所构建的金属中心的结构形态和配位环境.此外,结合近些年的研究中新的表征技术与理论计算手段解释了热稳定性的来源.重点讨论了热稳定单原子催化剂的实际催化应用.分析了热稳定单原子催化剂在热催化应用中的独特作用机理、并尝试为确定催化过程中真正的活性中心以及通过原子级调控手段进行高活性热稳定单原子催化剂的合成提供理论指导.最后总结了热稳定单原子催化剂发展的主要问题,并简要分析了单原子催化领域的研究挑战和发展前景.     

Role of support-nanoalloy interactions in the atomic-scale structural and chemical ordering for tuning catalytic sites

The understanding of the atomic-scale structural and chemical ordering in supported nanosized alloy particles is fundamental for achieving active catalysts by design. This report shows how such knowledge can be obtained by a combination of techniques including X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and synchrotron radiation based X-ray fine structure absorption spectroscopy and high-energy X-ray diffraction coupled to atomic pair distribution function analysis, and how the support-nanoalloy interaction influences the catalytic activity of ternary nanoalloy (platinum-nickel-cobalt) particles on three different supports: carbon, silica, and titania. The reaction of carbon monoxide with oxygen is employed as a probe to the catalytic activity. The thermochemical processing of this ternary composition, in combination with the different support materials, is demonstrated to be capable of fine-tuning the catalytic activity and stability. The support-nanoalloy interaction is shown to influence structural and chemical ordering in the nanoparticles, leading to support-tunable active sites on the nanoalloys for oxygen activation in the catalytic oxidation of carbon monoxide. A nickel/cobalt-tuned catalytic site on the surface of nanoalloy is revealed for oxygen activation, which differs from the traditional oxygen-activation sites known for oxide-supported noble metal catalysts. The discovery of such support-nanoalloy interaction-enabled oxygen-activation sites introduces a very promising strategy for designing active catalysts in heterogeneous catalysis.     

Synergism of Clay and Heteropoly Acids as Nano-Catalysts for the Development of Green Processes with Potential Industrial Applications

A large number of inorganic oxides, mixed oxides, including alumina, silica, titania, zirconia, zeolites, carbon, clays and ion exchange resins have been employed as both supports and solid acid catalysts. Clay structure collapses at high temperatures and has to be stablilized. The thermal stability and pore size issues were addressed by pillaring of clays. Natural clays are acid treated or ion-exchanged to be used as solid acids, and the acidity and pore structure are dependent on the treatment methodology. Another important class of catalysts is the heteropoly acids (HPA), which are employed as homogeneous or heterogeneous catalysts, having both acid and redox properties. The focus of the current paper is to address the work done in our laboratory on the synergism between clays and heteropoly acids for the development of green processes. A comparison is also provided for the activity of these catalysts with other solid acids. Several alkylation, acylation, isomerization, condensation, dehydration, esterification, nitration and oxidation reactions which are useful in a wide spectrum of industries such as bulk, intermediates, dyes, plasticizer, pharmaceuticals, perfumes, flavours and other fine chemicals were investigated to improve the selectivity of the desired products.     

Influence of MgO contents on silica supported nano-size gold catalyst for carbon monoxide total oxidation

A series of nano-size gold catalysts were prepared by deposition-precipitation method using silica material promoted with different amounts of MgO as the carrier. The influences of MgO addition on the structure and property of the nano-size gold catalysts were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), O2 temperature-programmed desorption (O2-TPD), and inductively coupled with plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES) techniques. The total oxidation of CO was chosen as the probe reaction. The results suggest that for the gold catalysts supported on the silica material after MgO modification, the size of the gold particles is pronouncedly reduced, the oxygen mobility is enhanced, and the catalytic activity for low-temperature CO oxidation is greatly improved. The gold catalyst modified by 6 wt% MgO (Mg/SiO2 weight ratio) shows higher CO oxidation activity, over which the temperature of CO total oxidation is lower about 150 K than that over the silica directly supported gold catalyst.     

Gold on carbon: one billion catalysts under a single label

Despite the wide use of carbon materials as supports for heterogeneous catalysis, generic labels are often used to describe the catalysts, i.e. Au/C, making comparisons between different Au/C catalysts difficult even for the same application. A variety of structures and chemically modified surfaces are in fact available, making gold nanoparticles supported on carbonaceous supports extremely versatile catalysts.     

Application of supported perovskite-type catalysts for vehicular emission control

Catalytic control of auto-exhaust emissions is one of the most successful applications of heterogeneous catalysis, both in commercial and environmental point of views. Although noble metal-based catalysts have dominated this area, efforts were always put in towards development of low cost non-noble metal-based catalysts. With the recent need of closed-coupled catalytic converter, thermal stability requirements have also become more severe, leading to the search for stable catalytic materials. Mixed oxides, including those perovskite type compounds with ABO₃ structure have been extensively studied, mainly for their catalytic and electrical properties. Low surface area of these catalysts has so far been the most important limitation for their catalytic applications involving high space velocities, e.g. auto-exhaust catalysis. Various synthesis routes have been earlier attempted to improve their surface area, yet this was much inferior than the noble metal catalysts, dispersed on high surface area alumina. The in situ synthesis of these oxides on alumina is often associated with the formation of undesired phases, due to the reactive nature of perovskite precursors. However, alumina washcoat, commonly used for improving the surface area of ceramic and metallic catalyst supports, can be modified for perovskite applications. In situ synthesis of stabilized perovskites on modified alumina-washcoated supports offer high surface area and excellent catalyst adhesion. Although, it is difficult to ascertain the presence of pure perovskite type materials on support, such improved synthesis has resulted in remarkable improvement in their catalytic activity for their applications in auto-exhaust catalytic converters. This review presents our work on synthesis of various improved perovskite-type mixed oxides supported on modified alumina-washcoated cordierite honeycomb, their characterization, and detailed catalytic evaluations for possible application in automobile pollution control.     

The use of thermal analysis in studying catalysis and the chemisorption process

The term catalysis is examined closely and shown in application to a solid phase to be an approximation in that often not only the texture of the catalyst changes but also the composition. However, the action of catalysis still remains perfectly defined in that it opens up a new lower energy path for the reaction considered. The utilisation of thermal analysis tecniques in conjunction with textural studies is shown to be a specially suitable method of investigating catalytic systems. An outline of the necessary thermodynamic and kinetic considerations in catalysis systems is given. Examples of studies on inert supports are given, namely alumina and silica. The occurrence of catalysis in the thermal decomposition of oxysalts is illustrated by reference to oxalates and permanganates. Finally, thermal analysis methods suitable for studying catalysis systems are outlined.     

催化剂活性位本质和构效关系的模型催化研究

明确催化剂的活性位本质和构建多相催化的结构和反应性能之间的准确关系是催化基础研究的重点,表面科学研究基于丰富的表征测试手段能够较好地在分子原子水平测定表面结构以明确催化剂活性位本质,并通过高压原位反应池测定相关催化反应性能,获得较可靠的催化剂构效关系。本文简要总结了近年来本人参与的几个模型催化研究例子,包括贵金属表面上CO和烷烃催化氧化的活性表面、纳米Au膜的制备和CO氧化的催化活性位、VO_x/Pt(111)上丙烷氧化的协同作用、Au Pd合金上醋酸乙烯酯合成Au的助催化作用、模型氧化物上纳米Pt的庚烷脱氢环化制甲苯的粒径关系等,以及相关模型催化研究技术的进展。     

Preparation and characterization of supports with a synthesized layer of catalytic filamentous carbon: IV. Synthesis of carbon nanofibers on a Co/Al<Subscript>2</Subscript>O<Subscript>3</Subscript> catalyst

A comparative study of the synthesis of carbon layers, including catalytic filamentous carbon, on the surface of various alumina modifications was made. The synthesis was performed by the pyrolysis of alkanes (a propane-butane mixture) on Co/Al₂O₃ supported catalysts. The texture characteristics (specific surface area and pore structure) of the starting supports and adsorbents with a synthesized carbon layer were studied. The surface morphology of Co/Al₂O₃ catalysts and the synthesized carbon deposits was studied by scanning electron microscopy. It was found that carbon nanofibers were formed only on the catalysts prepared by the homogeneous precipitation of Co compounds onto the surface of macroporous α-Al₂O₃, whereas carbon deposits on mesoporous aluminum oxides did not exhibit a pronounced fibrous structure. The applicability of C/Co/Al₂O₃ carbon-containing adsorbents to the immobilization of the nitrile hydratase enzyme and the preparation of a biocatalyst for acrylonitrile hydration to acrylamide was considered.