还原温度对Co-La-Zr／AC催化剂合成气制高碳混合醇性能的影响

采用共浸渍法制备了Co-La-Zr/AC催化剂并考察了不同温度还原的催化剂的CO加氢催化性能. 结果表明,在3.0 MPa, 495 K, H2/CO(V/V)=2和GHSV=500 h-1 条件下,经703 K还原的催化剂, CO的转化率和醇的选择性分别为59.1%和42.0%, 其中C6～C18 的高碳醇在总醇中占到50.4%. XRD结果显示,反应后催化剂的主要物相为金属态的钴和碳化钴(Co2C). 还原温度可影响催化剂中钴的晶粒分散度和碳化钴的生成. 碳化钴的形成可能在合成气生成醇类的反应中起重要作用.     

醇合成用改良铜钴催化体系的表征

应用ＸＰＳ能谱技术和合成气中压反应等对醇合成用铜钴基催化体系进行了表征研究。还原后的铜钴催化剂样品表面上钴以Ｃｏ＾２＋和Ｃｏ＾２＋形式共存，铜主要是Ｃｕ＾０物种。在反应条件下处理后，发生了再氧化现象，即钴主要以Ｃｏ＾２＋形式存在，铜变为Ｃｕ＋或Ｃｕ＾３＋物种。从催化剂的ＸＰＳ和ＸＡＥＳ结果可知，铜和钴之间具有强有相互作用和电荷转移。改良铜钴催化剂具有良好的醇合成的反应活性和碳链增长，助剂钼在样品还     

光照下钴镍盐催化肉桂醛的转移加氢反应

以甲醇为氢源,研究了光照下金属镍盐、钴盐催化肉桂醛的转移加氢反应.结果表明,以Co(OAc)2和Ni(OAc)2为催化剂,肉桂醛可以发生催化转移加氢反应,得到肉桂醇;就催化剂的转移加氢活性和产物肉桂醇的选择性而言,Co(OAc)2的催化效果更好.与此同时,在反应体系中添加NaOAc和Na2C2O4等碱性添加剂可提高肉桂...     

原位合成钴/还原氧化石墨烯纳米粒子催化氨硼烷制氢

采用简单的原位还原合成方法,利用具有温和还原性能的氨硼烷作为还原剂,在室温下一步还原氧化石墨烯和氯化钴混合溶液制备了还原氧化石墨烯负载钴纳米复合材料催化剂. 利用所制备的钴/还原氧化石墨烯催化剂催化氨硼烷水解制氢,发现钴/还原氧化石墨烯具有优异的催化性能. 相对于没有负载的钴纳米粒子以及采用硼氢化钠作为还原剂制备的钴/还原氧化石墨烯催化剂,采用氨硼烷还原制备的钴/还原氧化石墨烯催化剂表现出更加优越的催化性能. 动力学测试表明,钴/还原氧化石墨烯催化氨硼烷水解反应为零级反应,同时钴/还原氧化石墨烯催化剂催化氨硼烷水解反应的活化能为27.10 kJ·mol^-1,低于大部分已报道的其它催化剂,甚至一些贵金属催化剂的活化能. 钴/还原氧化石墨烯催化剂有着稳定的循环使用性,特别是其具有的磁性使得它能够直接从溶液中通过磁力回收,极具应用前景. 这种简单有效的合成方法有望推广到其它的金属-还原氧化石墨烯纳米复合材料体系.     

原位合成钴/还原氧化石墨烯纳米粒子催化氨硼烷制氢（英文）

采用简单的原位还原合成方法,利用具有温和还原性能的氨硼烷作为还原剂,在室温下一步还原氧化石墨烯和氯化钴混合溶液制备了还原氧化石墨烯负载钴纳米复合材料催化剂.利用所制备的钴/还原氧化石墨烯催化剂催化氨硼烷水解制氢,发现钴/还原氧化石墨烯具有优异的催化性能.相对于没有负载的钴纳米粒子以及采用硼氢化钠作为还原剂制备的钴/还原氧化石墨烯催化剂,采用氨硼烷还原制备的钴/还原氧化石墨烯催化剂表现出更加优越的催化性能.动力学测试表明,钴/还原氧化石墨烯催化氨硼烷水解反应为零级反应,同时钴/还原氧化石墨烯催化剂催化氨硼烷水解反应的活化能为27.10 kJ·mol-1,低于大部分已报道的其它催化剂,甚至一些贵金属催化剂的活化能.钴/还原氧化石墨烯催化剂有着稳定的循环使用性,特别是其具有的磁性使得它能够直接从溶液中通过磁力回收,极具应用前景.这种简单有效的合成方法有望推广到其它的金属-还原氧化石墨烯纳米复合材料体系.     

金属改性的Pd/γAl2O3催化剂在转移加氢中的应用

研究了Cu、La、Ba、Ce和Co等多种金属氧化物对Pd/γ-Al2O3催化剂在3,5-二羟基苯甲酸转移加氢制备3,5-二氧代环己烷羧酸反应中的活性影响,发现镧的改性效果最明显.得到的Pd-LaOx/γ-Al2O3催化剂在150℃下还原,催化3,5-二羟基苯甲酸转移加氢反应的转化率和选择性分别达到了90.6%和98.2%.在150℃下PdCl2被还原为Pd,而La保持氧化态.经TPR、SEM、TEM、XPS等手段分析后认为,引入的La使Pd具有适宜的粒度,低温还原时保持氧化态的La与载体产生相互作用,并对Pd的转移加氢活性的提高有利,而高温下被还原的La则对提高Pd的活性不利.     

Pd/ZnO催化剂的还原及其催化甲醇水蒸气重整制氢

考察了共沉淀法制备的15.9%Pd/ZnO催化剂的还原对甲醇水蒸气重整制氢反应的影响.结果显示,当催化剂的还原温度为523~573K时,523K下反应的甲醇转化率达到了41.6%,CO2选择性为94.6%,出口CO浓度为1.26%.X射线衍射结果显示,当催化剂的还原温度为523K时PdZn合金开始形成.还原温度为523~573K范围内催化剂活性的提高归因于5~14nmPdZn合金粒子的存在.用程序升温还原及X射线衍射表征手段探究了还原过程中Pd与ZnO之间的相互作用.结果表明,Pd/ZnO可能经历了PdO/ZnO→Pd/ZnO→PdZnO1-x/ZnO→PdZn合金/ZnO的还原过程,而部分PdZn合金在反应过程中可重新被氧化成PdZnO1-x.对反应的活性物种进行了初步探讨.     

Effects of calcination and reduction temperature on the performance of Co-Pt-ZrO2/γ-A12O3 catalysts for Fischer-Tropsch synthesis

采用浸渍法制备了Co-Pt-ZrO2/γ-Al2O3催化剂,对其进行了BET、XRD和TPR等表征,并在浆态床反应器上考察了焙烧温度和还原温度对催化剂费托合成反应性能的影响.结果表明,焙烧温度过高,容易造成Co物种和载体间的相互作用增强,使部分氧化钻颗粒聚集或烧结,导致催化剂的F-T合成反应活性和C5+烃选择性降低.还原温度较低时,钴物种不能充分还原,CO加氢活性低,甲烷选择性高,重质烃选择性低;还原温度过高,则可能造成活性物种的烧结,反而降低了催化剂的活性和重质烃选择性.在原料气n(H2)/n( CO)=2.0、483 K、2.4 MPa和空速3.6 L/( gcat·h)的条件下,31.08％ Co～0.11％Pt ～ 7.16％ ZrO2/Al2O3催化剂在673 K焙烧.纯H2下653 K还原后,其费托性能最佳;CO转化率为27.0％,C5+的选择性为83.0％.     

纳米二氧化铈催化制备亚胺

近年来,金属氧化物的晶面效应及其独特的催化性能引起研究者的广泛关注.其中,二氧化铈(CeO2)因具有储放氧性质、易于形成氧空位等特点,在诸多领域得到应用,尤其是作为催化剂,可用作活性相、载体、复合催化材料等. CeO2的晶面效应主要由于晶面上氧空位的性质引起的.目前,这方面的研究主要集中在高温条件下氧空位的动态转化过程,如水汽变换反应、有机物脱除等.但是高温下CeO2中氧空位的活泼性,增加了晶面效应的复杂性.因此,利用低温液相有机反应作为探针,研究晶面效应是一种可靠的解决方案.我们近些年的工作研究了CeO2不同晶面上的酸性及催化水解性能,在本研究中,我们提出在温和条件下, 采用有机探针反应,研究不同晶面的氧化还原性质.亚胺类化合物作为一类重要的含氮有机中间体,在生物、农药、医药等领域中具有重要应用.传统的亚胺合成方法是将醛类化合物或酮类化合物与胺类在酸催化剂的作用下直接缩合.近年来出现了新的亚胺合成方法,例如通过胺类氧化脱氢、炔烃的氢胺化、醇胺脱氢/氧化偶联等,其中醇胺脱氢/氧化偶联的方法因具有原料廉价易得、过程清洁等优点,而成为研究热点.最近, Masazumi Tamura等研究发现CeO2能够在温和条件下高效催化醇胺氧化偶联制亚胺,通过一系列表征发现CeO2的高活性主要由于其氧空位中存在丰富的活性氧物种.然而, CeO2的晶面效应及其在此反应中的催化性能,以及不同晶面上的氧化还原性质还有待进一步的研究.本文研究了CeO2的晶面效应及其在醇胺氧化偶联制亚胺反应中的催化性能.在温和的反应条件下(60 oC), CeO2能够高效催化苯甲醇与苯胺反应制备亚胺,并且对底物具有很好的普适性,在催化一系列醇与胺氧化偶联制亚胺的反应中,对于大部分底物,醇类化合物的转化率可达89%以上,亚胺类化合物的选择性可达90%以上.通过水热合成法分别制备了棒状CeO2、立方体CeO2和八面体CeO2,并通过X射线衍射、透射电子显微镜和高分辨透射电子显微镜确证了其结构和形貌,结果表明三种形貌的CeO2均为纯相的CeO2,其中棒状CeO2暴露(110)和(100)晶面,立方体CeO2暴露(100)晶面,八面体CeO2暴露(111)晶面.并以苯甲醇氧化反应和苯甲醇与苯胺反应为探针研究了其催化性能.结果发现：不同形貌的CeO2具有显著不同的催化活性,其中棒状CeO2表现出最优异的催化性能,立方体CeO2和八面体CeO2次之.通过Raman光谱表征了不同形貌CeO2的氧空位性质并比较了它们的氧空位浓度.结果发现：棒状CeO2的氧空位浓度相对值(A595/A462)为0.077,高于立方体CeO2和八面体CeO2.通过比较分析计算可知,在CeO2(110),(100)和(111)三种晶面中,(110)晶面因其具有最多的氧空位而表现出最高的催化活性和优异的氧化还原性质,(110)晶面上亚胺的生成速率为4.618 mmol/(g·h),分别为(100)晶面和(111)晶面上的32倍和49倍.该研究有助于提高认识CeO2基催化材料的低温氧化还原性质.     

纳米尺度氧化石墨烯层作为高效碳催化剂用于苄醇与芳香醛的绿色氧化

合成了纳米尺度氧化石墨烯(NGO)层,用作碳催化剂高效催化苄醇与芳香醛的氧化反应.对于醇氧化反应,当80℃时H2O2存在下,NGOs(20 wt％)可高效催化醇选择性生成醛,其反应速率和产率取决于醇上取代基的性质.对于4-硝基苄醇,反应24 h后,只有10％可转换为相应羧酸.相反,4-甲氧基苄醇和二苯基甲醇分别反应仅9和3h则可完全转化为对应的羧酸和酮.NGO碳催化剂上芳香醛氧化速率高于醇氧化速率.对于所有的醛,采用7 wt％ NGO作催化剂,在70℃反应2-3 h后,就可完全转化为相应羧酸.我们讨论了NGO催化剂结构对苄醇和芳香醛氧化反应影响的可能机理.     

Direct Ruthenium‐Catalyzed Hydrogenation of Carboxylic Acids to Alcohols

The “green” reduction of carboxylic acids to alcohols is a challenging task in organic chemistry. Herein, we describe a general protocol for generation of alcohols by catalytic hydrogenation of carboxylic acids. Key to success is the use of a combination of Ru(acac)₃, triphos and Lewis acids. The novel method showed broad substrate tolerance and a variety of aliphatic carboxylic acids including biomass‐derived compounds can be smoothly reduced.     

The thermodynamics analysis and experimental validation for complicated systems in CO_2 hydrogenation process

Catalytic conversion of CO_2 into chemicals and fuels is an alternative to alleviate climate change and ocean acidification.The catalytic reduction of CO_2 by H_2 can lead to the formation of various products:carbon monoxide,carboxylic acids,aldehydes,alcohols and hydrocarbons.In this paper,a comprehensive thermodynamics analysis of CO_2 hydrogenation is conducted using the Gibbs free energy minimization method.The results show that CO_2 reduction to CO needs a high temperature and H_2/CO_2 ratio to achieve a high CO_2 conversion.However,synthesis of methanol from CO_2 needs a relatively high pressure and low temperature to minimize the reverse water-gas shift reaction.Direct CO_2 hydrogenation to formic acid or formaldehyde is thermodynamically limited.On the contrary,production of CH_4 from CO_2 hydrogenation is the thermodynamically easiest reaction with nearly 100%CH4 yield at moderate conditions.In addition,complex reactions with more than one product are also calculated in this work.Among the considered carboxylic acids(HCOOH,CH_3COOH and C_2H_5COOH),propionic acid dominates in the product stream(selectivity above 90%).The same trend can also be found in the hydrogenation of CO_2 to aldehydes and alcohols with the major product of propionaldehyde and butanol,respectively.In the process of CO_2 hydrogenation to alkenes,low temperature,high pressure,and high H_2 partial pressure favor the CO_2 conversion.C_4H_6 is the most thermodynamically favorable among all considered alkynes under different temperatures and pressures.The thermodynamic calculations are validated with experimental results,suggesting that the Gibbs free energy minimization method is effective for thermodynamically understanding the reaction network involved in the CO_2 hydrogenation process,which is helpful for the development of high-performance catalysts.     

Selective oxoammonium salt oxidations of alcohols to aldehydes and aldehydes to carboxylic acids

The oxidation of alcohols to aldehydes using stoichiometric 4-acetamido-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxoammonium tetrafluoroborate (1) in CH(2)Cl(2) at room temperature is a highly selective process favoring reaction at the carbinol center best able to accommodate a positive charge. The oxidation of aldehydes to carboxylic acids by 1 in wet acetonitrile is also selective; the rate of the process correlates with the concentration of aldehyde hydrate. A convenient and high yield method for oxidation of alcohols directly to carboxylic acids has been developed.     

Scandium Trifluoromethanesulfonate as an Extremely Active Lewis Acid Catalyst in Acylation of Alcohols with Acid Anhydrides and Mixed Anhydrides

Scandium trifluoromethanesulfonate (triflate), which is commercially available, is a practical and useful Lewis acid catalyst for acylation of alcohols with acid anhydrides or the esterification of alcohols by carboxylic acids in the presence of p-nitrobenzoic anhydrides. The remarkably high catalytic activity of scandium triflate can be used for assisting the acylation by acid anhydrides of not only primary alcohols but also sterically-hindered secondary or tertiary alcohols. The method presented is especially effective for selective macrolactonization of omega-hydroxy carboxylic acids.     

Manganese‐Catalyzed Multicomponent Synthesis of Pyrimidines from Alcohols and Amidines

The development of catalytic reactions for synthesizing different compounds from alcohols to save fossil carbon feedstock and reduce CO₂ emissions is of high importance. Replacing rare noble metals with abundantly available 3d metals is equally important. We report a manganese‐complex‐catalyzed multicomponent synthesis of pyrimidines from amidines and up to three alcohols. Our reaction proceeds through condensation and dehydrogenation steps, permitting selective C−C and C−N bond formations. β‐Alkylation reactions are used to multiply alkylate secondary alcohols with two different primary alcohols to synthesize fully substituted pyrimidines in a one‐pot process. Our PN₅P‐Mn‐pincer complexes efficiently catalyze this multicomponent process. A comparison of our manganese catalysts with related cobalt catalysts indicates that manganese shows a reactivity similar to that of iridium but not cobalt. This analogy could be used to develop further (de)hydrogenation reactions with manganese complexes.     

Aerobic oxidation of alcohols using a novel combination of N-hydroxyphthalimide (NHPI) and CuBr

A new catalytic system for oxidation of alcohols with oxygen by N-hydroxyphthalimide (NHPI) combined with CuBr has been developed. The reaction results showed that this catalytic system can effectively catalyze the oxidation of alcohols to the corresponding carboxylic acids or ketones. We obtained 100% selectivity for acetophenone at 94.2% conversion of phenylethanol at 75?°C for 20?h. A mechanism of oxidation of alcohols catalyzed by NHPI/CuBr was proposed.     

Palladium on carbon–bromobenzene mediated esterification and transesterification

A series of carboxylic acids were converted into their corresponding esters using the Pd/C catalyzed hydrogenation conditions in the presence of catalytic bromobenzene in alcohols and the method could also be applicable for the transesterification of esters. Good to excellent yields were obtained for different aliphatic or aromatic starting materials. The success of this esterification relies on the in situ generation of hydrobromic acid (HBr) from bromobenzene which provides a mild and acidic reaction environment. The palladium catalyst exhibits a remarkable activity and is reusable for up-to three consecutive cycles.     

Fischer-Trospch Synthesis on Ordered Mesoporous Cobalt-Based Catalysts with Compact Multichannel Fixed-Bed Reactor Application: A Review

CO hydrogenation to hydrocarbons through Fischer–Tropsch synthesis (FTS) reaction is one of the promising chemical processes, which can convert alternative feedstocks such as natural gas or biomass into synthetic fuels. The FTS reaction has received many attentions due to a limited petroleum resource with an increased demand for using alternative carbon sources such as stranded gas or shale gas. Some proper synthetic methods of an effective FTS catalyst having a larger active metal surface area and a lower deactivation rate are the most important issues for a long-term operation. Therefore, some ordered mesoporous materials (OMM) have been widely investigated in the field of CO hydrogenation using some heterogeneous catalysts. The present brief review paper summarized the various preparation methods of the ordered mesoporous materials for the possible applications of FTS reaction with a lower deactivation rate and a higher catalytic performance. The applications of the ordered mesoporous cobalt oxides for FTS reaction are briefly introduced and the ways to improve a structural stability even under reductive CO hydrogenation conditions by using efficient pillaring materials as well as by preparing mixed metal oxides. A higher catalytic activity of the ordered mesoporous cobalt oxide was also verified in a multi-channel fixed-bed compact reactor having the intersected interlayers of micro-channel heat exchanger. The thermal stability of ordered mesoporous cobalt-based catalysts was mainly affected by a structural stability which can easily remove the heavy hydrocarbons from the inner surfaces.     

超高稳定性的等级孔碳负载高分散铜基选择性加氢催化剂

负载型Pd,Pt,Au等贵金属催化剂由于具有较高活性而被广泛应用于选择性加氢催化领域,但资源稀缺、价格昂贵等问题严重制约了其在催化领域的长远发展.目前大量研究结果表明,非贵金属催化剂也具有较高的选择性催化加氢能力,在已被报道的非贵金属加氢催化剂中,铜基催化剂由于在选择性加氢反应中表现出较高加氢选择性和活性引起了人们的广泛关注.然而,早期研究的负载型铜基催化剂普遍存在催化稳定性较低的问题,所以提高铜基催化剂的使用寿命成为了问题关键.本文以铜基有机金属框架HKUST-1作为合成目标催化剂的前驱体,首先探究了水热合成条件对HKUST-1合成结构完整性及结晶度的影响,再通过精确调控HKUST-1的原位碳化过程,利用金属有机框架高温分解自还原行为,成功制备出了等级孔碳负载的高分散铜基催化剂,并将所制备的催化剂应用于1,3-丁二烯选择性加氢反应中.扫描电子显微镜、高分辨透射电子显微镜、X射线衍射、氮气吸脱附、傅里叶红外吸收光谱、X射线光电子能谱等技术用来表征了碳化前后催化剂载体结构的变化,铜粒子尺寸、价态及其在载体中分布的变化.文中也深入探究了以上因素对催化剂选择性催化加氢性能的影响.研究表明:120℃水热合成18 h能获得尺寸在15μm左右,结晶度高且形貌规整的HKUST-1前驱体.随后通过合理地控制金属有机框架分解过程,可实现对碳载体的等级孔结构和活性铜纳米粒子的分散程度的精确调控,获得高效等级孔载体结构和高分散铜位点的催化剂.不仅如此,通过一步碳化自还原HKUST-1制备的等级孔碳负载Cu的催化性能表现出对碳化温度高度的关联性.其催化活性随碳化处理温度的升高呈现先增强后减弱的趋势,但所有获得的催化剂对单烯烃都具有很高的选择性(>98%).特别地,本文发现在600℃碳化合成的催化剂在低温75℃反应可实现对1,3-丁二烯的100%转化,对丁烯的选择性为100%.同时,该催化剂在恒温75℃下持续反应120 h以上,其对丁二烯转化率和对丁烯选择性依然保持100%,表现出了超高的催化稳定性和潜在的商用价值.本文展示了通过简单地调控金属有机骨架的碳化过程是获得具有优异选择性催化加氢性能的铜基催化剂的有效途径.     

Organocatalytic Mitsunobu reactions

A catalytic Mitsunobu reaction system is described in which the azo reagent is used as an organocatalyst and iodosobenzene diacetate is used as the stoichiometric oxidant. In this system, iodosobenzene diacetate oxidizes the formed hydrazine byproduct to regenerate the azo reagent. Yields obtained in the catalytic reactions using a variety of carboxylic acids and alcohols were slightly lower than those obtained from corresponding stoichiometric reactions. Both primary and secondary alcohols can be used as substrates in this reaction system, with the secondary alcohols affording products with inverted stereochemistry at the carbinol center.