稀土三元催化体系ZnO/SiO_2负载化及季铵盐催化CO_2与环氧丙烷合成高分子量聚碳酸酯（英文）

由环氧丙烷(PO)和CO_2交替共聚合成脂肪族聚碳酸亚丙酯,CO_2利用率高,所得产物具有一定的力学性能和生物降解性能,具有广泛应用前景.目前,用于CO_2和环氧化合物共聚的催化体系主要包含锌、钴、镉、铬、铝和稀土等金属活性中心,结构、活性各异的催化剂体系,其催化性能和产物性能也各具特色.其中,稀土三元催化剂(ZnEt_2-甘油-三氯乙酸钇)因合成聚碳酸酯产物的分子量高、碳酸酯单元含量高、聚醚及环碳酸酯副产物少的特点而受到关注.但是由于催化剂催化效率低,聚合时间长,产品成本高,使得工业化规模生产受到限制.本文基于稀土三元催化体系,将催化剂负载于硅胶及锌改性硅胶,优化了其制备条件,同时考察了添加季铵盐对催化CO_2/环氧丙烷共聚合成聚碳酸酯性能的影响.结果表明,在1 L聚合釜中,于3.5 MPa和70 ℃反应条件下,ZnO担载量及ZnO/SiO_2添加量对反应性能均有影响.当3 wt%ZnO/SiO_2的添加量为5 g时,稀土三元催化体系的活性为4845.2 g/mol_(Zn).所得聚合物经过多次纯化处理后,能够有效提高材料的热学性能,即有效除去产物中的ZnO对聚合物的热稳定性有重要作用.添加含有不同阴离子(F~-,Cl~-和Br~-)的季铵盐可显著影响稀土三元催化剂的活性.其中,仅四甲基氟化铵可以明显提高反应活性乃至聚合物分子量.在3 wt%ZnO/SiO_2载体和四甲基氟化铵的协同作用下,稀土三元催化体系的共聚性能明显提升,活性最高可达5223.0 g/mol_(Zn).聚合物结构分析表明,在载体和四甲基氟化铵存在下,聚合物分子量明显提高,可达到20万以上,分子量分布明显变窄,且聚合物结构如碳酸酯的单元含量、副产物含量以及聚合物产品玻璃化温度基本不变,后者均保持在40.41℃.基于此,我们提出了在ZnO改性硅胶载体及四甲基氟化铵存在下稀土三元催化体系催化CO_2/环氧丙烷共聚的反应机理:ZnO/SiO_2载体有利于稀土三元催化体系的分散,而四甲基氟化铵则有利于吸附在ZnEt_2上的环氧丙烷开环     

Novel synthesis of aminoacetonitriles via the selective demethylation of quaternary ammonium salts

N-Methyl cyclic amines readily formed quaternary ammonium salts upon treatment with iodoacetonitrile in high yields (70–96%). The latter were selectively demethylated by heating in dimethylformamide to give aminoacetonitriles in moderate to good overall yields (36–69%).     

Copolymerization of carbon dioxide and propylene oxide catalyzed by two kinds of bifunctional salen-cobalt(III) complexes bearing four quaternary ammonium salts

Two new bifunctional salen-cobalt(III) complexes were synthesized, which consist of salicylaldehyde bearing four quaternary ammonium salts and two different diamines. The copolymerization results indicated that decreasing temperature is advantageous for both the complexes. Of both the diamines, the complex 9 with o-diaminobenzene has a higher catalytic effect compared to complex 6 with 1,2-diaminocyclohexane. The catalytic effect of complex 9 is over 3.5 times than that of complex 6 at a temperature of 30°C. The research of P_CO2 on the copolymerization revealed that the first-rank pressure was at 2 MPa for the two complexes. The highest turnover number are under conditions of T = 30°C, P_CO2 = 2 MPa, and t = 24 hr. Differential scanning calorimeter curves indicated that poly(propylene carbonate) (PPC) by complex 9 has the highest Tg of 54.2°C. DTGA curves showed that there were two thermal degradation peaks, the first is for the ester bond, and the second is for the C–C bond.     

Regio‐regular structure high molecular weight poly(propylene carbonate) by rare earth ternary catalyst and Lewis base cocatalyst

Lewis base modification strategy on rare earth ternary catalyst was disclosed to enhance nucleophilic ability of active center during copolymerization of carbon dioxide and propylene oxide (PO), poly(propylene carbonate) (PPC) with H‐T linkages over 83%, and number–average molecular weight (M_n) up to 100 kg/mol was synthesized at room temperature using Y(CCl₃OO)₃‐ZnEt₂‐glycerine catalyst and 1,10‐phenanthroline (PHEN) cocatalyst. Coordination of PHEN with active Zinc center enhanced the nucleophilic ability of the metal carbonate, which became more regio‐specific in attacking carbon in PO, leading to PPC with improved H‐T linkages. Moreover, the binding of PHEN to active Zinc center also raised the carbonate content of PPC to over 99%, whereas the PPC from common rare earth ternary catalyst was about 96%. Unlike the highly regio‐regular structure PPC but with relatively low molecular weight recently reported in the literature, our high molecular weight regio‐regular PPC did show significant improvement in thermal and mechanical performances. PPC with H‐T linkages up to 83.2% showed glass transition temperature (T_g) of 43.3 °C, while T_g of PPC with H‐T linkages of 69.7% was only 36.1 °C. When H‐T connectivity was raised from 69.7 to 83.2%, the modulus of PPC showed a 78% increase. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 46: 4451–4458, 2008     

Cinchona alkaloid-derived quaternary ammonium salt combined with NaH: a facile catalyst system for the asymmetric trifluoromethylation of ketones

Enantioselective trifluoromethylation of aromatic ketones promoted by the cinchona alkaloid-derived ammonium bromide and sodium hydride was described. A series of trifluoromethyl-substituted aryl alcohols could be obtained in up to 82% ee with 98% yield under mild conditions. A possible catalytic cycle was also presented.     

Facile synthesis of poly(ether carbonate)s via copolymerization of CO2 and propylene oxide under combinatorial catalyst of rare earth ternary complex and double metal cyanide complex

Poly(ether carbonate)s (PPCs) with carbonate unit (CU) content ranging from 57.8 to 97.1% and number average molecular weight (M_n) around 100 kg/mol were conveniently prepared via copolymerization of CO₂ and propylene oxide under combinatorial catalyst of rare earth ternary (RET) complex and double metal cyanide (DMC) complex. Enhancement of catalytic activity and reduction of propylene carbonate byproduct were realized due to synergetic effect of the two metal catalysts, where DMC can be activated in the presence of RET. Solubility fractionation confirmed that the obtained PPCs were copolymers, not physical blends of each polymer. Thermal performances of the PPCs were closely related to their CU content, their glass transition temperatures (T_g) were tunable in the range of 6.7–36.3 °C, which decreased with decreasing CU content, while their thermal stabilities were enhanced significantly, an increase of 50.5 °C in 50% weight loss temperature was observed when CU content decreased from 97.1 to 57.8%. Both shear storage modulus and complex viscosity increased with increasing CU content, which became more obvious at lower frequency, featuring well with the CU content in the PPCs. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2012     

Double metal cyanide catalyst prepared using H3Co(CN)6 for high carbonate fraction and molecular weight control in carbon dioxide/propylene oxide copolymerization

Simple mixing of H₃Co(CN)₆ and ZnCl₂ in methanol resulted in precipitates of [ZnCl]⁺₂[HCo(CN)₆]^2?, constituting a new type of double metal cyanide (DMC) catalyst exhibiting a high performance in carbon dioxide (CO₂)/propylene oxide (PO) copolymerization. High‐molecular‐weight poly(propylene carbonate‐co‐propylene oxide)s [poly(PC‐co‐PO)s] (M_n～40,000) were consistently obtained with high carbonate fractions (～60 mol %) and a high selectivity (>95%) with the new type of DMC catalyst. Conventional preparation of the DMC catalyst using K₃Co(CN)₆ and ZnCl₂ required removing KCl through thorough washing and resulted in lower carbonate fractions (10–40 mol %), which depended on the washing conditions. Feeding hydrophobic diols such as 1,10‐decanediol as chain transfer agent preserved the high carbonate fraction (～60%) and enabled precise control of the molecular weight, including preparation of a low‐molecular‐weight poly(PC‐co‐PO)‐diol (M_n ～2000), which was a flowing viscous liquid with a low T_g (?30 °C) suitable for polyurethane applications. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2013 , 51, 4811–4818     

Fixation of carbon dioxide into aliphatic polycarbonate,cobalt porphyrin catalyzed regio‐specific poly(propylene carbonate) with high molecular weight

Cobalt porphyrin complex (TPPCo^IIIX) (TPP = 5, 10, 15, 20‐Tetraphenyl‐ porphyrin; X = halide) in combination with ionic organic ammonium salt was used for the regio‐specific copolymerization of propylene oxide and carbon dioxide. A turnover frequency of 188 h^?1 was achieved after 5 h, and the byproduct propylene carbonate was successfully controlled to below 1%, where the obtained poly(propylene carbonate) (PPC) showed number average molecular weight (M_n) of 48 kg/mol, head‐to‐tail content of 93%, and carbonate linkage of over 99%. When the polymerization time was prolonged to 24 h, PPC with M_n over 115 kg/mol and head‐to‐tail linkage maintaining 90% was prepared, whose glass transition temperature reached 44.5 °C. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 46: 5959–5967, 2008     

New strategies for synthesis of amino-functionalized poly(propylene carbonate) over SalenCo(III)Cl catalyst

New strategies for synthesis of amino-functionalized poly(propylene carbonate) (PPC) were applied by terpolymerization of carbon dioxide, propylene oxide, with (a) N-(2,3-epoxypropyl)-2-phthalimide (Monomer A )/N-(2-oxiranylmethyl)-1 or (b) N-(2-oxiranylmethyl)-1,1-dimethylethyl ester (Monomer B ) over SalenCo^(III)Cl/PPNCl catalysts system, followed by the removal of the respective protecting groups. The SalenCo^(III)Cl presented high activity and yielded the terpolymer with high polycarbonate selectivity, carbonate linkage content, as well as high head-to-tail stereoregularity (>99%). In terpolymerization, the Monomer A contents in PPC-Pht were easily regulated up to 12.0 mol%. However, the protecting groups could not be completely removed because of the degradation of PPC-NH₂- A during the deprotection process. Meanwhile, when terpolymerization with Monomer B , PPC-butoxy carbonyl was obtained varied the Monomer B contents from 1.3 to 4.5 mol%, and could be transformed completely into the amino-functionalized PPC-NH₂- B without significant backbone degradation. The contact angles of the functionalized PPC-NH₂s prepared by two strategies showed the expected increase in hydrophilicity with the increasing content of amino entities.