The structure of symmetric attractors

We consider discrete equivariant dynamical systems and obtain results about the structure of attractors for such systems. We show, for example, that the symmetry of an attractor cannot, in general, be an arbitrary subgroup of the group of symmetries. In addition, there are group-theoretic restrictions on the symmetry of connected components of a symmetric attractor. The symmetry of attractors has implications for a new type of pattern formation mechanism by which patterns appear in the time-average of a chaotic dynamical system.Our methods are topological in nature and exploit connectedness properties of the ambient space. In particular, we prove a general lemma about connected components of the complement of preimage sets and how they are permuted by the mapping.These methods do not themselves depend on equivariance. For example, we use them to prove that the presence of periodic points in the dynamics limits the number of connected components of an attractor, and, for one-dimensional mappings, to prove results on sensitive dependence and the density of periodic points.     

关于力学系统的对称性与不变量

本文综述了近10年来关于力学系统的对称性和不变量的研究所提出的新概念、新理论,主要包括经典Noether对称性的微分几何描述、高阶Noether对称性、Lie对称性,拟对称性和伴随对称性以及与之相应的不变量,关于非保守系统的高阶Noether对称性和Lie对称性的结果属首次公布。      

Group Elastic Symmetries Common to Continuum and Discrete Defective Crystals

The Lie group structure of crystals which have uniform continuous distributions of dislocations allows one to construct associated discrete structures—these are discrete subgroups of the corresponding Lie group, just as the perfect lattices of crystallography are discrete subgroups of $\mathbb{R}^{3}$ , with addition as group operation. We consider whether or not the symmetries of these discrete subgroups extend to symmetries of (particular) ambient Lie groups. It turns out that those symmetries which correspond to automorphisms of the discrete structures do extend to (continuous) symmetries of the ambient Lie group (just as the symmetries of a perfect lattice may be embedded in ‘homogeneous elastic’ deformations). Other types of symmetry must be regarded as ‘inelastic’. We show, following Kamber and Tondeur, that the corresponding continuous automorphisms preserve the Cartan torsion, and we characterize the discrete automorphisms by a commutativity condition, (6.14), that relates (via the matrix exponential) to the dislocation density tensor. This shows that periodicity properties of corresponding energy densities are determined by the dislocation density.     

Symmetries of Itô and Stratonovich Dynamical Systems and Their Conserved Quantities

A new definition for the symmetries of Itô and Stratonovich dynamicalsystem is given. Determining systems of symmetries for Itô andStratonovich systems have been obtained, and their relation has beendiscussed. It has been shown that some of the Lie point symmetries ofthe Fokker–Planck equation can be constructed using the symmetries ofItô dynamical systems. Conserved quantities can be found from thesymmetries of stochastic dynamical systems which do not arise from aHamiltonian. The results have been applied to an example.     

Perturbation to symmetry and adiabatic invariants of discrete nonholonomic nonconservative mechanical system

Perturbation to Noether symmetries and adiabatic invariants of discrete nonholonomic nonconservative mechanical systems on an uniform lattice are investigated. Firstly, we review Noether symmetry and conservation laws of a nonholonomic nonconservative system. Secondly, we study continuous Noether symmetry of a discrete nonholonomic system, give the Noether symmetry criterion and theorem of discrete corresponding holonomic system and nonholonomic system. Thirdly, we study perturbation to Noether symmetry of the discrete nonholonomic nonconservative system, give the criterion of perturbation to Noether symmetry for this system, and based on the definition of adiabatic invariants, we construct the theorem under which can lead to Noether adiabatic invariants for this system, and the forms of discrete Noether adiabatic invariants are given. Finally, we give an example to illustrate our results.     

On symmetries, conservation laws and invariant solutions of the foam-drainage equation

This study deals with symmetry group properties and conservation laws of the foam-drainage equation. Firstly, we study the classical Lie symmetries, optimal systems, similarity reductions and similarity solutions of the foam-drainage equation which are obtained through the Lie group method of infinitesimal transformations. Secondly, using the new general theorem on non-local conservation laws and partial Lagrangian approach, local and non-local conservation laws are also studied and, finally, non-classical symmetries are derived.     

New directions offered by the dynamical systems approach to bimanual coordination for therapeutic intervention and research in stroke

In the present paper, we review the main concepts of the dynamical systems approach to bimanual coordination and propose applications to therapeutic intervention for functional recovery of coordinated movements in stroke. Further, we describe the behavioral alterations of discrete bimanual coordination resulting from cerebral vascular accident (CVA) lesions and speculate on the possibility of mimicking the mechanisms of CVA lesions via symmetry breaking in dynamic systems.     

Symmetries and Conserved Quantities of Stochastic Dynamical Control Systems

A new definition is given for both exact and quasi symmetries of Itô and Stratonovich dynamical control systems. Determining systems of symmetries for these systems have been obtained and their relation is discussed. It is shown that conserved quantities can be found from both exact and quasi symmetries of stochastic dynamical control systems, which includes Hamiltonian control systems as a special case. Systems which can be controlled via conserved quantities have been investigated. Results have been applied to the control of an N-species stochastic Lotka—Volterra system.     

On the Noether symmetry and Lie symmetry of mechanical systems

The Noether symmetry is an invariance of Hamilton action under infinitesimal transformations of time and the coordinates. The Lie symmetry is an invariance of the differential equations of motion under the transformations. In this paper, the relation between these two symmetries is proved definitely and firstly for mechanical systems. The results indicate that all the Noether symmetries are Lie symmetries for Lagrangian systems meanwhile a Noether symmetry is a Lie symmetry for the general holonomic or nonholonomic systems provided that some conditions hold. The project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (19972010)     

Symmetries, Invariance and Scaling-Laws in Inhomogeneous Turbulent Shear Flows

An approach to derive turbulent scaling laws based on symmetry analysis is presented. It unifies a large set of scaling laws for the mean velocity of stationary parallel turbulent shear flows. The approach is derived from the Reynolds averaged Navier–Stokes equations, the fluctuation equations, and the velocity product equations, which are the dyad product of the velocity fluctuations with the equations for the velocity fluctuations. For the plane case the results include the logarithmic law of the wall, an algebraic law, the viscous sublayer, the linear region in the centre of a Couette flow and in the centre of a rotating channel flow, and a new exponential mean velocity profile that is found in the mid-wake region of high Reynolds number flat-plate boundary layers. The algebraic scaling law is confirmed in both the centre and the near wall regions in both experimental and DNS data of turbulent channel flows. For a non-rotating and a moderately rotating pipe about its axis an algebraic law was found for the axial and the azimuthal velocity near the pipe-axis with both laws having equal scaling exponents. In case of a rapidly rotating pipe, a new logarithmic scaling law for the axial velocity is developed. The key elements of the entire analysis are two scaling symmetries and Galilean invariance. Combining the scaling symmetries leads to the variety of different scaling laws. Galilean invariance is crucial for all of them. It has been demonstrated that two-equation models such as the k– model are not consistent with most of the new turbulent scaling laws.     

The integrable Boussinesq equation and it’s breather,lump and soliton solutions

The fourth-order nonlinear Boussinesq water wave equation, which explains the propagation of long waves in shallow water, is explored in this article. We used the Lie symmetry approach to analyze the Lie symmetries and vector fields. Then, by using similarity variables, we obtained the symmetry reductions and soliton wave solutions. In addition, the Kudryashov method and its modification are used to explore the bright and singular solitons while the Hirota bilinear method is effectively used to obtain a form of breather and lump wave solutions. The physical explanation of the extracted solutions was shown with the free choice of different parameters by depicting some 2-D, 3-D, and their corresponding contour plots.

     

非Четаев型非完整系统的Lie对称性与守恒量

研究非Четаев型非完整系统的Ｌｉｅ对称性．首先利用微分方程在无限小变换下的不变性建立Ｌｉｅ对称所满足的确定方程和限制方程，给出结构方程并求出守恒量；其次研究上述问题的逆问题：根据已知积分求相应的Ｌｉｅ对称性；最后举例说明结果的应用．     

Mei symmetries and conserved quantities for non-conservative Hamiltonian difference systems with irregular lattices

Noether conserved quantities and Mei symmetries for non-conservative Hamiltonian difference systems with irregular lattices are studied. The generalized Hamiltonian equations of the systems are given on the basis of the transformation operators in the space of discrete Hamiltonians. The Lie point transformations acting on the lattice, as well as the difference equations, and the determining equations of Mei symmetries are obtained for the systems. The discrete versions of Noether conserved quantity are constructed by the Mei symmetries. An example is presented to illustrate the results.     

Higher Conditional Symmetry and Reduction of Initial Value Problems

We give the exposition of a generalized symmetry approach toreduction of initial value problems for nonlinear evolutionequations in one spatial variable. Using this approach we classifythe initial value problems for third-order evolution equationsthat admit reduction to Cauchy problems for systems of twoordinary differential equations. These reductions are shown tocorrespond to higher conditional symmetries admitted by thecorresponding nonlinear evolution equations.     

Nonlocal symmetries of evolution equations

We suggest the method for group classification of evolution equations admitting nonlocal symmetries which are associated with a given evolution equation possessing nontrivial Lie symmetry. We apply this method to second-order evolution equations in one spatial variable invariant under Lie algebras of the dimension up to three. As a result, we construct the broad families of new nonlinear evolution equations possessing nonlocal symmetries which in principle cannot be obtained within the classical Lie approach.     

New <Emphasis Type="Italic">higher-order</Emphasis> conservation laws of some classes of wave and Gordon-type equations

A large class of wave equations, with dissipation and source terms (Gordon type equations), are analysed using a symmetry approach and constructing conservation laws. We obtain some, previously unknown, relationships between the conservation laws and symmetries in the former case. In the latter case, we use the multiplier (and homotopy) approach to construct conservation laws from which some surprisingly, interesting higher-order variational symmetries and corresponding conserved quantities are obtained for a large class of Gordon type equations similar to those of the sine-Gordon equation.     

Electroelastic waves in dielectrics modeled as polarizable continua

On the basis of a dielectric microcontinuum model, we investigate the problem of bulk wave propagation in a dielectric crystal with hexagonal material symmetry. The present linear micropolar model allows to express electric polarization via mechanical macro and micro-strain measures so that the coupling between acoustic and polarization modes can be described in terms of intrinsic dipole and quadrupole densities. The governing differential systems for different coupled modes are equivalent to some previous results of the classical phenomenological approach to ferroelectrics but also hold for piezoelectric solids with null intrinsic polarization. Resonance couplings between polaritons and acoustic waves arise from the dispersion equations depending on suitable relations among the micropolar constitutive parameters. Exploiting the dynamical representation of polarization for the admitted modes, we obtain piezoelectric coefficients and electromechanical coupling factors as functions of the wavelength (or frequency). As an application, a numerical example is given for the hexagonal phase of zinc sulfide.