The surface layer on a ferromagnetic. The energy of some periodic domain structures

Explicit solutions are found for a number of special cases of the potential problem of periodic charge distribution. The effect of uneven distribution of the charges of a Bloch wall on the magnetostatic energy is studied, the effective width of the Bloch wall is determined, an analytical expression is found for this distribution of poles and finally the effective height of the surface layer is also determined. An expression is derived for the orientation of the vectors of magnetization in the surface layer with respect to the easy directions of magnetization. The stability of the basic domain structure up to an inclination of 6°of the plane under observation to the direction of easy magnetization and the dimensions of the domains in periodic closure structures follow from the calculations.

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超短脉冲激光诱导周期性表面结构

激光诱导周期性表面结构（Laser-induced periodic surface structures,LIPSS）具有纳米尺度的特征结构和自重复的微观尺度的排列图案,因此,LIPSS在传感器、太阳能发电、光催化等方面具有广泛的应用前景。本文首先介绍LIPSS形成过程中超快激光与物质相互作用的复杂过程,强调瞬态光学性质和表面结构变化的作用。然后综述几种具有代表性的LIPSS形成机理,并且讨论了各自的优缺点。接着介绍了LIPSS形成过程中材料的变化,主要包括材料化学成分、晶体结构和表面微观结构的变化。最后综述了LIPSS在材料表面处理、光学和机械等方面的应用。     

Laser-induced periodic surface structures on different poly-carbonate films

Laser-induced periodic surface structures (LIPSS) were generated on oriented and amorphous thick, as well as on spin-coated thin, poly-carbonate films by polarized ArF excimer laser light. The influence of the film structure and thickness on the LIPSS formation was demonstrated. Below a critical thickness of the spin-coated films the line-shaped structures transformed into droplets. This droplet formation was explained by the laser-induced melting across the whole film thickness and subsequent de-wetting on the substrate. The thickness of the layer melted by laser illumination was computed by a heat-conduction model. Very good agreement with the critical thickness for spin-coated films was found. The original polymer film structure influences the index of refraction of the thin upper layer modified by the laser treatment, as was proven by the dependence of the structure’s period on the angle of incidence both for ‘s’- and ‘p’-polarized beams. The effect of the original surface roughness – grains in thick films or holes in thin films – was studied using atomic force microscopy. It was shown that the oblique incidence of ‘s’-polarized beams results in an intensity confinement in the direction of the forward scattering and in asymmetrical interference pattern formation around these irregularities. A new, two-dimensional grating-like structure was generated on spin-coated films. These gratings might be used as a special kind of mask. Received: 10 July 2001 / Accepted: 23 July 2001 / Published online: 30 August 2001     

Formation of periodic surface structures by ultrashort laser pulses

The formation of periodic surface structures by ultrashort laser pulses was observed experimentally and explained theoretically. The experiments were performed on graphite with picosecond laser pulses. The spatial period of the structures is of the order of the wavelength of the incident radiation, and the orientation of the structures is correlated with the direction of polarization of the light. The key point of the theoretical model proposed is resonance excitation of surface electromagnetic waves, which under conditions such that the temperature of the electronic subsystem is decoupled from the temperature of the crystal lattice causes a “temperature grating” to be written on the flat solid surface of the sample while the laser pulse is being applied on account of the temperature dependence of the surface impedance. The formation of a periodic surface profile from the temperature grating occurs by the volume expansion of a melted layer near the surface of the material. For typical values of the surface tension and viscosity for metals, there is not enough time for the periodic profile to be resorbed before the liquid layer solidifies. The formation of periodic surface structures is delayed in time relative to the laser pulse. Zh. éksp. Teor. Fiz. 115, 675–688 (February 1999)     

Coupled-mode approach to surface plasmon polaritons in nonlinear periodic structures

We present a coupled-mode theory describing light propagation in an array of nonlinear plasmonic waveguides. Our model predicts a two-band dependence of the propagation constant versus transverse quasi-momentum and existence of discrete and gap plasmon solitons.     

Polymer segmental alignment in polarized pulsed laser-induced periodic surface structures

Received: 14 July 1997/Accepted: 15 July 1997     

Laser-induced generation of surface periodic structures in media with nonlinear diffusion

A model of fast formation of high-contrast periodic structure appearing on a semiconductor surface under action of laser radiation is proposed. The process of growing a surface structure due to the interaction surface plasmon- polaritons excited on nonequilibrium electrons with incident laser radiation are considered in the framework of a medium with nonlinear diffusion of nonequilibrium carriers (defects). A resonance effect of superfast pico- and subpicosecond amplification of the plasmon-polariton structure generated on the surface, the realization of which can result in a high-contrast defect lattice.     

Femtosecond laser induced periodic large-scale surface structures on metals

The periodic ripple structures on wolfram and titanium surfaces are induced experimentally by linear polarized femtosecond laser pulses at small incident angles. The structural features show a material difference in the s- and p-polarized laser irradiation. The interspace between the ripples increases significantly for p-polarized laser irradiation when it exceeds a threshold angle, and the ripples' periodicities are larger than the wavelength of the incident p-polarized femtosecond laser; however, no significant change in the period of the ripples is observed with increasing incident angle for s-polarized laser irradiation. To explain these phenomena we propose a resonant absorption mechanism, by which the experimental observations can be interpreted.     

The dynamical behavior of periodic surface profiles on metals under the influence of anisotropic surface energy

The kinetics of shaping of periodic surface profiles under the action of surface selfdiffusion were calculated for the special case of anisotropic surface energy. The orientation-dependent surface energy was allowed to contain a local minimum of very high curvature (cusp). The orientation of this cusp was equal to the macroscopic orientation of the crystal surface. The periodic surface profiles exhibited in all cases extended, nearly flat regions centered at the cusp orientation. This type of faceting which causes the profile to be trapezoidal in shape agrees well with experimentally observed profiles on (111) and (100) Ni single crystal surfaces. A procedure is outlined by which the orientation-dependent surface energy along a certain azimuth and the surface self-diffusion coefficient can be extracted from the decay kinetics of faceted periodic surface profiles. This procedure demands the accurate experimental assessment of profile shapes and amplitudes.     

Femtosecond pulsed laser-induced periodic surface structures on GaN/sapphire

Femtosecond pulsed laser-induced periodic surface structure on GaN/sapphire is reported in this paper. It was found that the period of the laser-induced ripples was much dependent on the incident laser fluence. Through finely adjusting laser fluence and pulse number, uniform ripples could be formed on the sapphire surface. We attributed the formation of such periodic two-dimensional structures to optical interference of the incident laser light with scattered waves from a surface disturbance. Also, it was found that the GaN capping layer played a very important role in forming the periodic structures on the sapphire surface.     

Formation of periodic polymer structures on the surface of optical fibers

The self-organization of solutions of organic and inorganic polymers on the surface of round fibers during the evaporation of a solvent leads to the formation of longitudinal and transverse periodic structures. The structure period ranges from several tens to several hundreds of microns and depends on the type of polymer, the initial solution composition, and the fiber diameter. Nanoporous periodic structures made of inorganic materials can be formed from a suspension of inorganic nanoparticles in a polymer solution upon thermal decomposition of the polymer. These processes are shown to be used to create long-period fiber gratings for fiber sensor systems and fiber optical filters.     

Ultrafast time-resolved imaging of femtosecond laser-induced periodic surface structures on GaAs

We report the formation dynamics of periodic ripples on Ga As induced by femtosecond laser pulses（800 nm, 50 fs） via a collinear time-resolved imaging technique with a temporal resolution of 1 ps and a spatial resolution of 440 nm. The onset of periodic ripples emerges in the initial tens of picoseconds in the timescale of material ejection. The periodic ripples appear after irradiation of at least two pump pulses at surface defects produced by the first pulse and the ripple positions kept stable until the formation processes complete. The formation mechanisms of laser-induced periodic ripples are also discussed.     

Propagation of surface plasmon polaritons through gradient index and periodic structures

We study propagation of surface electromagnetic waves along a metallic surface covered by various layered dielectric structures. We show that strong radiative losses, typical for scattering of a surface wave, can be considerably suppressed when a single dielectric step is substituted by gradient index or periodic layered structure.     

Low-temperature transport and ferromagnetism in GaAs-based structures with Mn

GaAs structures with implanted Mn and, additionally, with Mg for increasing the hole concentration in the implanted Mn layer are synthesized and investigated. SQUID magnetometer measurements revealed the existence of ferromagnetism in the temperature range 4.2 K ≤ T < 400 K, which is associated with the formation of the Ga_1?x Mn _x As solid solution and MnAs and Ga_1?y Mn _y clusters in the sample as a result of rapid high-temperature annealing. At temperatures from 4.2 to approximately 200 K, the anomalous Hall effect associated with additional magnetization of the sample is observed. As the temperature increases from 4.2 K, the colossal negative magnetoresistance is transformed into a positive magnetoresistance at T ≈ 35 K.     

Flow acoustics in periodic structures

A recent paper [A.A. Krokhin, J. Arriaga, L.N. Gumen, Speed of sound in periodic elastic composites, Phys. Rev. Lett. 91 (2004) 264302-1-4] addresses the speed of sound in periodic elastic composites (phononic crystals) with particular emphasis to the case where air bubbles are present in water and arranged periodically. In such periodically arranged mixtures, the well-known phenomena of the drop of the speed of sound may occur and applications related to, e.g., sound-beam focusing and acoustic surgery are possible [F. Cervera, L. Sanchez, J.V. Sanchez-Perez, R. Martinez-Sala, C. Rubio, F. Meseguer, C. Lopez, D. Caballero, J. Sanchez-Dehesa, Phys. Rev. Lett. 88 (2002) 023902]. In this paper, the analysis is extended theoretically to include cases where a background flow in a periodic structure is maintained. Calculations of dispersion relations and group velocities are presented in cases with one- and two-dimensional material periodicity for background flow values in the range: 0-1m/s. Materials considered in the calculations are periodic water-air mixtures. It is shown that acoustic waves couple to the group velocities only if the (acoustic) wave vector has a component along the background flow velocity direction.     

Wave attenuation in periodic structures

A periodic structure acts as a filter for traveling waves of any kind whether they be electromagnetic, acoustic, bending or anything else. This principle has been used to reduce the vibration level in one part of a structure when it is excited at another. For example, certain frequencies from engine excitation can be attenuated in the cabin of an aircraft. In this paper we report analytical methods for predicting the attenuation of bending waves in a dissipationless beam with flexible ribs attached to it. The insertion loss (attenuation) spectra for a wide frequency range are then compared with measured results for test structures with 1 to 15 ribs attached. Some preliminary work was also done on the effect of rib spacing. The width of the attenuation band increased with increasing number of ribs with seven ribs giving almost as wide a band as it had for the infinitely long periodic beam. Since the structure has no dissipation, the attenuation is due solely to interference effects of multiple reflections.     

飞秒激光诱导钛表面形成高空间频率周期条纹结构

利用波长为800 nm的飞秒激光,在空气和去离子水中诱导钛表面形成不同的周期条纹结构。在空气中,激光能量密度为0.265 J/cm2时,钛表面主要形成周期为500~560 nm低空间频率条纹结构;激光能量密度为0.102 J/cm2时,主要形成的是周期为220~340 nm高空间频率条纹结构。两种条纹均垂直于入射激光偏振方向,且条纹周期随着脉冲重叠数的增大而增大。在水中,除形成垂直激光偏振方向、周期为215~250 nm的高空间频率条纹结构,还形成了平行于激光偏振方向且周期约为入射激光波长八分之一的高空间频率条纹结构。利用表面等离子体理论、二次谐波及Sipe理论对各种周期条纹结构的形成机理进行分析,发现周期条纹结构的形成与钛表面氧化层有密切的关系。     

Metal surface coloration by oxide periodic structures formed with nanosecond laser pulses

In this work, we studied a method of laser-induced coloration of metals, where small-scale spatially periodic structures play a key role in the process of color formation. The formation of such structures on a surface of AISI 304 stainless steel was demonstrated for the 1.06 µm fiber laser with nanosecond duration of pulses and random (elliptical) polarization. The color of the surface depends on the period, height and orientation of periodic surface structures. Adjustment of the polarization of the laser radiation or change of laser incidence angle can be used to control the orientation of the structures. The formation of markings that change their color under the different viewing angles becomes possible. The potential application of the method is metal product protection against falsification.     

飞秒激光诱导钛表面形成高空间频率周期条纹结构

利用波长为800 nm的飞秒激光,在空气和去离子水中诱导钛表面形成不同的周期条纹结构。在空气中,激光能量密度为0.265 J/cm2时,钛表面主要形成周期为500~560 nm低空间频率条纹结构;激光能量密度为0.102 J/cm2时,主要形成的是周期为220~340 nm高空间频率条纹结构。两种条纹均垂直于入射激光偏振方向,且条纹周期随着脉冲重叠数的增大而增大。在水中,除形成垂直激光偏振方向、周期为215~250 nm的高空间频率条纹结构,还形成了平行于激光偏振方向且周期约为入射激光波长八分之一的高空间频率条纹结构。利用表面等离子体理论、二次谐波及Sipe理论对各种周期条纹结构的形成机理进行分析,发现周期条纹结构的形成与钛表面氧化层有密切的关系。