基于强度与稳定性的端头加固理论模型及敏感性分析

为确保盾构始发与到达的顺利进行,避免施工过程中发生端头土体失稳,引发地表沉陷、塌方等工程事故,基于土体强度与稳定性的基本理论,作者就如何确定端头土体纵向加固范围和建立砂土复合地层端头滑动模型进行了研究。在具体分析了现有端头加固理论模型的优缺点后,提出一种基于强度理论的荷载等效模型和基于稳定性理论的砂性土端头滑动模型。该端头加固理论模型,与已有的计算模型相比,更真实地反映了端头土体的受力状况,因而与工程实际情况更为接近,且具有地层适应性。同时,为了检验新强度理论模型的合理性,分别对新旧模型进行实例比算,并对2种模型的主要影响因素进行了敏感性分析。研究结果表明:当盾构隧道直径较小时,已有模型和新提出模型的计算结果误差较小,计算结果较为接近; 随着盾构隧道直径的不断增大,已有模型的荷载简化会引起较大的计算结果误差,如将其结果应用于工程,可能会引发较严重的工程事故; 对于大直径盾构,特别是盾构隧道直径大于10m时,建议采用本文提出的改进理论模型进行端头加固设计和验算,由此得出的加固范围更加符合工程实际情况,对工程有很强的指导意义。同时基于强度理论提出的荷载等效模型为非对称荷载问题的研究提出了一种新的研究方法和求解思路,对今后类似问题的求解具有较好的借鉴意义。     

CML模型的时空混沌

提出了一类新的耦合映射格点（ＣＭＬ）模型．数值实验表明这类新的ＣＭＬ模型对于强弱耦合系统均能有效研究其时空复杂性，揭示了非线性、耗散、色散相互作用的非常丰富的时空Ｐａｔｅｒｎ行为     

一种新的玻尔兹曼方程可计算模型构造与分析

临近空间飞行器因各部件尺寸差异较大, 在高空高马赫数条件下飞行会出现多流区共存的多尺度复杂非平衡流动现象, 流场中的气体分子速度分布函数与当地位置、流场分子速度、气体密度、流动速度、温度、热流矢量、应力张量等相关. 通过分析玻尔兹曼方程的一阶查普曼?恩斯科近似解, 构造了一种同时考虑热流矢量和应力张量影响、满足玻尔兹曼方程高阶碰撞矩的跨流域统一可计算模型方程, 并在数学上分析了其守恒性、H定理等基本属性, 证明了新模型方程与玻尔兹曼方程的相容性, 给出了新模型与现有模型如沙克霍夫(Shakhov)模型等的递进关系, 基于碰撞动力学确定了各流域统一气体分子碰撞松弛参数表达式. 在气体动理论统一算法中采用新建模型及现有模型模拟了一维激波结构、二维近空间飞行环境平板和多体圆柱干扰流动, 并与直接模拟蒙特卡洛方法对比分析, 结果表明在流场中粘性效应显著的区域新建模型能更好地捕捉激波位置, 尤其是在激波内部新模型模拟的宏观参数分布与直接模拟蒙特卡洛方法结果符合更好, 验证了新模型的有效性和可靠性, 同时说明在非平衡显著的流动区域碰撞松弛模型受多参数共同作用的影响.      

Analysis of scattering models on the basis of the results of trajectory calculations

The results of the molecular-dynamic modeling of hydrogen molecule scattering on a graphite surface are compared with the scattering models of Maxwell, Epstein, and Cercignani-Lampis. The advantages and shortcomings of the above-listed models are analyzed under different conditions. A new scattering kernel is proposed; it represents a combination of the Epstein and Cercignani-Lampis models and is in better agreement with the results of trajectory calculations.     

Some Stratigraphic Control Problems

In this paper, we are interested in lithology diffusion models applied in the field of stratigraphic basin simulations for large-scale depositional transport processes of sediments. Such models describe erosion-sedimentation processes and take into account limited weathering via nonstandard unilateral problems. Various theoretical results, illustrations, and numerical solutions are presented for the monolithologic column case. A new conservation law involved in modeling is formulated, and mathematical tools for solving the problem are described.     

应力波衰减基础上的岩石爆破损伤模型

在TCK损伤模型基础上 ,考虑岩石冲击损伤过程的声波测试衰减规律 ,构造新的岩石爆破损伤模型。将该模型装进LS DYNA3D动态有限元程序 ,通过岩石冲击损伤实验验证该程序的计算结果 ,并用新模型实现了岩石台阶爆破数值计算。     

Rigid impacts of three-dimensional rocking structures

Studies of rocking motion aim to explain the remarkable earthquake resistance of rocking structures. State-of-the-art assessment methods are mostly based on planar models, despite ongoing efforts to understand the significance of three-dimensionality. Impacts are essential components of rocking motion. We present experimental measurements of free-rocking blocks on a rigid surface, focusing on extreme sensitivity of impacts to geometric imperfections, unpredictability, and the emergence of three-dimensional motion via spontaneous symmetry breaking. These results inspire the development of new impact models of three-dimensional facet and edge impacts of polyhedral objects. Our model is a natural generalization of existing planar models based on the seminal work of George W. Housner. Model parameters are estimated empirically for rectangular blocks. Finally, new perspectives in earthquake assessment of rocking structures are discussed.

     

引入惯性力影响的海底埋设管线的抗震设计方法

在现有海底管线抗震规范的基础上，根据海底铺设环境的实际情况，在考虑管线惯性力影响的情况下，提出了管土动力响应的新的力学模型，侧重分析引入惯性力与土壤滑移的影响，结合实际工程参数，对考虑惯性力后的动力学方程进行了仿真计算，比较了引入和不引入惯性力两种抗震设计方法的结果，这对海底管线的抗震设计有一定的参考和实际应用价值。     

On the evolution of intrinsic curvature in rod-based models of growth in long slender plant stems

In many applications of rod theories as models for plant stem growth and development, it is necessary to allow the intrinsic curvature and flexural stiffness of the rod to evolve. In the present paper, the application of evolution equations for these quantities is examined and a new evolution equation for the intrinsic curvature is proposed. To illustrate the new evolution equation, several examples of the evolution of rods in the presence of external forces and tip growth are presented. Growth in plants frequently results in residual stresses and the compatibility of rod models with these fields is also discussed.     

Specified discharge velocity models for numerical simulations of laminar vortex rings

We numerically and theoretically investigate the flow generated at the exit section of a piston/cylinder arrangement that is generally used in experiments to produce vortex rings. Accurate models for the velocity profile in this section (also called specified discharge velocity, SDV models) are necessary in (i) numerical simulations of laminar vortex rings that do not compute the flow inside the cylinder and (ii) in slug-models that provide a formula for the total circulation of the flow. Based on the theoretical and numerical analysis of the flow evolution in the entrance region of a pipe, we derive two new and easy to implement SDV models. A first model takes into account the unsteady evolution of the centerline velocity, while the second model also includes the time variation of the characteristics of the boundary layer at the exit plane of the vortex generator. The models are tested in axisymmetric direct numerical simulations of vortex rings. As distinguished from classical SDV model, the new models allow to accurately reproduce the characteristics of the flow. In particular, the time evolution of the total circulation is in good agreement with experimental results and previous numerical simulations including the vortex generator. The second model also provides a more realistic time evolution of the vortex ring circulation. Using the classical slug-model and the new correction for the centerline velocity, we finally derive a new and accurate analytical expression for the total circulation of the flow.     

Novel viscoelastic models for elastomers under finite strains

The general classification is suggested for models of viscoelastic media with finite strains, this classification is based on energetic couples of stress and strain tensors and also on new quasi-energetic couples of tensors introduced in this paper. Places of existing elastic and viscoelastic models for media with large deformations are indicated in this classification, and new models of viscoelasticity are suggested. Comparison of different models is conducted for the example of polyurethanic elastomers, advantages and shortcomings of different models are shown.     

考虑地基-结构-散粒体相互作用时贮仓结构的静、动力研究[Ⅱ]--有限元分析

对贮仓结构的静、动力问题进行了系统的分析计算：考虑到地基—结构—散粒体间的相互作用，引入新的计算模式，对不同地基上的贮仓结构模型进行了系统的有限元静、动力分析计算，并与作者所完成的试验结果进行了比较。结果表明，所提出的计算模式及有限元计算模型是正确的。     

Stress-softening Effects in the Transverse Vibration of a Non-Gaussian Rubber String

The Mullins effect in the small amplitude transverse vibration of a rubber cord is investigated. The fundamental frequency is determined for a specific class of stress-softening materials. Analytical relations for the cord vibration frequency are illustrated graphically for three phenomenological models. These results demonstrate the role of the material parameters and exhibit response characteristic of those reported in experiments by others and subsequently described here in new experiments. Frequency versus stretch results for two kinds of non-Gaussian molecular network models for rubber elasticity are compared with experimental data for four varieties of rubber cords, for each of which only three experimentally determined material constants are needed. It is shown that the theoretical predictions stand in excellent agreement with test data.     

Modification of critical state models by Mohr–Coulomb criterion

In order to combine the Mohr–Coulomb criterion and the critical state models for soils, a transformed stress tensor based on the Mohr–Coulomb criterion is proposed. The new stress tensor is determined by a transformation that makes the Mohr–Coulomb criterion become a cone having an axis as the space diagonal in transformed principal stress space, and is applied to the Cam-clay and Sekiguchi–Ohta models, which are two typical isotropic and anisotropic hardening critical state models for soils, for improving modelling capability of describing soil behaviour in general stresses. The revised models give more accurately predicted results than the original ones.     

置换通风的数值模拟

首先介绍了用于数值模拟置换通风室内空气分布的N点风口模型、新零方程湍流模型，以简化和加快实际工程中对置换通风的模拟计算。然后利用这些模型对某办公室置换通风的室内温度场和速度场进行了模拟，并和实验数据进行对比。结果表明，计算所得速度和温度分布与实测值吻合得很好，所用的风口模型和湍流模型能将置换通风的温度分层特性和速度场合理地模拟出来，可用于指导和优化置换通风气流组织设计。     

Flow reactor models for gas-liquid reactions based on the penetration theory

Flow reactor models for gas-liquid reaction systems are proposed in this paper based on the penetration theory in the isothermal case. The mass transfer mechanism accompanied by a chemical irreversible first-order reaction is mathematically treated in a new way in order to use its results to develop reactor design models conveniently. Analytical solutions can be obtained for the desgin equation system involving linear differential equations by using of either the eigenvalues or the Laplace-transformation and the superposition of the system. In addition, an iteration procedure is given to solve the nonlinear differential equation system numerically. Comparisons of the results from the analytical and numerical solutions are also made graphically.     

On shakedown analysis in hardening plasticity

The extension of classical shakedown theorems for hardening plasticity is interesting from both theoretical and practical aspects of the theory of plasticity. This problem has been much discussed in the literature. In particular, the model of generalized standard materials gives a convenient framework to derive appropriate results for common models of plasticity with strain-hardening. This paper gives a comprehensive presentation of the subject, in particular, on general results which can be obtained in this framework. The extension of the static shakedown theorem to hardening plasticity is presented at first. It leads by min-max duality to the definition of dual static and kinematic safety coefficients in hardening plasticity. Dual static and kinematic approaches are discussed for common models of isotropic hardening of limited or unlimited kinematic hardening. The kinematic approach also suggests for these models the introduction of a relaxed kinematic coefficient following a method due to Koiter. Some models for soils such as the Cam-clay model are discussed in the same spirit for applications in geomechanics. In particular, new appropriate results concerning the variational expressions of the dual kinematic coefficients are obtained.     

Hydrodynamic force and torque models for a particle moving near a wall at finite particle Reynolds numbers

This research work is aimed at proposing models for the hydrodynamic force and torque experienced by a spherical particle moving near a solid wall in a viscous fluid at finite particle Reynolds numbers. Conventional lubrication theory was developed based on the theory of Stokes flow around the particle at vanishing particle Reynolds number. In order to account for the effects of finite particle Reynolds number on the models for hydrodynamic force and torque near a wall, we use four types of simple motions at different particle Reynolds numbers. Using the lattice Boltzmann method and considering the moving boundary conditions, we fully resolve the flow field near the particle and obtain the models for hydrodynamic force and torque as functions of particle Reynolds number and the dimensionless gap between the particle and the wall. The resolution is up to 50 grids per particle diameter. After comparing numerical results of the coefficients with conventional results based on Stokes flow, we propose new models for hydrodynamic force and torque at different particle Reynolds numbers. It is shown that the particle Reynolds number has a significant impact on the models for hydrodynamic force and torque. Furthermore, the models are validated against general motions of a particle and available modeling results from literature. The proposed models could be used as sub-grid scale models where the flows between particle and wall can not be fully resolved, or be used in Lagrangian simulations of particle-laden flows when particles are close to a wall instead of the currently used models for an isolated particle.     

An exact multiphase Riemann solver for compressible cavitating flows

This paper presents a new one-fluid method for simulating formation and the collapse of cavitation regions in water during an isothermal process. In this method, the fluid phase changes are included into the wave pattern of an exact Riemann solver. The model behavior is assessed by comparing the numerical results with the other numerical models for several 1D Riemann problems. One-dimensional water hammer problems with vast creation and collapsing of cavitation zones are simulated as well—and the numerical results are compared to experimental results. The new model results are in very good agreement with accepted results reported in the literature. The presented results clearly show that the new model is able to capture the various behaviors of water during the phase change in the saturation dome and the vapor state, which was neglected in previous studies. Finally, the new model is adopted to an ALE method on an adaptive triangular grid to simulate an underwater explosion phenomenon inside a rigid cylinder—and the results are compared with other simulations.     

A New Shear-Compression-Specimen for Determining Quasistatic and Dynamic Polymer Properties

A new design of the shear compression specimen (SCS) for investigating the viscoelastic shear response of polymers is presented. The specimen consists of a polymer gage section with two metal ends that remain essentially rigid during deformation. Two closed-form analytic models are developed to predict the average stress and strain in the gage section from the deformation-load histories. This new SCS design and its analytic models are thoroughly evaluated via laboratory measurements and numerical simulations. These simulations show that the deformations in the gage section are more uniform than in the original design, and the distribution of the average shear stress and strain are highly homogenous. The simulation results yield good agreement with those of closed-form analytic results and the experiments demonstrate that the new SCS geometry and its analytic models are as reliable as other commonly employed specimens. It can also generate higher strain rates under usual loading conditions because of its smaller specimen gage length. The need for care in specimen preparation is also discussed in detail as illuminated by the experimental and simulation results.