Effects of heat treatment and poly(vinylpyrrolidone) (PVP) polymer on electrocatalytic activity of polyhedral Pt nanoparticles towards their methanol oxidation

In this paper, the polyhedral Pt nanoparticles under control were prepared by polyol method using AgNO₃ and poly(vinylpyrrolidone) (PVP) in the reduction of H₂PtCl₆ with ethylene glycol (EG). Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and high resolution (HR) TEM measurements were used to investigate their characterization. In the case of the previous removal of PVP by washing and heating at 300°C, the specific morphologies of polyhedral Pt nanoparticles were still observed. However, the removal of PVP only by heat treatment at 300°C without washing causes the significant variation of their morphology. The large Pt particles were observed in the self-aggregation and assembly of the as-prepared polyhedral Pt nanoparticles. The pure Pt nanoparticles by washing and heat treatment showed the electrocatalytic property better than PVP-Pt nanoparticles by heat treatment due to the incomplete removal of PVP and by-products from AgNO₃. Therefore, the removal modes of PVP without changing their characterization are required to obtain the good catalytic performance.     

一步法制备还原态氧化石墨烯载铂纳米粒子及其对甲醇氧化的电催化性能

以天然石墨为原料,采用改进的Hummers法制备氧化石墨.然后采用简单的一步化学还原法在乙二醇(EG)中同时还原氧化石墨烯(GO)和H₂PtCl₆制备高分散的铂/还原态氧化石墨烯(Pt/RGO)催化剂.采用傅里叶变换红外(FTIR)光谱、X射线衍射(XRD)和透射电子显微镜(TEM)对催化剂的微结构、组成和形貌进行表征.结果表明, GO已被还原成RGO, Pt纳米粒子均匀分散在RGO表面,粒径约为2.3 nm.采用循环伏安法和计时电流法评价催化剂对甲醇氧化的电催化性能,测试结果表明, Pt/RGO催化剂对甲醇氧化的电催化活性和稳定性与Pt/C和Pt/CNT相比有了很大提高.另外其对甲醇电催化氧化的循环伏安图中正扫峰电流密度(I_f)和反扫峰电流密度(I_b)的比值高达1.3,分别是Pt/C和Pt/CNT催化剂的2.2和1.9倍,表明Pt/RGO催化剂具有高的抗甲醇氧化中间体CO_ad的中毒能力.     

High Dispersion and Electrocatalytic Properties of Platinum on Functional Multi‐Walled Carbon Nanotubes

Platinum (Pt) nanoparticles were electrochemically dispersed on 4‐aminobenzene monolayer‐grafted multi‐walled carbon nanotubes (MWNTs) by a potential‐step method. The structure and nature of the resulting Pt‐MWNT composites were characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and X‐ray diffraction (XRD). The electrocatalytic properties of Pt‐MWNT composites for methanol oxidation have been investigated by cyclic voltammetry (CV) and high electrocatalytic activity can be observed. This may be attributed to the small particle size, high dispersion of platinum particles and the particular properties of MWNT supports. The results imply that the Pt‐MWNT composites have good potential applications in direct methanol fuel cell (DMFC). Additionally, the long‐term cycling stability of platinum catalysts was also investigated.     

电化学方法制备高分散Pt/CMK-3及其对甲醇电化学催化性能

采用直接电化学还原法在介孔碳(CMK-3)载体上直接电沉积高分散的铂纳米颗粒,制备CMK-3复合铂纳米颗粒电极(Pt/CMK-3)。 通过透射电子显微镜分析发现,铂纳米颗粒非常均匀的分布在CMK-3上,平均粒径约5 nm。 通过循环伏安测试,分析了催化剂不同负载铂含量时氯铂酸的利用率,在理论铂质量分数为20%时,这种方法制备的Pt/CMK-3所使用的氯铂酸的利用率最高,在1 mol/L CH3OH+0.5 mol/L H2SO4溶液中循环伏安测试电流密度达到382 A/g。 在相同实验条件下,Pt/CMK-3电极对甲醇电催化活性远高于Pt/XC-72(炭黑)电极和用常规电沉积方法制备的Pt/CMK-3电极。     

Characterization of stainless steel electrode modified by a thin film of polyaniline containing pt particles and its electrocatalytic activity for methanol oxidation

The catalytic behavior of stainless steel (SS) electrode modified by a thin film of polyaniline (PANI) containing platinum particles was studied for electrooxidation of methanol and compared with a platinated Pt/PANI electrode in acidic aqueous solution. Cyclic voltammetry (CV), chronoamperometry, CO stripping techniques were used to investigate electrochemical properties and electrocatalytic activity of SS/PANI/Pt and Pt/PANI/Pt electrodes. The morphology and particle size of Pt catalysts were characterized by Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) measurement. The effects of various parameters such as thickness of polymer film, medium temperature and stability of the modified electrodes on methanol oxidation were also investigated. The results indicated that the modified SS electrode exhibited a considerably high electrocatalytic activity on the methanol oxidation as well as the modified Pt electrode.     

A simple one-step preparation of high utilization AuPt nanoparticles supported on MWCNTs for methanol oxidation in alkaline medium

A simple one-step preparation of gold–platinum electrocatalysts supported on multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) with high utilization is reported. A low Pt loading series of bimetallic AuPt/MWCNTs catalysts were prepared by the improved ethylene glycol reduction method, and then they were compared in terms of the electrocatalytic activity for methanol oxidation using cyclic voltammetry (CV) and chronoamperometry in alkaline solutions. The structure of AuPt/MWCNTs was characterized by the transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). The results showed high Pt utilization, uniform AuPt nanoparticles size and good electrocatalytic activity for methanol electro-oxidation. The effect of Au/Pt mass ratio on electrocatalytic activity was also investigated by CV and chronoamperometry. The highest peak current density, lowest onset potential and best anti-poisoning effect for methanol electro-oxidation appeared at the Au/Pt/MWCNTs mass ratio of 2:4:32.     

多孔聚乙酰苯胺纳米纤维载铂催化剂对甲醇的电催化氧化

采用简单的化学氧化聚合法制备了新型多孔结构的聚乙酰苯胺纳米纤维(np-PAANI), 并以此为载体在络合剂的存在下合成了Pt纳米微粒修饰的np-PAANI复合物膜电极C/np-PAANI/Pt. 样品的形貌和结构通过扫描电镜(SEM)、透射电镜(TEM)和X射线衍射(XRD)进行了表征. 在0.5 mol·L-1 CH3OH+0.5 mol·L-1 H2SO4混合溶液中考察了C/np-PAANI/Pt催化剂对甲醇的电催化氧化性能. 结果表明, 以np-PAANI负载的Pt催化剂对甲醇的电催化氧化活性和稳定性都比普通PAANI结构及石墨粉负载的Pt催化剂好很多.     

Tunable‐Sized Polymeric Micelles and Their Assembly for the Preparation of Large Mesoporous Platinum Nanoparticles

Platinum nanoparticles with continuously tunable mesoporous structures were prepared by a simple, one‐step polymeric approach. By virtue of their large pore size, these structures have a high surface area that is accessible to reagents. In the synthetic method, variation of the solvent composition plays an essential role in the systematic control of pore size and particle shape. The mesoporous Pt catalyst exhibited superior electrocatalytic activity for the methanol oxidation reaction compared to commercially available Pt catalysts. This polymeric‐micelle approach provides an additional design concept for the creation of next generation of metallic catalysts.     

Hollow carbon spheres with wide size distribution as anode catalyst support for direct methanol fuel cells

Hollow carbonaceous composites (HCCs) possessing sphere and hemisphere shape, which had wide size distribution between several tens of nanometers and several micrometers, were prepared through a facile hydrothermal method using glucose as carbon source with the assistance of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS). Pyrolysis of these hollow carbonaceous composites at 900 °C under nitrogen flow produced carbonized hollow carbon spheres (HCSs) without changing their structures. Platinum (Pt) was directly deposited on the surface of the HCSs by incipient wet method, using the NaBH₄ as the reductant. TEM, SEM, powder XRD and FT-IR were utilized to characterize all these samples. It was found that Pt nanoparticles were uniformly anchored on the outer and the inner surface of HCSs. The electrocatalytic properties of the Pt/HCS electrode for methanol oxidation have been investigated through cyclic voltammetry and chronoamperometry. The Pt/HCS electrode showed significantly higher electrocatalytic activity and more stability for methanol oxidation compared with Pt supported carbon microspheres (Pt/CMs) and commercial carbon (Pt/XC-72) electrode. The excellent performance for the Pt/HCS might be attributed to the high dispersion of platinum catalysts and the particular hollow structure of HCSs.     

Supercritical,Freezing and Thermal Drying Process of Resorcinol‐Formaldehyde Polymer based Nano‐carbons and their Highly Loaded PtRu Anode Electrocatalyst for DMFC

The capillary condensation is affected by micropore and nanopore of catalyst layer on fuel cell. Due to limitation of sluggish mass transport and electrocatalytic activity, to retain the pore skeleton of carbon and metal nanoparticles are very significant for enhanced utilizations of pore structure in electrochemical reaction. Besides, thickness of electrocatalyst layer is very crucial due to one of the factor affected by cell performance of direct methanol fuel cell. Highly loaded four Pt?Ru anode catalysts supported on resorcinol‐formaldehyde (RF) polymer based on meso‐porous carbons (80 wt.% Pt?Ru/carbon cryogel, 80 wt.% Pt?Ru/carbon xerogel and 80 wt.% Pt?Ru/carbon aerogel) and conventional carbon (80 wt.% Pt?Ru/Vulcan XC‐72) were prepared by colloidal method for direct methanol fuel cell. These catalysts were characterized by X‐Ray diffraction (XRD), High resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR‐TEM) and X‐ray photoemission (XPS). The results of CO stripping voltammetry, cyclic voltammetry (CV) and single cell test performed on DMFC show that Pt?Ru/carbon cryogel and Pt?Ru/carbon aerogel exhibits better performances in comparison to Pt?Ru/carbon xerogel and Pt?Ru/Vulcan XC‐72. It is thus considered that particle size, oxidation state of metal and electrochemical active surface area of these catalysts are important role in electrocatalytic activity in DMFC.     

In situ synthesis of Pt/carbon nanofiber nanocomposites with enhanced electrocatalytic activity toward methanol oxidation

Pt/carbon nanofiber (Pt/CNF) nanocomposites were facilely synthesized by the reduction of hexachloroplatinic acid (H(2)PtCl(6)) using formic acid (HCOOH) in aqueous solution containing electrospun carbon nanofibers at room temperature. The obtained Pt/CNF nanocomposites were characterized by TEM and EDX. The Pt nanoparticles could in situ grow on the surface of CNFs with small particle size, high loading density, and uniform dispersion by adjusting the concentration of H(2)PtCl(6) precursor. The electrocatalytic activities of the Pt/CNF nanocomposites were also studied. These Pt/CNF nanocomposites exhibited higher electrocatalytic activity toward methanol oxidation reaction compared with commercial E-TEK Pt/C catalyst. The results presented may offer a new approach to facilely synthesize direct methanol fuel cells (DMFCs) catalyst with enhanced electrocatalytic activity and low cost.     

纳米三氧化钨修饰碳纳米管载铂催化剂对甲醇氧化的电催化性能

采用表面修饰技术将碳纳米管(CNT)表面羧基化, 通过羧基将钨离子基团修饰到碳纳米管的外表面, 再通过高温焙烧处理将钨离子基团氧化成WO₃, 成功合成了纳米WO₃/CNT复合物, 进一步还原Pt 的前驱体而得到Pt-WO₃/CNT复合催化剂. 采用X射线粉末衍射(XRD)和透射电镜(TEM)对样品的形貌和晶型结构进行了表征, 结果表明, Pt纳米粒子为面心立方晶体结构, 均匀地分布在WO₃修饰的碳纳米管表面. 采用循环伏安(CV)和计时电流法研究了在酸性溶液中Pt-WO₃/CNT催化剂对甲醇的电催化氧化活性, 结果表明WO₃修饰的碳纳米管载铂催化剂比用混酸处理的碳纳米管载铂催化剂对甲醇呈现出更高的电催化氧化活性和更好的稳定性.     

一步法制备纳米铂/石墨烯及电催化甲醇的交流阻抗和扩散系数测定

采用绿色还原剂抗坏血酸,一步法制备纳米铂/石墨烯。对其进行X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、透射电子显微镜(TEM)形貌结构表征,铂纳米粒子均匀分散于纳米石墨烯片层褶皱间,有效减少了团聚现象。运用循环伏安法(CV)和计时电流法(CA)研究纳米铂/石墨烯对甲醇电催化氧化活性和稳定性,通过交流阻抗(EIS)定量测定,发现铂/石墨烯比铂具有更优异的电荷传输性能,电荷转移阻抗下降了34.8%。计时电量法(CC)测定得到甲醇在铂/石墨烯电极的表面扩散系数为1.42×10~(-9) cm~2·s~(-1)。与铂纳米粒子相比,纳米铂/石墨烯对甲醇电催化氧化具有更高的活性和稳定性,显著提高电极催化活性表面积和电荷传输及转移性能。     

促进型PtMoSi/C催化剂的制备、表征及电催化活性

采用甲醛还原、H2还原、肼还原三种方法制备了添加硅钼酸的PtMoSi/C阳极催化剂, 并用XRD、XPS和TEM技术对催化剂进行了表征. XRD表明Pt粒子呈立方面心晶态结构, TEM显示PtMoSi/C催化剂粒径小(3−4 nm), 分布窄, 分散性好. XPS分析可知Pt主要以0价, Mo主要以6价, Si主要以4价形态存在于催化剂中. 同时通过循环伏安法和线性扫描法考察了制备方法和添加硅钼酸对催化剂电化学活性的影响. 结果表明, 甲醛还原法制备的PtMoSi/C催化剂(Pt、Mo的原子比为3:1)对甲醇氧化的电化学性能和抗中毒性能优于自制的PtRu/C和E-TEK PtRu/C催化剂, 可能是因为添加硅钼酸可以使活性组分的分散度提高, 从而提高了催化剂的活性和抗毒性能.     

聚乙酰苯胺修饰碳纳米管载铂催化剂对甲醇电催化氧化

以原位化学聚合的聚乙酰苯胺/多壁碳纳米管(PAANI-MWCNTs)复合纳米材料作为载体,采用硼氢化钠还原法将Pt纳米粒子担载到PAANI-MWCNTs复合纳米材料表面,制备了Pt/PAANI-MWCNTs复合纳米催化剂.样品的结构和形貌用紫外-可见(UV-Vis)光谱、拉曼光谱、扫描电镜(SEM)、透射电镜(TEM)和X射线衍射(XRD)进行了表征.结果表明,聚乙酰苯胺与碳纳米管之间存在较强的π-π相互作用,使其能牢固地吸附于多壁碳纳米管表面,对碳纳米管的结构完整性和导电性有一定的改善作用.同时,金属Pt纳米颗粒较为均匀地分散在PAANI-MWCNTs表面,粒径分布范围较窄.采用循环伏安法和计时电流法在酸性溶液中研究了Pt/PAANI-MWCNTs催化剂对甲醇的电催化氧化活性,结果表明Pt/PAANI-MWCNTs复合纳米催化剂比用混酸处理的碳纳米管载铂催化剂对甲醇呈现出更高的电催化氧化活性和更好的抗中毒能力及稳定性.     

Nanostructure PtRu/MWNTs as anode catalysts prepared in a vacuum for direct methanol oxidation

Platinum and ruthenium nanoparticles that are uniformly dispersed on multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWNTs) were synthesized by vacuum pyrolysis using Pt(acac)2 and Ru(acac)3 as the metal precursors. The resulting nanocomposites were characterized by transmission electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction. The Pt, Pt45Ru55, and Ru nanoparticles had mean diameters of 3.0 +/- 0.6, 2.7 +/- 0.6, and 2.5 +/- 0.4 nm and the same mole number as their metal precursors at 500 degrees C. The electrocatalytic activity of the Pt/MWNTs and PtRu/MWNTs was investigated at room temperature by cyclic voltammetry and chronoamperometry. All of the electrochemical results showed that the PtRu/MWNTs exhibited a high level of catalytic activity for methanol oxidation as a result of the large surface area of the supporting carbon nanotubes and the wide dispersion of the Pt and Ru nanoparticles. Compared with the Pt/MWNTs, the onset potential for methanol oxidation of the PtRu/MWNTs was significantly lower, and the ratio of the forward anodic peak current to the reverse anodic peak current during methanol oxidation was somewhat higher. The Pt45Ru55/MWNTs displayed the best electrocatalytic activity of all of the carbon-nanotube-supported Pt and PtRu catalysts.     

硼掺杂碳化硅负载Pt催化剂的甲醇电催化氧化性能

以硼掺杂碳化硅(B0.1SiC)为载体,采用循环伏安法在B0.1SiC载体上电沉积Pt纳米粒子制备了Pt/B0.1SiC催化剂。利用X射线光电子能谱、X射线衍射、氮气吸附-脱附、扫描电镜及透射电镜等测试方法对催化剂的晶型、表面性质及形貌进行了表征。结果表明,硼原子掺杂进入SiC晶格并取代了Si位点,使B0.1SiC载体的导电性增强;Pt纳米粒子均匀地分布在B0.1SiC载体上,平均粒径为2.7 nm。与相同条件下制备的Pt/SiC催化剂相比,Pt/B0.1SiC具有较大的电化学活性表面积、更高的甲醇催化氧化活性和稳定性。     

Pt/CNT纳米催化剂的微波快速合成及其对甲醇电化学氧化的电催化性能

碳纳米管 (CNT)作为制备新型催化剂载体已有广泛的研究 [1～ 8] ,例如 ,在其表面负载 Pt,Ru和Pt Ru后则具有良好的催化性能[1,2 ,6～ 8] .但在 CNT表面负载金属微粒的方法难以获得尺寸和形状均匀的纳米粒子 .因此 ,如何制备超细和均匀的纳米粒子是一项具有重要的学术意义和技术价值的工作 .我们利用微波加热的多元醇工艺合成了 XC-72碳负载铂纳米粒子的催化剂 ,并发现它对甲醇的氧化具有较高的电催化活性 [9] .本文进一步以 CNT作为载体 ,利用微波加热法快速合成了 Pt/ CNT纳米催化剂 ,并对其对甲醇电化学氧化的性能进行了初步研究 …     

氮掺杂还原氧化石墨烯负载铂催化剂的制备及甲醇电氧化性能

采用高温热解聚苯胺修饰的氧化石墨烯（PANI-GO）,得到了氮掺杂的还原氧化石墨烯碳材料（N-RGO）,以其负载Pt 制备了Pt/N-RGO纳米结构电催化剂. 采用透射电镜（TEM）、X射线光电子能谱（XPS）、X 射线衍射（XRD）谱及拉曼光谱等技术对N-RGO和Pt/N-RGO的形貌及结构进行了表征,用循环伏安、计时电流等电化学技术研究了Pt/N-RGO电极催化剂对CO溶出反应和甲醇电氧化反应的催化性能. 结果表明：高温热解PANIGO可同时实现GO的还原及其氮掺杂的过程,氮掺杂引起还原氧化石墨烯碳材料表面缺陷结构和导电性的增加;与相应的未掺杂氮样品Pt/RGO相比较,Pt/N-RGO样品上Pt 颗粒的分散更均匀,显示出更强的抗CO毒化能力和更高的甲醇电氧化催化活性及稳定性.     

High-loading Pt nanoparticles on mesoporous carbon with large mesopores for highly active methanol electro-oxidation

High metal-loading Pt/C electrocatalysts are important for the fabrication of thin-layered membrane electrode assemblies (MEAs). However, the preparation of high-loading Pt catalysts with a narrow size distribution of nanoparticles remains a challenge. Herein, ordered mesoporous carbon (OMC) with large mesopores (~15 nm) and a high surface area (1316.0 m² g^?1) was fabricated using a SiO₂ nanosphere array as a template. This material was developed to support a high loading of Pt nanoparticles (60 wt%) and was then used as an electrocatalyst for the methanol oxidation reaction (MOR). The prepared Pt/OMC contains Pt nanoparticles with an average size of ~1.9 nm that are uniformly dispersed on the mesoporous walls of the OMC. The Pt/OMC catalyst exhibits smaller Pt nanoparticle size, greater Pt dispersion, larger specific electrochemically active surface area (ECSA), and higher electrocatalytic activity for the MOR than the carbon black (Vulcan XC-72R)-supported Pt and the commercial Pt/C catalysts.