Geometry and models in chemistry

Madame Curie was awarded her second Nobel Prize in 1911 and on this occasion it was in chemistry. Honoring the centennial of this event, the world celebrates chemistry in 2011. Chemistry serves the world every minute every year and the world reciprocates with paying attention to this often cursed but uniquely useful science during this particular year.     

无机化学实验室危险废物减量化

高校化学实验室每年要产生大量危险废物,对学校及周边环境造成了严重危害.该文就消除和/或减少废物的产生以及废旧材料的再利用、回收或循环等方面介绍高校无机化学实验室危险废物减量化的成果与进展.     

摩尔新定义和准确测定的阿伏伽德罗常数

针对2019年国际SI单位新标准的实施,依据文献对阿伏伽德罗常数和摩尔物质量原理进行了简短的历史回顾。着重于摩尔新定义的概念和准确测定阿伏伽德罗常数的描述,突出了原子量精密测量技术、纳米量级精密测量技术以及材料制备和表征技术的发展。相对而言,摩尔新定义更能体现科学方法和科学思维同化学知识的关系,将会对无机化学、分析化学、物理化学等课程教学引起巨大的冲击波,并且会波及到每个化学专业本科生。本文内容可为提高本科生的科研思维和科研素质提供借鉴。     

The Ontological Autonomy Of The Chemical World

In the problem of the relationship between chemistry and physics, many authors take for granted the ontological reduction of the chemical world to the world of physics. The autonomy of chemistry is usually defended on the basis of the failure of epistemological reduction: not all chemical concepts and laws can be derived from the theoretical framework of physics. The main aim of this paper is to argue that this line of argumentation is not strong enough for eliminate the idea of a hierarchical dependence of chemistry with respect to physics. The rejection of the secondary position of chemistry and the defense of the legitimacy of the philosophy of chemistry require a radically different philosophical perspective that denies not only epistemological reduction but also ontological reduction. Only on the basis of a philosophically grounded ontological pluralism it is possible to accept the ontological autonomy of the chemical world and, with this, to reverse the traditional idea of the ‘superiority’ of physics in the context of natural sciences.     

从生活世界到科学世界——新课程理念下化学教学范式的重要转型

把化学带到生活中去,加强与社会生活的联系,使化学教学贴近学生的社会生活实际,让学生以社会生活为背景学习化学知识,并使其了解化学在现代社会生活中的价值,是20世纪90年代以来世界中学化学课程改革的重要趋势,也是当前我国基础教育课程改革中化学教学范式的重要转型。落实从生活世界向科学世界的化学教学范式的转变,完整地体现化学课程的价值,是当前我国中学化学课程改革所面临的一项重要任务。     

The bioinorganic chemistry and associated immunology of chronic beryllium disease

Chronic beryllium disease (CBD) is a debilitating, incurable, and often fatal disease that is caused by the inhalation of beryllium particulates. The growing use of beryllium in the modern world, in products ranging from computers to dental prosthetics (390 tons of beryllium in the US in the year 2000) necessitates a molecular based understanding of the disease in order to prevent and cure CBD. We have investigated the molecular basis of CBD at Los Alamos National Laboratory during the past six years, employing a multidisciplinary approach of bioinorganic chemistry and immunology. The results of this work, including speciation, inhalation and dissolution, and immunology will be discussed.     

生物物理化学研究进展

生物物理化学是物理化学的一个相对新的分支,其进步迅猛,对推动生命科学的发展起到了重要作用。我国的生物物理化学家取得了一些具有世界影响的原创性研究成果,但是总体来说,我国生物物理化学学科的发展依然任重而道远。共引用参考文献39篇。     

Emergences of supramolecular chemistry: from supramolecular chemistry to supramolecular science

We describe the field of supramolecular chemistry as a consequence of the progress of chemistry from its premises to recent achievements. Supramolecular chemistry has been claimed to be an emergent field of research taking its roots in chemistry. According to the definitions of emergences related to hierarchy or more recently to scope, supramolecular chemistry is shown to have bottom-up or top-down emergences. The bottom-up emergence, directly related to hierarchy by definition, opens up the world of nanochemistry and nanomaterials while the top-down one, attributable to scope due to the implication of supramolecular chemistry in other fields of research, open the world of supramolecular biochemistry. Both emergences lead supramolecular chemistry to become a supramolecular science. Combining supramolecular chemistry with biology opens new direction in the study of life and it origin.     

百年化学的一些回顾、反思和展望——2011国际化学年感言

为了纪念2011年国际化学年,在本文中,我们对百年来化学所取得的巨大成就和某些不足分别进行了一些回顾和反思,也展望了未来化学发展的美好前景,并强调地指出化学对人类的可持续发展必将做出更大的贡献.     

Pentafluorobenzaldehyde and its utilizing in organic synthesis

Over the past 50 years, pentafluorobenzaldehyde has received much attention due to its unique chemical and physical properties as well as its real or potential applications in chemistry of porphyrines, additives, drug delivery and in analytical chemistry. Pentafluorobenzaldehyde is multifunctional aromatic compound containing five atoms of fluorine and one aldehydic function. That is why it can provide nucleophilic substitutions of all or some atoms of fluorine, nucleophilic additions of aldehydic function, “haloform reaction” and some cyclization reactions. This year, it is being the 50th year, since the first synthesis of this compound was published.     

Analytical aspects of hemodialysis

Clinical and biomedical analysis is one of the most significant fields of modern analytical chemistry. Uremia is a significant public-health problem. Chronic hemodialysis, a common renal replacement therapy, is life saving for more than a million uremic patients world-wide and this number is increasing every year. This therapy consumes significant parts of national budgets for health as its costs are comparable with those for intensive care. Hemodialysis treatment should, just like any other therapy, be individually prescribed, and adequately administrated and assessed.

This article reports on the analytical needs connected with biomedical assessment of this therapy. I discuss the main analytical aspects of this therapy, including target analytes, choice of samples, and analytical and bioanalytical systems dedicated to the control of therapy, as well as methods required for the quantitation of hemodialysis using analytical data.     

Analytical chemistry and inorganic chemistry — an unhappy marriage?

Summary Analytical chemistry is a discipline which has a large impact in other fields of chemistry and natural sciences as well as in technology and society. Traditionally, analytical chemistry has been grouped together with inorganic chemistry to such an extent that they are often viewed as a single discipline. While this has been beneficial for the development of both inorganic and analytical chemistry, it is increasingly important that the need of analytical education by the organic and biochemists as well as by chemical engineers is clearly recognized. The tightening environmental protection requires the analyst to be conversant with more sensitive, more accurate, and more reliable techniques in novel chemical surroundings, but at the same time he has to have as thorough knowledge in every field of chemistry as possible.     

Connecting the philosophy of chemistry,green chemistry,and moral philosophy

This paper aims to connect philosophy of chemistry, green chemistry, and moral philosophy. We first characterize chemistry by underlining how chemists: (1) co-define chemical bodies, operations, and transformations; (2) always refer to active and context-sensitive bodies to explain the reactions under study; and (3) develop strategies that require and intertwine with a molecular whole, its parts, and the surroundings at the same time within an explanation. We will then point out how green chemists are transforming their current activities in order to act upon the world without jeopardizing life. This part will allow us to highlight that green chemistry follows the three aforementioned characteristics while including the world as a partner, as well as biodegradability and sustainability concerns, into chemical practices. In the third part of this paper, we will show how moral philosophy can help green chemists: (1) identify the consequentialist assumptions that ground their reasoning; and (2) widen the scope of their ethical considerations by integrating the notion of care and that of vulnerability into their arguments. In the fourth part of the paper, we will emphasize how, in return, this investigation could help philosophers querying consequentialism as soon as the consequences of chemical activities over the world are taken into account. Furthermore, we will point out how the philosophy of chemistry provides philosophers with new arguments concerning the key debate about the ‘intrinsic value’ of life, ecosystems and the Earth, in environmental ethics. To conclude, we will highlight how mesology, that is to say the study of ‘milieux’, and the concept of ‘ecumeme’ proposed by the philosopher and geographer Augustin Berque, could become important both for green chemists and moral philosophers in order to investigate our relationships with the Earth.     

Postgraduate education in Analytical Chemistry: an Australian perspective

 Post-graduate education in analytical chemistry in Australian universities does not have a high profile at the national level, yet there is a significant demand from employers for graduates with qualifications in analytical chemistry. To meet this demand, some specialist courses such as Graduate Diplomas and course work Master’s degrees have been established. These courses however have a research component which is less than 50% of the total program. On the other hand, the traditional Master of Science and Doctor of Philosophy degrees are research only degrees and follow on from a fourth year (Honours year) of university study which may or may not have a course work component in analytical chemistry. The absence of course work past Year 4 produces graduates with a high degree of specialisation but with a limited view of the relationship between analytical chemistry and the social and R&D needs which drive research in analytical chemistry. It is argued that there should be a course work component in Years 5, 6 and 7 and that this course work component should address both discipline and general skills issues. Received: 15 January 1996/Accepted: 28 January 1996     

Forty-five years of chemical discovery including a golden quarter-century

Inorganic chemistry became a passion for me as a graduate student in the 1950s. It was exciting to be part of the renaissance of the discipline, and I am pleased to have contributed to its strength. Physical concepts applied to the understanding of the properties of transition metal compounds guided our work initially. In the 1970s, probably as a direct result of the world abandoning the gold standard, the chemistry of gold was awakened after a long sleep. Much of the chemistry covered in this review of our work relates to novel compounds of gold and the properties they display which have been uncovered during the last 25 years of the 20th century. Stable metal-metal bonded Au(II) and organometallic Au(III) compounds, bi- and trimetallic oxidative addition, phosphorescent species with microsecond lifetimes, gold chains resulting from aurophilic bonding stronger than H-bonding, and recently, gold binding to organic pi acids have intrigued my group and other gold chemists during this period.     

Postgraduate education in Analytical Chemistry: an Australian perspective

 Post-graduate education in analytical chemistry in Australian universities does not have a high profile at the national level, yet there is a significant demand from employers for graduates with qualifications in analytical chemistry. To meet this demand, some specialist courses such as Graduate Diplomas and course work Master’s degrees have been established. These courses however have a research component which is less than 50% of the total program. On the other hand, the traditional Master of Science and Doctor of Philosophy degrees are research only degrees and follow on from a fourth year (Honours year) of university study which may or may not have a course work component in analytical chemistry. The absence of course work past Year 4 produces graduates with a high degree of specialisation but with a limited view of the relationship between analytical chemistry and the social and R&D needs which drive research in analytical chemistry. It is argued that there should be a course work component in Years 5, 6 and 7 and that this course work component should address both discipline and general skills issues. Received: 15 January 1996/Accepted: 28 January 1996     

高分子化学与物理实验教学探索与实践

根据东北大学应用化学专业特点,本文对高分子化学与物理实验教学的内容、方法及模式进行了全面的改革和深化。近年来,通过实践"巩固基础,加强综合性、设计性及研究性实验,开展趣味性实验,推广微型化实验,改革实验教学方法及完善实验考核方式"的改革模式表明:这对培养学生的实验动手能力、创新能力、科研能力及节能减排与环保意识等是十分必要的,同时也有利于激发学生的进取心和创造欲望,拓宽学生的思路,及提高学生的实验兴趣、主观能动性以与发现问题、分析问题、解决问题的应用能力。     

History of Solution Chemistry of Japan

A historical view of the solution chemistry of Japan is described for a wide range of fields of solution chemistry, which relates to physical chemistry, inorganic chemistry, analytical chemistry, biochemistry and bioinorganic chemistry, and colloid and polymer chemistry. The works by pioneers of Japanese solution chemistry are introduced, some of which are not well recognized internationally. The influences of Japanese solution chemistry on the world and vice versa are discussed on the basis of a rather personal viewpoint. Recent activities of Japanese solution chemists at the national and international levels are also reviewed.     

History of Solution Chemistry of Japan

An historical view of solution chemistry of Japan is described for a wide range of fields of solution chemistry, which relates to physical chemistry, inorganic chemistry, analytical chemistry, biochemistry and bioinorganic chemistry, and colloid and polymer chemistry. The works by pioneers of Japanese solution chemistry are introduced, some of which are not well recognized internationally. The influences of Japanese solution chemistry on the world and vice versa are discussed on the basis of a rather personal viewpoint. Recent activities of Japanese solution chemists at the national and international levels are also reviewed.