4-Nitrophthalic esters as plasticizers for polyvinyl chloride

The properties of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) compositions plasticized with dibutyl and di-(2-ethylhexyl)esters of phthalic and 4-nitrophthalic acids were investigated. The result of physical and mechanical tests and dynamic mechanical analysis of samples of polymer compositions demonstrated that an introduction of a nitro group and an increase in the polarity of the plasticizer leads to a decrease in its volatility from polymer films, an increase in the strength and elasticity of the samples. Quantum-chemical calculations of systems simulating polymer-plasticizer solvation interactions revealed the possibility of enhancing intermolecular interactions with the participation of nitrophthalates. It is noted that the method of PVC film formation (from solutions or from melts) affects their properties.

     

聚氯乙烯用增塑剂的研究新进展

聚氯乙烯(Polyvinyl Chloride,PVC)是世界上用量最大的通用塑料之一,具有优异的综合性能,但其脆性较高,生产加工困难,需要加入增塑剂来提高其柔性.本文概述了PVC常用增塑剂的研究进展,并对其发展方向进行了展望.     

Migration of plasticizers from plasticized polyvinyl chloride films

The migration of plasticizers [EDOS, di(2-ethyl hexyl) o-phthalate, di-n-butyl o-phthalate] from unfilled and chalk-filled polyvinyl chloride films plasticized with individual and binary plasticizers was studied by gravimetric analysis and IR spectroscopy. The intermolecular interaction of components in model systems was studied by IR spectroscopy and isothermal calorimetry.     

Poly(propylene imine) dendrimers as plasticizers for polyvinyl chloride

Fourth and fifth generation poly(propylene imine) dendrimers and methyl and benzyl functionalized copolymers of these dendrimers are solution blended with poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC). The methyl‐derivative copolymer is observed to be dispersed in PVC as judged by optical and dynamic scanning calorimetry measurements. This dispersion leads to a substantial reduction in the glass transition temperature and a commensurate plasticization effect, demonstrating that functionalized dendrimer copolymers can successfully plasticize semicrystalline polymers. This plasticization is thought to occur as a result of additional free volume from the highly branched structure of the dendrimer. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 45: 1970–1975, 2007     

Sulfurization polyvinyl chloride

A sulfurized polymer comprising 57.64% of chemically bound sulfur characterizing by paramagnetism with the concentration of paramagnetic centers 2 × 10¹⁹ spins g^?1 and g-factor 2.0043 was resulted n the treatment of industrial polyvinyl chloride by elemental sulfur.     

Branched plasticizers derived from eugenol via green polymerization for low/non-migration and externally/internally plasticized polyvinyl chloride materials

The synthesis of nontoxic plasticizers derived from the waste residues of the rosin-processing industry can reduce pollution and promote the high-value utilization of the waste residues of rosin. In this study, four kinds of sustainable branched plasticizers derived from a biomass resource, eugenol (derived from the waste residues of the rosin processing industry), were synthesized via one-pot solvent free polymerization and used to plasticize polyvinyl chloride (PVC). Internally plasticized PVC was fabricated using thiolated DPE (branched plasticizers based on eugenol). The thermal stability, tensile properties, microstructure, volatility behavior, and solvent extraction resistance of plasticized PVC were investigated. Compared with the behavior of the commercial plasticizer dioctyl phthalate, the thermal stability, plasticizing efficiency, and migration resistance of the branched plasticizers are superior. The acute oral toxicity dose of each branched plasticizer was extremely high at 5000 mg/kg of body weight, with no deaths among test animals. Compared with externally plasticized PVC, the internally plasticized PVC showed zero weight loss in volatility and leaching tests despite its less effective plasticization. All the branched plasticizers have potential application in plastic products.     

Sulfonated polyvinyl chloride fibers for cation-exchange microextraction

Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) fiber was derivatized by concentrated sulfuric acid to yield sulfonated PVC (PVC-SO₃H). The PVC-SO₃H fiber had dual properties as a sorbent, based on cation-exchange and hydrophobicity. In the present study, the novel fiber was used directly as an individual device for extraction purposes in the cation-exchange microextraction of anaesthetics, followed by high-performance liquid chromatography-UV analysis. The results demonstrated that this PVC-SO₃H fiber-based microextraction afforded convenient operation and cost-effective application to basic analytes. The limits of detection for four anaesthetics ranged from 1.2 to 6.0 ng/mL. No carryover (because of its disposable usage), and no loss of sorbent phase (which normally occurs in stir-bar sorptive extraction) during extraction were observed.     

Polymer composites based on polyvinyl chloride

Binary and ternary polymer blends based on polyvinyl chloride with ethylene–propylene–diene rubber were studied. A comparative analysis of the effect of a low-molecular-weight plasticizer and high-molecular-weight thermoplastic additives on the deformation and strength characteristics of the composites and on the viscosity of their melt was made. The compatibilizing ability of the plasticizing additives and the possibility of the replacement of the low-molecular-weight plasticizer by the polymeric component were evaluated.     

Free volume in plasticized polyvinyl chloride

Positron lifetimes measurements in pure polyvinyl chloride (PVC) and in the plasticized PVC have been performed. Dioctyl phthalate has been used as a plasticizer. Samples have been prepared of the PVC with eight different plasticizer concentrations (from 0 to 35% of the plasticizer in the PVC). All of the measurements have been performed in air at room temperature. A conventional fast-slow coincidence lifetime spectrometer has been used for the measurements. Mean free volumes radii have been calculated from the lifetime data. It has been found that the mean free volumes radii are in the investigated region of plasticizer concentrations a linear function of the concentration of the dioctyl phthalate in the PVC. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

气相色谱-质谱法测定聚氯乙烯包装材料和食品模拟物中的46种增塑剂

建立了46种增塑剂在聚氯乙烯(PVC)食品包装材料中的含量及其在水、3%乙酸、10%乙醇和橄榄油4种食品模拟物中迁移量的气相色谱-质谱(GC-MS)测定方法。食品包装材料、水质模拟物和橄榄油中增塑剂分别采用溶解-沉淀法、正己烷液-液萃取和凝胶渗透色谱(GPC)法提取。采用GC-MS法,在选择离子监测模式(SIM)下对46种增塑剂进行定性,采用外标法进行定量测定。各种增塑剂在0.1～2.0 mg/L质量浓度范围内呈线性,相关系数为0.9910～0.9999,各组分检出限均在0.005～0.05 mg/kg之间。在2种食品模拟物中,3个浓度添加水平下46种增塑剂的加标回收率在69.51%～107.21%之间,精密度(RSD, n=6)为3.53%～18.95%。该方法可满足PVC食品接触制品及4种不同性质的食品模拟物中多种类增塑剂的快速筛查和准确定性、定量测定要求。     

Carrier-mediated blends of Chitosan with polyvinyl chloride for different applications

The current work aims at blending of PVC with Chitosan through simultaneous casting of their separate solutions in different proportions of PVC and Chitosan in suitable solvents. After dissolution, both solutions were added to each other while stirring at room temperature. The obtained mixture was left at room temperature to form the blend after evaporation of the solvent. Similar blends have been prepared similarly in presence of the organic ligand, dithizone, as a carrier-mediating material for different metal ions. PVC/Chitosan blends were characterized by thermal (TGA) and FT-IR Spectroscopic analyses as well as scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The obtained blends were found to have reasonable extent of compatibility between their components. Such compatibility depends mainly on the way with which the components have been blended with each other. The polymer-supported dithizone was investigated toward its ability to be used for removal of some metal ions from their aqueous solutions. Concentration of metal ions was determined by ICP-AES analysis.     

Chemical modification of polyvinyl chloride with thiourea

Russian Chemical Bulletin - The quasi-homogeneous (“synthesis in gel”) conditions for functionalization of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) with thiourea were experimentally selected. It was...     

Activated nitrogen-doped carbons from polyvinyl chloride for high-performance electrochemical capacitors

Activated nitrogen-doped carbons (ANCs) were prepared by carbonization/activation approach using aminated polyvinyl chloride (PVC) as precursor. ANCs exhibit larger porosities and higher specific surface areas than those of their nitrogen-free counterparts for the same KOH/carbon ratio. The specific surface area of ANC-1 is up to 1,398 m² g^?1 even at a low KOH/carbon ratio of 1:1. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy investigation of the nitrogen-enriched resin precursor indicates the efficient dehydrochlorination of PVC by ethylenediamine at a low temperature. The nitrogen content and the population of nitrogen functionalities strongly depend on the KOH/carbon ratios and decrease drastically after KOH activation as seen from the elemental and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis. The surface concentration of N-6 and N-Q almost disappears and the dominant nitrogen groups become N-5 after KOH activation. The highest specific capacitance of ANCs is up to 345 F g^?1 at a current density of 50 mA g^?1 in 6 M KOH electrolyte. ANCs also exhibit a good capacitive behavior at a high scan rate of 200 mV s^?1 and an excellent cyclability with a capacitance retention ratio as high as ～93 % at a current density of 2,000 mA g^?1 for 5,000 cycles.     

Triorganylphosphine oxides as high-performance fire retardants for polyvinyl chloride plastisols

The possibility, in principle, of using tertiary phosphine oxides with different structures as fire retardants for polyvinyl chloride plastisols was examined, and their ability to reduce the flammability of these materials was analyzed.     

Dynamic mechanical properties of irradiated polyvinyl chloride

Summary Effects of gamma radiation on the dynamic mechanical properties of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) have been studied at audio frequencies from 80 K to 450 K for doses up to 1400 megarads. Two damping peaks were observed between 80 K and 400 K. The onset of main relaxation near 350 K shifted to lower temperatures at low doses, and then shifted to higher temperatures at a dose of 1400 megarads. Only slight changes are discernible in the damping peak near 250 K upon irradiation, but definite variations are noted in the modulus curves. Upon irradiation to 270 megarads an additional damping peak appeared near 150 K accompanied by an increase in modulus at lower temperatures. The height of this peak increased with increasing radiation dose.Crosslinking was confirmed from rubber elastic behavior, swelling, and solvent extraction studies. Some tentative explanations for the changes occurring in the dynamic mechanical properties of irradiated PVC are given in terms of crosslinking, loss of crystallinity, and dehydrochlorination followed by the formation of conjugated series of double bonds.

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Zusammenfassung Es wurde die Wirkung von-Strahlung auf die dynamisch-mechanischen Eigenschaften von Polyvinylchlorid (PVC) bei Hörfrequenzen von 80 K bis 450 K für Dosen bis zu 1400 Megarad untersucht. Zwei Dämpfungspiks zeigen sich zwischen 80 und 400 K. Das Einsetzen der Hauptrelaxation nahe 350 K verlagert sich zu tieferen Temperaturen bei kleineren Dosen, um dann zu höheren Temperaturen bei einer Dosis von 1400 Megarad hinaufzugehen. Nur leichte änderungen sind im Dämpfungspik nahe 250 K durch die Strahlung zu beobachten; aber in der Modulkurve werden definierte Variationen erkennbar. Nach Bestrahlung mit 270 Megarad erscheint ein zusätzlicher Dämpfungspik nahe 150 K, begleitet durch ein Anwachsen des Moduls zu tieferen Temperaturen. Die Höhe dieses Piks wächst mit wachsender Strahlungsdosis.Die Vernetzung wurde aus dem gummielastischen Verhalten, der Quellung und aus Lösungsmittel-Extraktionen bestimmt. Die im dynamisch-mechanischen Verhalten durch die Strahlung des PVC auftretenden änderungen werden auf Grund der Vernetzung, der Abnahme an Kristallinität, der Dehydrochlorierung — gefolgt durch die Bildung von Serien konjugierter Doppelbildungen — erklärt.

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This work was supported in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration.