Cloud Characteristics and Cloud Attenuation in Millimeter Wave and Microwave Frequency Bands for Satellite and Remote Sensing Applications over a Northern Indian Tropical Station

Microwave and millimeter wave frequency bands are in demand for requirement of more channels in radio communication systems. It has also been recognized that microwave and millimeterwave frequency radiometers on board satellites as promising tools for remote sensing.The frequency more than 10 GHz is affected by rain and cloud. Though the effects of rain on radiowave is more than cloud but the occurence of cloud is more than rain. Cloud has been found to occur for weeks together over this part of the world. It is therefore essential to study cloud morphology over different geographical region.In this paper, an attempt has been made to the cloud occurrences over an Indian tropical station, Delhi (28.35°N, 77.12°E) observed during different months and daytime and nighttime. It is seen that low clouds occurrence over Delhi is very significant and particularly during July, August and September. The specific attenuation of radiowave due to clouds at various frequencies 10 GHz, 20 GHz, 50 GHz and 100 GHz has been deduced. The specific attenuation of radio wave due to cloud at 10 GHz varies from 0.0608 dB/km to 0.1190 dB/km while at 100 GHz the specific attenuation varies from 6.8460 dB/km to 11.9810 dB/km     

Microwave and Millimeter Wave Characteristics and Attenuation of Clouds over some Malaysian Equatorial Stations

Based on radar range height indicator (RHI) measurements, cloud characteristics in relation to radiowave propagation over three locations in different geographical region in western Malaysia have been presented. It is seen that low cloud occurrence over these locations are quite significant. Cloud attenuation and noise temperature can result in serious degradation of telecommunication link performances. This paper presents cloud coverage in different months, 0°C isotherm height and cloud attenuation results at 12 GHz, 20 GHz, 36 GHz, 50 GHz, 70 GHz and 100 GHz over measurement site. The low level cloud over the measurement sites has been found to occur for many days and nights and particularly in the months of April to May and October to December. Such results are useful for satellite communication and remote sensing application in Malaysia.     

Cloud Morphology Over Three Indian Tropical Stations for Earth Space Communication

Microwave and millimeter wave frequency bands are in demand for requirement of larger bandwidth for various applications of radio systems. In future in India too, microwave and millimeter wave frequencies will be in use very extensively for radio communication purposes and remote sensing applications. But, the attenuation due to cloud as well as thermal noise associated with could in millimeter wave and microwave frequency bands are of great concern to system engineers and radio researchers. Both cloud attenuation and cloud noise temperature lead to degradation in the performance of microwave communication and radar propagation. The effects of rain on radio wave are more than cloud but the occurrence of cloud is more than rain. In some parts of India cloud occurs for weeks together. The cloud morphology particularly in relation to radio wave propagation over different geographical region of India is therefore very essential and important. In view of this, systematic studies on cloud occurrence morphology over different geographical locations in India have been undertaken. In recent past some results on cloud occurrences over different stations in India have been reported. In this paper, cloud characteristics and cloud attenuation over three more stations are presented. Based on low level cloud coverage observations, cloud occurrences frequency over Mumbai (19.07°N, 72.50°E), Nagpur (21.06°N, 79.03°E) and Ahmadabad (23.04°N, 72.38°E) situated in Indian tropical west coast, central plain and semi arid region of western India in different months during daytime and nighttime has been deduced. The low-level cloud over Mumbai, Nagpur and Ahamedabad has been found to occur for many days and nights and particularly in the months of June, July, August and September. The attenuation of radio wave due to clouds at various frequencies ∼10, 18, 32, 44 and 70 GHz over the aforesaid three stations also been deduced.     

Poly(styrene)-based graded-index plastic optical fiber for home networks

We investigated poly(styrene) (PSt)-based graded-index plastic optical fiber (GI-POF) with low loss and high bandwidth for home networks. To install the GI-POF in home networks, the attenuation must be below 200 dB/km at a 670-680 nm wavelength, and the bandwidth must be over 2.0 GHz for the 50 m fiber. In this study, we selected a dibenzothiophene (DBT) as a dopant to PSt, and we fabricated PSt-DBT-based GI-POF. We confirmed that the PSt-DBT-based GI-POF has high bandwidth (4.4 GHz) for 50 m fiber and low loss (166-193 dB/km) at a 670-680 nm wavelength and obtained the GI-POF that satisfied the requirements for home networks.     

利用电光FM调制抑制零级中心频带——实现超高频Radio over Fiber通信

提出了一种有效抑制零级中心频带方案,并证实了该方案的可行性,给出了基于该方案的单工Radio over Fiber (RoF)通信系统.通过光通信系统软件Optisystem5.0仿真模拟结果显示：光源发送功率为5 dBm,途中无光放大,24 GHz的超高频微波信号在色散系数为20 ps/nm/km、衰减系数为0.25 dB/km的单模光纤中传输,系统码元传输速率可达5 Gbit/s、传输距离15 km以上.     

Centimeter and millimeter wave attenuation by atmospheric gases and rainfall at a tropical station

The radiowave attenuation due to oxygen and water vapour has been computed over the frequency range 3–350 GHz making use of the mean surface air pressure, temperature and water vapour at Ile-Ife (geog. lat 7.5°N, long 4.5°E) in Southern Nigeria. It is observed that the attenuation at this tropical location is generally higher than at temperate climates. A similar analysis was performed for rainfall attenuation using rainfall intensity measurements. The results obtained with three different expressions for the rain height showed that a rain height of 3 km is a reasonable assumption for estimating earth-space rainfall attenuation at this location. It is found that for frequencies above 200 GHz, the polarization dependence of the specific attenuation due to rainfal becomes negligible. The computed attenuation is lower that that predicted using the corresponding CCIR rain climate data. The results show that whilst the contribution of oxygen and water vapour to the total atmospheric attenuation could be neglected when compared with rainfall attenuation up to about 150 GHz, the contribution becomes significant for frequencies above 190 GHz.     

中心下陷的负色散光纤

利用非等温等离子体化学气相沉积成功制得了具有折射率中心下陷的负色散光纤 (RDF)。该光纤在保持较好的抗弯曲性能与偏振模色散的同时 ,有效面积达到 4 5 μm2 ,且在 15 5 0nm处的色散为 - 19.6 5ps/(nm·km) ,色散斜率为 - 0 .132ps/(nm2 ·km)。此外 ,通过优化光纤纤芯各层的掺杂原子浓度 ,在 15 30nm处光纤的氢损降到了0 .0 1dB/km。由负色散光纤与具有超大有效面积的非零色散位移光纤 (ULAF)组成的色散管理光纤对在 15 30nm到16 2 5nm波长范围内的色散斜率小于 0 .0 0 6ps/(nm2 ·km) ,且最大色散值小于 0 .2ps/(nm·km)。同时 ,15 5 0nm波长处的衰耗为 0 .2 2 4dB/km ,且在 15 30nm到 16 2 5nm波段范围内衰耗较为平坦。该色散管理光纤对可以在无需色散补偿模块的前提下应用于大容量高速率的长距离波分复用 (WDM)系统。     

Multichannel dispersion compensation using a silicon waveguide-based optical phase conjugator

We experimentally demonstrate dispersion compensation using a silicon-based optical phase conjugator. We achieve simultaneous transmission of four dense wavelength division multiplexing (DWDM) channels spaced at 100 GHz and operating at 10 Gbits/s over 320 km of standard fiber. The measured power penalty at bit error rate of 10(-9) is less than 0.3 dB.     

抑光载波双边带Radio over Fiber双工通信系统设计

提出并模拟证明了基于两个电光相位调制器实现抑光载波双边带(Radio on Fiber,RoF) 双工传输系统设计方案.通过改变电光相位调制器的最大相偏量,实现了抑光载波双边带信号传输——使通信带宽加倍,而且很好地控制上下行传输信号的误码率.仿真模拟结果表明,发射功率为3 dBm的光信号在无放大、色散系数为20 ps/(nm·km)、衰减系数为0.25 dB/km的SMF-28单模光纤中传输时,其超高频RF调制信号的频率可达24 GHz,数据码元传输速率可达2.5 Gbit/s,传输距离40 km以上.     

Radiometric Measurements of Rain Attenuation at 22.2 and 31.4 GHz Over Calcutta

Measurements of rain attenuation over Calcutta have been made using radiometers operating at frequencies of 22.235 and 31.4 GHz. The results have been correlated with observations of rainfall rates made with a fast-response rain gauge. The distributions of peak rain rates over Calcutta for two different years and the cumulative occurrences of rainfall rates and attenuations at the two frequencies are presented.     

A Broadband CPW-to-Microstrip Modes Coupling Technique

A broadband vertical transition from coplanar waveguide (CPW)-to-microstrip modes is presented. The transition has a double resonance and can be tuned for very wide-band operation. The CPW-to-microstrip modes coupling technique is useful for the vertical integration of multi-layer millimeter-wave circuits, packaging and antenna feeding networks. A vertical transition has been fabricated on 100 m silicon substrate for operation at W-band frequencies and shows less than 0.3 dB of insertion loss and better than 12 dB of return loss from 75 to 110 GHz. A 94 GHz CPW-fed microstrip antenna showing a 10-dB bandwidth of about 30 % has been built using the same transition technique.     

Ku波段微波单片集成电路6位数字衰减器设计

基于GaAs 0.25 μm增强/耗尽型（E/D）赝配高电子迁移率晶体管（pHEMT）工艺,研制了一款Ku波段6位数字衰减器微波单片集成电路（MMIC）。该6位数字衰减器由6个基本衰减位级联组成,可实现最大衰减量为31.5 dB、步进为0.5 dB的衰减量控制。采用简化的T型衰减结构,实现了0.5 dB和1 dB的衰减位。16 dB衰减位采用开关型衰减拓扑,在提高衰减平坦度的同时,有效降低其附加相移。测试结果表明,在12～18 GHz的频率内,数字衰减器衰减64态均方根误差（RMS）小于0.25 dB,附加相移为−0.5°～＋9.5°,插入损耗小于4.9 dB,输入输出驻波比均小于1.5∶1。芯片尺寸为3.00 mm×0.75 mm。该芯片电路具有宽频带、高衰减精度、小尺寸的特点,主要用于微波相控阵收发组件、无线通讯等领域。     

Photonic generation of high-purity 60 GHz millimeter-wave signal requiring only 10 GHz radio frequency local oscillator

A novel approach to generate 60 GHz millimeter-wave from a 10 GHz radio frequency signal using an integrated nested DD-MZM without optical filter is proposed and demonstrated. The simulation results show that the generated frequency sextupling optical mm-wave has high purity with an OSSR exceeding 29 dB and a RFSSR of 25 dB, which is consistent with the theoretical analysis. Besides, a RoF link model is established to investigate the transmission performance. The eye diagram keeps clear even when the optical mm-wave is transmitted over 60 km and the power penalty is about 0.4 dB after fiber transmission of 50 km.     

The Study of MMW and MW Attenuation Considering Multiple Scattering Effect in Sand and Dust Storms at Slant Paths

The influence of sand and dust storms on modern MMW and satellite communication systems reliability have been paid more attention to. The attenuations induced by sand and dust storms are estimated by means of Mie-theory and Rayleigh approximation, in the case of the tenuous distribution of particles. With the particle density increasing, however, these method become inadequate, the multiple scattering effects then become dominant for attenuation estimation. The attenuations considering multiple scattering effects are estimated by Monte-Carlo and four fluxes method at horizontal paths. At slant paths, based on multi-layer media model, the attenuations considering multiple scattering effects are calculated by layered Monte-Carlo method at 100, 37, 24, and 14GHz. It is shown that the multiple scattering effects should be considered at the attenuation prediction in the sand and dust storm, which the visibility is about 0.5km and smaller than 0.5km and frequency is about 20GHz. Above 30GHz, the multiple scattering effects due to sand and dust particles should be considered, as visibility is about 1km and smaller than 1km at slant paths.     

220 GHz 折叠波导慢波结构

 优化设计了一种220 GHz的折叠波导慢波结构的尺寸,对其冷测特性如色散、耦合阻抗和衰减进行了分析。理论分析和软件仿真结果表明设计的折叠波导慢波结构在中心频率处具有较平缓的色散关系,较高的耦合阻抗和较低的电路衰减。互作用模拟表明,在电子注电压为20 kV,电流为10 mA时,27 mm（50个周期）的折叠波导慢波结构在220 GHz具有14.5 dB的增益,3 dB带宽为16.3 GHz（211.9～228.2 GHz）。     

掺还原铁粉混凝土板反射和透射性能

通过控制混凝土板的厚度、混凝土板中还原铁粉掺量、在混凝土板中加钢丝网,研究混凝土板对电磁波的反射和透射性能。反射率测量采用弓形架测试方法,透射衰减测量采用两端口测试方法。混凝土板对电磁波的反射率测试频段为2～18 GHz,透射衰减测试频段为12～18 GHz。不同的混凝土板对电磁波的反射率在-5 dB左右。40 mm厚的混凝土板中还原铁粉的掺量超过200 kg/m3时,电磁波的透射衰减量可达到-50 dB以上。通过分析实验结果,发现混凝土板的厚度、混凝土板中还原铁粉掺量和钢丝网对反射率大小影响较小,对透射衰减量影响较大。     

Experiment on Channel-switching Add/Drop Multiplexer in a Multi-channel WDM System

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掺还原铁粉混凝土板反射和透射性能

通过控制混凝土板的厚度、混凝土板中还原铁粉掺量、在混凝土板中加钢丝网,研究混凝土板对电磁波的反射和透射性能。反射率测量采用弓形架测试方法,透射衰减测量采用两端口测试方法。混凝土板对电磁波的反射率测试频段为2~18GHz,透射衰减测试频段为12~18GHz。不同的混凝土板对电磁波的反射率在-5dB左右。40mm厚的混凝土板中还原铁粉的掺量超过200kg/m3时,电磁波的透射衰减量可达到-50dB以上。通过分析实验结果,发现混凝土板的厚度、混凝土板中还原铁粉掺量和钢丝网对反射率大小影响较小,对透射衰减量影响较大。     

Simulation of DWDM signals using optimum span scheme with cascaded optimized semiconductor optical amplifiers

We numerically simulated the ten channels at 10 Gb/s dense wavelength division multiplexing (DWDM) transmission faithfully over 17,227 km using 70 km span of single mode fiber (SMF) and dispersion compensating fiber (DCF) using optimum span scheme at channel spacing 20 GHz. For this purpose, inline optimized semiconductor optical amplifiers (SOAs) and DPSK format are used. We optimized the SOA parameters for inline amplifier with minimum crosstalk and amplified spontaneous emission noise with sufficient gain at bias current 400 mA. For this bias current, constant gain 36.5 dB is obtained up to saturation power 21.35 mW. We have also optimized the optical phase modulator bandwidth for 400 mA current which is around 5.5 GHz with crosstalk −14.2 dB between two channels at spacing 20 GHz.We show the 10×10 Gb/s transmission over 70 km distance with inline amplifier has good signal power received as compared to without amplifier, even at equal quality factor. We further investigated the optimum span scheme for 5670 km transmission distance for 10×10 Gb/s with channel spacing 20 at 5.5 GHz optical phase modulator bandwidth. As we increase the transmission distance up to 17,227 km, there is increase in power penalty with reasonable quality.The impact of optical power received and Q factor at 5670 and 17,227 km transmission distance for different span schemes for all channels has been illustrated. For launched optical power less than saturation, all channels are obtained at bit error rate floor of 10⁻¹⁰.