PRIMARY PHOTOCHEMICAL PROCESSES OF CATIONIC ACRIDINE ORANGE IN AQUEOUS SOLUTION STUDIED BY FLASH PHOTOLYSIS

Abstract— A transformation system in Escherichia coli was employed to verify the extent of the lesions caused by ultraviolet (UV) and ionizing radiations. DNA inactivated at 280 nm could be reactivated to some extent by exposing the transforming DNA solutions at 240 nm. This reactivation has been tested using more than one strain of E. coli as recipient. Transforming DNA inactivated by ionizing radiations (⁹⁰Sr beta rays and ⁶⁰Co gamma rays) was not reactivable. Low doses of beta rays, however, reactivated the DNA inactivated by 280 nm UV to a slight but significant extent.     

PHOTOCHEMICAL REACTIONS OF PYRIMIDINE DERIVATIVES WITH ACRYLONITRILE IN AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS

Abstract— Ultraviolet excitation of pyrimidine derivatives in aqueous solutions containing acrylonitrile can lead to polymerisation of acrylonitrile and/or photoaddition reactions of acrylonitrile and the pyrimidine. Polymerisation of acrylonitrile induced by excitation of orotic acid occurs even in aerated solutions and is very likely due to radicals derived from excited orotic acid molecuies. Using ¹⁴C-labelied orotic acid, the polymer is shown to contain the pyrimidine. With other pyrimidine derivatives, polymerisation is observed only in deaerated solutions and its low yield did not allow us to determine whether the polymerisation is induced by radicals or by photosensitisation. The role of the lowest excited singlet and triplet states of the pyrimidine derivatives in the photoaddition reaction is discussed. In the case of orotic acid, photoaddition is shown to proceed entirely by way of the triplet state.     

PHOTOCHEMICAL REACTIONS IN RIGID MEDIA-I. THE EFFECT OF GELATIN ON THE AEROBIC PHOTOCHEMISTRY OF RIBOFLAVIN IN AQUEOUS SOLUTION

Abstract— The addition of potassium iodide to dilute aqueous solutions of riboflavin reduced both the rate of the aerobic photolysis and the fluorescence quantum yield of riboflavin in the same proportions. This indicated that under these conditions the photolysis proceeded from the singlet excited state. The addition of gelatin to aqueous solutions of riboflavin also reduced the rate of the aerobic photolysis but increased slightly the quantum yield of fluorescence. The rates and the fluorescence of solutions of riboflavin to which gelatin had been added were also reduced by the addition of potassium iodide but in this case the effect on the rate was proportionately greater than the effect on the fluorescence. The data suggests that in the presence of gelatin the mechanism of the reaction is changed and that the triplet state becomes more important.     

INVESTIGATION OF MAGNESIUM TETRABENZPORPHYRIN-II.:REDOX AND PHOTOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES IN ORGANIC SOLVENTS AND AQUEOUS MEDIUM

Abstract Absorption and fluorescence properties of MgTBP were studied resulting from chemical oxidation and phtooxidation. The absorption spectra of the oxidised product in methanol and acetone are markedly different from those in aqueous solvents.     

A FLASH PHOTOLYSIS STUDY OF THE TRIPLET STATE OF ACRIDINE ORANGE IN BASIC SOLVENTS

Abstract— Photochemical reactions of acridine orange (AO) in basic aqueous and ethanolic solutions were studied using the flash photolysis technique. The absorption spectrum of AO was determined in detail (230–900 nm) and extinction coefficients were obtained. The decay of the triplet state is the result of a first order process, a triplet-triplet annihilation process and a quenching by the dye in the ground state. The main part of the triplet decays to the ground state; however the observation of semi-reduced AO shows that the decay is partly due to chemical reactions.
An efficient reversible reaction is observed on flashing aqueous solutions of AO containing tetramethyl- p -phenylenediamine: semi-reduced AO is formed in high yield by reaction between the triplet dye and the diamine. In addition, irreversible reactions of AO occur; these are shown to be due to the triplet state by the method of triplet energy transfer.     

Cu~(2+)-Na_2SO_3体系引发甲基丙烯酸甲酯聚合动力学

研究了Gu~(2+)-Na_2SO_3氧化还原体系在静置的密闭空气气氛下引发甲基丙烯酸甲酯水溶液聚合。表观聚合速度(R_p)是 R_p=1.86×10~(15)e~(-24,200/RT)[MMA]~(1·0)[Cu~(2+)]~0[Na_2SO_]~(0·50)覆盖气氛对聚合有显著影响。氧抑制聚合反应,但可使Gu~(2+)离子氧化再生。表现为低的表观聚合速度和高的碰撞频率因子与表现聚合活化能。 本文讨论了引发聚合机理。     

Cu~(2+)—Na_2SO_3体系引发甲基丙烯酸甲酯聚合动力学

研究了Cu~(2+)—Na_2SO_3氧化还原体系在静置的密闭空气气氛下引发甲基丙烯酸甲酯水溶液聚合。表现聚合速度(R_P)是 R_=1.86×10~(15)e~(-101.6k/RT)[MMA]~(1.0)[Cu~(2+)]~0[Na_2SO_3]~(0.50) 复盖气氛对聚合有显著影响。氧抑制聚合反应,但可使Cu~(2+)离子氧化再生,表现为低的表观聚合速度和高的碰撞频率因子与表观聚合活化能。本文讨论了引发聚合机理。     

STUDIES ON THE INITIATION MECHANISM OF CERIC ION AND ACETYLACETONE REDOX SYSTEM IN VINYL POLYMERIZATION

The initiation mechanism of acrylamide (AAM)polymerization using ceric ion/acetylacetone system as an initiator has been studied. The redox polymerization was revealed by the low value of overall activation energy of AAm polymerization. The structure of free radicals formed from above-mentioned initiation sytem were detected by radical trapping and ESR spectra techniques and the end groups of polymers obtained were determined by FT-IR spectra analysis method. Based on these results the initiation mechanism is proposed.     

胶束体系中光敏聚合的研究 Ⅶ．微泡水溶液体系中光聚合的研究

研究了在双十六烷基二甲基溴化铵（ＤＣＤＡＢ）形成的微泡溶液中，二苯酮（ＢＰ）／三乙胺（ＴＥＡ）体系的光化学初级反应和引发ＭＭＡ光聚合反应．动力学实验结果表明，ＤＣＤＡＢ微泡对聚合反应有显著的催化作用，使聚合速度提高近４倍左右，其效果和离子型胶束的催化作用结果相近．由ＤＣＤＡＢ微泡中光聚合得到的产物ＰＭＭＡ，具有较高的结构规整性，它的间同和全同结构可达７０％左右．     

A THEORETICAL STUDY OF MECHANISMS IN THE PHOTOCHEMICAL REACTIONS OF FORMING XETENE AFTER THE α-EOND RUPTURE IN CYCLCHEMANONE

ab initio,SCF+CI calculations of the potential energy surfaces and barries in the various paths are presented for the chemical reactions of forming ketene after the a-bond rupture in cyclohexanone,using acetaldehyde as model.The possibilities of the various paths and thansition states of the important paths are discussed.     

POLYMERIZATION OF ACRYLAMIDE IN AQUEOUS MEDIUM INITIATED BY REDOX SYSTEM OF 4-CARBOXYBENZOPHENONE AND SULFUR-CONTAINING COMPOUNDS

A series of sulfur-containing compounds was investigated as electron donors in photoinduced free-radical polymerization, in conjunction with 4-carboxybenzophenone (CB) as sensitizer. These compounds included (phenylthio) acetic acid, ethionine, methionine, Gly-Met, Met-Gly and methionine methyl ester. The results were compared with the nonsulfur-containing compounds, alanine and triethanolamine. The best initiation yields is observed for the system CB-(phenylthio)acetic acid.     

HETEROGENEITY OF THE PHOTOCHEMICAL CENTERS IN SYSTEM II OF CHLOROPLASTS*

Abstract— In 3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea (DCMU) poisoned chloroplasts of algae and‘ higher plants the area over the fluorescence induction curve increases with biphasic first order kinetics (Melis and Homann, 1975). Two possibilities are considered to explain the biphasic nature of the area growth. The first is a sequential double reduction of the primary electron acceptor in system II while the second envisages a heterogeneity of its photochemical centers. The kinetic properties of the area growth after firing a single saturating flash proved to be incompatible with the predictions of the “sequential double reduction” model. This conclusion was corroborated by results obtained from a kinetic analysis of the area restoration process in the dark, and an analysis of the partially restored areas. Assuming an existence of a heterogeneous pool of photochemical centers, the growth of the area over the fluorescence curve could be further analyzed to yield two components, a fast a-component, and a relatively slow β-component. The kinetic characteristics of these components, and the effect of a short saturating flash on their respective size, led to the conclusion that one type of photochemical center had a faster recombination rate of the photochemically separated charges and was less efficient in trapping excitation energy.     

四氢萘热解中间产物及其反应机理的进一步研究

在四氢萘热解实验中,我们曾注意到,某些热解产物如甲基茚(?)和正丁基苯有进一步的反应.对这些中间产物做热解实验,无疑将为更全面了解四氢萘热解反应机理提供新的信息.对四氢萘热解反应,我们曾提出了自由基反应机理,在四氢萘中加入一些自由基引发剂,将会为自由基反应机理的假设提供一些实验上的旁证.     

THE EFFECTS OF PORPHYRIN STRUCTURE AND AGGREGATION STATE ON PHOTOSENSITIZED PROCESSES IN AQUEOUS AND MICELLAR MEDIA

The efficiency of several porphyrins at 10 μM and 83 μM as sensitizers of the photooxidation of 0.1 mM tryptophan and histidine via a singlet oxygen-mechanism was studied in pH 7.4-buffered aqueous solutions and in aqueous dispersions of Triton X-100 micelles. The porphyrins were either solubilized in the bulk aqueous medium or associated with the micellar phase, whereas the amino acids were always located in the aqueous phase. With those porphyrins, such as uroporphyrin I, meso-tetra (4-sulfonatophenyl)porphine, meso-tetra(4-carboxyphenyl)porphine and meso-tetra)N,N,N-trimethylanilinium)porphine, which are > 98% monomeric in both media, the efficiency of histidine photooxidation was independent of the site of O₂(¹Δ_g) generation, as shown by the closely similar values for the photooxidation rate constant and oxygen-consumption quantum yield in the presence and absence of Triton micelles; the same indications were provided by photokinetic experiments with tryptophan. Actually, laser flash photolysis studies showed that the micelle-incorporation of the above mentioned porphyrins brought about only minor changes in their photophysical properties, including the relative yield of O₂(¹Δ_g) generation. On the other hand, hematoporphyrin IX, its Zn²⁺-complex, and coproporphyrin III are largely aggregated in homogeneous aqueous solution; their incorporation into Triton micelles caused an increase of the triplet quantum yield and an enhancement of the oxygen-consumption quantum yield and photooxidation rate constant for both histidine and tryptophan. The lower photosensitizing efficiency of aggregated porphyrin species in comparison with the corresponding monomeric porphyrin was confirmed by measuring the initial rate and quantum yield of oxygen consumption upon irradiation of 1 mM histidine and tryptophan in the presence of different hematoporphyrin concentrations within the 0.3-100μM range.     

水溶液中制备Ni-P-B超细非晶合金微粒的化学反应

研究了新型Ni-P-B超细非晶合金(UFAAP)的制备化学反应。Ni-P-B UFAAP通过在溶液中使用KBH₄和NaH₂PO₂还原NiCl₂生成，反应较复杂，涉及6个基本化学方程式。通过监控反应pH随时间的变化，发现总反应分成4个阶段，其中Ⅱ、Ⅲ阶段分别生成Ni-P-B和Ni-B UFAAP。在第Ⅱ阶段收集样品可得Ni-P-B。随着反应物比例n(H₂PO₂)/n(Ni²⁺)的增加，产物中的磷含量增加。此外，还考察了反应物溶液滴加方式和滴加速度对反应过程和产物组成的影响。     

Zn在KOH水溶液中的阳极溶解和钝化机理

本文用旋转圆盘电极、稳态极化曲线、交流阻抗及恒电流充电曲线等方法研究了Zn在常温(30℃)和低温(-20℃)的KOH水溶液中阳极溶解和钝化过程的规律。从而提出其反应机理,并用最优化程序在TRS-80微型计算机上计算了反应机理中基元反应的速度和动力学参数的最佳值。由动力学参数计算的φ～i关系定量地符合从阳极溶解至钝化前整条极化曲线实验数据。旋转圆盘电极的转速效应、交流阻抗值以及恒电流充电电量值也都与提出的反应机理相符合。     

STRUCTURE AND STABILITY OF γ-CRYSTALLINS-IV. AGGREGATION AND STRUCTURAL DESTABILIZATION IN PHOTOSENSITIZED REACTIONS

Abstract— Unlike α- and β-, γ-crystallins become turbid upon irradiation with 300 nm or white light in the presence of photosensitizers, e.g., methylene blue (MB) or riboflavin (RF). These proteins, however, do not aggregate in the presence of guanidine hydrochloride. Turbidity formation is concentration-dependent. Except in RF-sensitized reactions, the onset and rate of turbidity formation are faster in γ-IV than in the other two crystallins. Labeling the thiol groups of the protein with iodoacetamide does not change the turbidity rate in case of irradiation with 300 nm light, but it does change it in case of RF- or MB-sensitized reaction. The order of rate constants of the decrease in tryptophan emission under aerobic conditions upon 300 nm irradiation and MB- and RF-sensitized reactions is γ-IV > γ-III > γ-II. The rate constants in the absence of air and in the presence of D₂O upon MB- and RF-sensitized reactions also indicate that the role of singlet oxygen is significant in the former reaction. We suggest that the photoinduced structural changes occur in two steps. In the first, photooxidation of tryptophan as well as cysteine residues (including the buried cysteines) occurs, leading to small conformational changes of the protein. Conformational changes of the protein, as evident from the near-UV CD and fluorescence lifetime measurements, subsequently result in aggregation of the protein. As suggested by X-ray analysis, the perturbation of the cys 78 and 32 by the active species of oxygen appears to be responsible for the destabilization of the protein structure, resulting in rapid aggregation of these crystallins.