PHOTO REACTION OF 4,5'',8-TRIMETHYLPSORALEN WITH ADENOSINE

The near-UV induced photoreaction of 4,5',8-trimethylpsoralen (TMP) with adenosine was investigated in a dry film state. Four major photoadducts were isolated and purified by reverse-phase liquid chromatography. The structures of the photoproducts were elucidated on the basis of spectroscopic methods, including UV, FT-IR, mass spectrometry (FAB and EI methods) and 1H-NMR analysis. These photoproducts were characterized to be TMP-adenosine 1:1 adducts, which resulted from the covalent bond formation between the carbon C(4) of TMP and ribose 1' or 5' carbon of adenosine. Of the photoadducts, one photoadduct (V) was the major product, reflecting some selectivity in the photoreaction of TMP with adenosine in the solid state.     

THE C4-PHOTOCYCLODIMERS OF 4,5',8-TRIMETHYLPSORALEN(TMP)

Abstract— The photodimerization of 4,5'.8-trimethylpsoralen(TMP) in dichloromethane solution has been investigated. Three products have been isolated and characterized: (1) a non-fluorescent homodi-mer resulting from the C₄-cycloaddition at the pyrone end, with a trans-anti configuration, (2) a bicyclomer resulting from a double cycloaddition between pyrone and furan moieties, and (3) a fluorescent heterodimer resulting from the C₄-cycloaddition between the furan end of one TMP moiety and the pyrone end of the other, with cis-syn configuration.     

A NOVEL PHOTOADDUCT OF 4,5'',8-TRIMETHYLPSORALEN AND ADENOSINE

A novel photoadduct of 4,5',8-trimethylpsoralen (TMP) and adenosine was isolated and purified by reverse-phase liquid chromatography. The structure of the photoproduct was determined by various spectral methods and found to be a TMP-adenosine 1:1 adduct resulting from the covalent bond formation between the carbon C(4) of TMP and ribose 4'-carbon of adenosine.     

THE ROLE OF A PHOTOCHEMICAL REACTION ON THE DEACTIVATION OF EXCITED 4,5',8-TRIMETHYLPSORALEN IN ETHANOL

The transient absorption of an intermediate R which is formed from an excited state higher than the lowest triplet state was observed in an ethanol solution of 4,5′,8-trimethylpsoralen (TMP). The temperature effects on the fluorescence yield φ_F for TMP and on the initial absorbance D_R of R were studied and it was found that D_R increases with increasing temperature whereas φ_F decreases. These results indicate that a photochemical reaction plays an important role on the deactivation of TMP in the excited singlet state     

PHOTOREACTION OF 8-METHOXYPSORALEN WITH THYMIDINE

Abstract— The photoreaction of 8-methoxypsoralen (8-MOP) with thymidine in solid film state yielded two 4', 5'-monoadducts (a pair of diastereomers) and three 3,4-monoadducts. The stereochemistry of two 4', 5'-monoadducts was found to be cis-syn and trans-syn and one 3,4-monoadduct was cis-anti. In addition to these monoadducts, 3,4-, 4', 5'-biadducts were also formed during the reaction, but the isolation of each isomer of these adducts was not successful; however, the formation of these biadducts was confirmed by UV, IR, TLC and photosplitting experiments.     

RESEARCH NOTE: PHOTOREACTION OF 4', 5'-DIHYDROPSORALEN WITH THYMINE

Abstract— The photocycloaddition reaction of 4',5'-dihydropsoralen with thymine was carried out in solution and in the frozen state. A major photoadduct was isolated and characterized by elemental analysis and physical methods. The photoadduct was proven to be the 1:1 C₄-cycloaddition product, an analogue of furocoumarin-DNA biadduct, with the stereochemistry of anti -head-to-head formed through 2+2 addition reaction between the pyrone double bond of 4', 5'-dihydropsoralenand 5,6-double bond of thymine.     

HIGH LEVELS OF 4,5'',8-TRIMETHYLPSORALEN PHOTOINDUCED FURAN-SIDE MONOADDUCTS CAN BLOCK CROSS-LINK REMOVAL IN NORMAL HUMAN CELLS

Abstract— The induction and removal of DNA interstrand cross-links (CL) was studied in normal human fibroblasts (1BR/3) using the highly photoreactive furocoumarin 4,5',8-trimethylpsoralen (TMP) in combination with monochromatic 365 nm and/or 405 nm radiation. We report that the presence of large amount of furan-side monoadducts (MA_f) induced by TMP plus 365 nm radiation blocks CL incision. When the amount of MA_f is reduced by their conversion into even more CL, incision of the cross-links is more efficient.     

MECHANISTIC STUDIES OF THE PHOTOREACTION OF FLAVIN WITH N, N-DIMETHYLPROPARGYLAMINE

Abstract Both photoexcited free flavin and protein-bound flavin react with N, N-dimethylpropargyla-mine (DMPA) to yield dihydroflavin-adducts which are not reoxidizable by oxygen. The mechanism of the photoreaction was reinvestigated by flash photolysis and continuous illumination experiments. We suggest that a mechanism occurs in which a flavosemiquinone and a DMPA radical result in the first photoinduced reaction. The flavin-DMPA adducts are then formed by combinations of the two radicals.     

4'-AMINOMETHYL-4,5',8-TRIMETHYLPSORALEN PHOTOCHEMISTRY THE EFFECT OF CONCENTRATION AND UVA FLUENCE ON PHOTOADDUCT FORMATION IN POLY(dAdT) AND CALF THYMUS DNA

Abstract-The photochemistry of 4'-aminomethyl-4,5',8-trimethylpsoralen (AMT) with poly(dA-dT) and calf thymus DNA was studied. The extent of photoadduct formation and the distribution of photoadducts (3,4– and 4',5'-monoadducts and crosslinks) were determined by liquid scintillation analysis and HPLC, respectively. The adducts were characterized on the basis of their UV absorption spectra and mass spectral analysis. The high DNA binding constant for AMT (1.5 x 10⁵ M⁻¹ ) led to a high fraction of intercalated molecules, which contributed to the high level of AMT photoadduct formation, as many as 102 adducts per kilobase pair. In addition, there is a distinct difference in the adduct distribution compared to the previously studied 8-methoxypsoralen (8-MOP). Under the conditions employed for the photochemical studies, virtually all of the AMT molecules in solution are intercalated, occupying 25% of the base pair sites. Under similar conditions, 8-MOP molecules occupied 10 times fewer sites. Thus, for AMT, DNA base pair sites other than 5'TA, the well-characterized strong binding for psoralens in general, are an additional target for photomodification, which results in the formation of a higher percentage of monoadducts. The proportion of photoadducts formed was virtually independent of AMT concentration and UVA (320–400 nm radiation) fluence.     

PHOTOREACTION OF PSORALEN DERIVATIVES WITH STRUCTURALLY ORGANIZED DNA

Abstract— The DNA-photobinding process of a number of psoralen derivatives has been investigated using different nucleic acid structures, such as double helical DNA, nucleosomes, and chromatin under various ionic strength conditions. Important differences were observed using "free" vs organised DNA as the target macromolecule, which are related to conformational, stereochemical, ionic and competition effects. The furocoumarin chemical nature also plays a role; in particular, charged compounds are shown to be more reactive than uncharged analogues with free DNA at low salt concentration, whereas a levelling off in photobinding efficiency occurs on increasing ionic strength and nucleic acid complexity. These results allow an explanation for the photobiological effects of the examined psoralens.     

FLUORIMETRIC DETERMINATION OF 4',5'-CYCLOADDUCTS IN THE DNA-PSORALEN PHOTOREACTION

Abstract— 4',5'-Photocycloadducts of psoralen with pyrimidine bases of DNA have been quantitatively determined by fluorescence measurements on the acid hydrolysate of DNA-psoralen photoadducts.     

PHOTOREACTIVITY OF 5-GERANOXYPSORALEN AND LACK OF PHOTOREACTION WITH DNA

5-Geranoxypsoralen, commonly called bergamottin, a major furocoumarin contained in bergamot oil, is reported in vitro as a highly photoreactive psoralen. In ethanol, it exhibits quite a high triplet state quantum yield (approximately 0.37). The triplet state is involved in subsequent photochemistry which depends on the initial concentration and on the presence of oxygen. In contrast to most psoralens, absorption and fluorescence data suggest that 5-geranoxypsoralen does not interact with DNA in the dark. No UVA-induced interstrand cross-links in DNA were shown.     

Two-Photon Excitation of 4'-Hydroxymethyl-4,5',8-Trimethylpsoralen

Abstract— Psoralens are a class of pharmaceutical agents commonly used to treat several cutaneous disorders. When irradiated with a mode-locked titanium: sapphire (Ti: sapphire) laser tuned to 730 nm, an aqueous solution of 4'-hydroxymethyl-4,5',8-trimethylpsoralen (HMT) emits blue light. The emission spectrum is centered at 452 nm and is identical to that obtained by one-photon excitation with UVA excitation, and its magnitude depends quad-ratically on the intensity of laser excitation. These results suggest that two-photon excitation occurs to a potentially photochemically active state. To estimate the two-photon absorption cross section, it was first necessary to measure the emission quantum yield of HMT using 365 nm excitation at room temperature that resulted in a value of 0.045 ± 0.007. The two-photon absorption cross section of HMT at 730 nm is therefore estimated to be 20 ± 10⁻⁵⁰ cm⁴ s (20 Göppert-Mayer). The excited-state photophysics and photochemistry of psoralens suggest potential applications to cutaneous phototherapy in diseases such as psoriasis and dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa.     

DETERMINATION OF RESIDUAL 4-AMINOMETHYL-4,5',8-TRIMETHYLPSORALENAND MUTAGENICITY TESTING FOLLOWING PSORALEN PLUS UVA TREATMENT OF PLATELET SUSPENSIONS

Abstract— Psoralens and UVA light have been used in the laboratory to study the inactivation of viruses that may be infrequently present in platelet concentrates that are prepared for transfusion. In order to evaluate safety aspects of the treatment of platelet suspensions with 4'-aminomethyl-4,5',8-trimethylpsoralen (AMT), we have investigated the residual levels and mutagenic potential of AMT after UVA phototreatment. 4'-aminomethyl-4,5',8-trimethylpso-ralen, at a final concentration of 40 μg/mL, was added to platelet suspensions which contained 16% plasma and a synthetic medium. Platelet suspensions containing AMT were irradiated with up to 7.2 J/cm² UVA light under normal oxygen levels. Residual levels of AMT were determined by HPLC and a bioassay based on bacteriophage 0.6 inactivation. The photodestruction of AMT or its activity by UVA was characterized by a D₃₇ value of 0.6 and 0.3 J/cm² with HPLC or bioassay, respectively. At 2.4 J/cm² UVA, which results in approximately 5 log₁₀ inactivation of vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) and retention of platelet in vitro properties, 12% (HPLC) to 9% (bioassay) AMT remained. Like other psoralens, AMT was found to bind to serum proteins as shown by ultrafiltration. Results are consistent with approximately 36% of the initial drug load binding primarily to serum albumin. It was determined using ³H-AMT that 9 to 18% of radioactivity was bound to platelets in the absence of irradiation. Similar fractions (13 to 18%) of AMT were bound to platelets after 3.6 J/cm² UVA irradiation, and 8 to 10% of total AMT was associated with saline-washed irradiated platelets and is presumably tightly bound. Mutagenicity testing (Ames test, in the absence of UVA) was also carried out on the UVA irradiated platelet samples. With Salmonella tester strains which detect primarily base substitution mutations (TA100, TA1535 and TA102), no increase from background mutagenesis levels was observed with any of the samples. However, tester strains which detect frameshift mutations (TA98, TA1537, and TA1538) displayed significant increases in histidine revertants over background levels for irradiated and non-irradiated AMT-containing samples tested in the presence of S9 microsomal enzymes. In the absence of S9 activation, a mutagenic response was observed only with tester strain TA1537. All frameshift tester strains exhibited decreased numbers of induced revertants with lower residual AMT concentrations (which correlated with higher UVA dose). Significant mutagenesis was still observed for platelet suspensions irradiated with virucidal levels of UVA which maintain platelet in vitro function (2.4 J/cm²). These results suggest that residual available AMT is mutagenic in the Ames test and that the observed frameshift mutations may be caused by binding of AMT or its metabolites to nucleic acids in the absence of UVA light.     

含氟烯类的调节聚合——Ⅰ.四氟乙烯与低级脂族醇的调节聚合

本工作提出了一种新的引发系统即在MgO或BaO存在下的过氧化叔丁基,应用于四氟乙烯与甲醇、乙醇及异丙醇等低级脂族醇的调节聚合。对比实验证明氧化钡具有提高反应速度和调聚物总收率及降低分子量的作用。此作用对以甲醇为调节剂的反应影响最大,乙醇次之,异丙醇则较小。 研究了四氟乙烯与醇类化合物的克分子比对产物分子量分布的影响。结果表明改变反应物克分子比可以较满意地控制1∶1加成物的生成。以甲醇而言,当反应物克分子比在0.10—0.28范围内,1∶1加成物产率从25.8％增至57％。 从三种醇的调聚产物百分比的比较,得出链转移常数的次序是:甲醇<乙醇<异丙醇。     

PALLADIUM-CATALYZED ARYLATION OF ALLYLIC ALCOHOLS WITH ARYL IODIDES IN WATER

Palladium-catalyzed arylation of allylic alcohols with aryl iodides are shown to occur in the presence of sodium bicarbonate and tetra-n-butylammonium chloride in pure water using palladium acetate as catalyst. β-aromatic carbonyl compounds are obtained in good yields.     

RING-OPENING PHOTOREACTIONS OF CYTOSINE AND 5-METHYLCYTOSINE WITH ALIPHATIC ALCOHOLS

Abstract Several reports in the late 1950s and early 1960s indicated that ultraviolet irradiation of dilute solutions of cytosine or 5-methylcytosine in aliphatic alcohols, such as methanol or ethanol, leads to reaction mixtures containing products with an absorption maximum around 300 nm. The present work reports the isolation and characterization of the products responsible for this absorption in the photochemical reactions of cytosine and 5-methylcytosine with methanol, ethanol and 2-propanol at concentrations in the neighborhood of 200 μM. Under these conditions the reactions have been shown, in each nucleobase/alcohol system, to give almost exclusively a single type of primary photopro-duct; each product shows an absorption maximum in the region of 300 nm. Structural analysis showed the products to be alcohol adducts with an ester linkage at C2 of the ring-opened base and an enamine structure at C6. For example, in the case of the reaction of cytosine with methanol, the product is N-carbomethoxy-3-aminoacrylamidine (IIIa). The occurrence of this type of photoreaction suggests a mode by which alcoholic functional groups on amino acid side chains could contribute to photoinduced DNA-protein cross-linking.