Evaluation of elastic, elastic-plastic properties of thin Pt wire by?mechanical bending test

A testing methodology to determine the elastic-plastic properties of thin metallic wires is reported. A small-scaled bending test of Pt thin wire and the corresponding finite element analysis are performed. By fitting the load-displacement relationship obtained by finite element analysis to the experimental one, the elastic, elastic-plastic properties of Pt wire are successfully determined.     

Quasistatic and dynamic functional properties of thin superelastic NiTi wires

2D/3D structures made from thin NiTi wires (d < 100μm) are currently considered for engineering applications in textile, medical or robotics fields. The development of such novel applications requires the knowledge of the thermomechanical behaviour of NiTi ultra thin wires in tension, torsion bending and combined loads, which might differ from that of thicker wires due to influence of texture, cold work and higher aspect ratio. To deal with this challenge, a new experimental testing approach presented in this paper has been developed. It includes thermomechanical tensile testing, combined tension-torsion testing and forced tensile vibrational testing realized on self-made testing rigs equipped with Peltier furnaces and in-situ electric measurement systems. The collected experimental datasets provide a basis upon which FEM implementable SMA models describing functional thermomechanical behaviours of 2D/3D NiTi wire structures (quasistatic and dynamic) are presently being constructed     

Simulation of the interface characterization of thin film on substrate system by bending creep tests

In the present paper, the finite element simulation of the bending creep tests of the thin film on substrate system is carried out. The purpose of the investigation is to understand the creep stress characterization of the thin film on substrate system with the three points bending creep test method, which plays an important role in the bending creep testing characterization, so as to provide some foundation on determination of interface properties of the thin film on substrate system by a bending creep testing. Finite element results shows that the influences of the thickness of thin film and the modulus ratio of thin film to substrate on stress distribution are important.     

Magnetic anisotropy and anisotropic ballistic conductance of thin magnetic wires

The magnetocrystalline anisotropy of thin magnetic wires of iron and cobalt is quite different from the bulk phases. The spin moment of monatomic Fe wire may be as high as 3.4 μ_B, while the orbital moment as high as 0.5 μ_B. The magnetocrystalline anisotropy energy (MAE) was calculated for wires up to 0.6 nm in diameter starting from monatomic wire and adding consecutive shells for thicker wires. I observe that Fe wires exhibit the change sign with the stress applied along the wire. It means that easy axis may change from the direction along the wire to perpendicular to the wire. We find that ballistic conductance of the wire depends on the direction of the applied magnetic field, i.e. shows anisotropic ballistic magnetoresistance. This effect occurs due to the symmetry dependence of the splitting of degenerate bands in the applied field which changes the number of bands crossing the Fermi level. We find that the ballistic conductance changes with applied stress. Even for thicker wires the ballistic conductance changes by factor 2 on moderate tensile stain in our 5×4 model wire. Thus, the ballistic conductance of magnetic wires changes in the applied field due to the magnetostriction. This effect can be observed as large anisotropic BMR in the experiment.     

PASSIVE DAMPING AUGMENTATION OF A VIBRATING BEAM USING PSEUDOELASTIC SHAPE MEMORY ALLOY WIRES

This paper examines the effectiveness of pseudoelastic shape memory alloy (SMA) wires for passive damping of flexural vibrations of a clamped-free beam with a tip mass. A finite-element model of the system is developed and validated with experimental results. The SMA behavior is modelled using amplitude-dependent complex modulus. Numerical simulations indicate that the damping introduced by the SMA wires will increase for higher excitation-force amplitudes that produce higher strain levels in the SMA wires. Increasing the wire cross-section area provides more damping at low force-excitation amplitudes, but reduced damping at higher amplitudes. The angle between the beam and the SMA wires is an influential parameter, and a value in the 10-20° range was found to introduce maximum damping. The underlying physical mechanisms are examined in detail. System damping depends only mildly on the SMA wire length, and is unaffected by the tip mass.     

Characterization of thermal diffusivity of micro/nanoscale wires by transient photo-electro-thermal technique

In this work, a transient photon-electro-thermal (TPET) technique based on step laser heating and electrical thermal sensing is developed to characterize the thermophysical properties of one-dimensional micro/nanoscale conductive and nonconductive wires. In this method, the to-be-measured thin wire/tube is suspended over two electrodes and is irradiated with a step cw laser beam. The laser beam induces a transient temperature rise in the wire/tube, which will lead to a transient change of its electrical resistance. A dc current is applied to the sample, and the resulting transient voltage variation over the wire is measured and used to extract the thermophysical properties of the sample. A 25.4-μm thick Pt wire is used as the reference sample to verify this technique. Sound agreement is obtained between the measured thermal diffusivity and the reference value. Applying the TPET technique, one can measure the thermal diffusivity of conductive single-wall carbon nanotube (SWCNT) bundles and nonconductive cloth fibers. For nonconductive wires, a thin (∼ nm) metallic film is coated on the outside of the wire for electrical thermal sensing. The measured thermal diffusivity for the SWCNT bundle is 2.53×10^-5 m²/s, much less than the thermal diffusivity of graphite in the layer direction. For microscale cloth fibers, our experiment shows its thermal diffusivity is at the level of 10^-7 m²/s. PACS 78.20.Nv; 42.62.-b; 65.80+n; 66.30.Xj     

Characterization of thermal transport across single-point contact between micro-wires

A contact transient electrothermal technique (CTET) is developed to characterize the thermal transport between one-dimensional conductive and nonconductive microscale wires that are in point contact. This technique is a significant advance from the transient electrothermal method that is used to characterize the thermophysical properties of individual one-dimensional micro-wires. A steady-state analytical solution and a transient numerical solution are used to independently determine the value for the thermal contact resistance between the wires at the contact point. The CTET technique is applied to measurement of the thermal contact resistance between crossed Pt wires (25.4 μm diameter) and the thermal contact resistance between a glass fiber (8.9 μm diameter) in contact with a Pt wire (25.4 μm diameter). For Pt wire contact, the thermal contact resistance increases from 8.94×10⁴ to 7.05×10⁵ K/W when the heating current changes from 20 to 50 mA. For the Pt/glass fiber contact, the thermal contact resistance is much larger (2.83×10⁶ K/W), mainly due to the smaller area at the contact point.     

Measurement of surface defects on thin steel wires by atomic force microscopy

The characterisation of surface defects on thin metallic wires is very important for the industrial applications of these wires. The physical dimensions of the surface defects presented by several thin steel wires of different diameters have been measured using Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM). The measurements made show two main defects in thin steel wires: holes and scratches, but other defects like porosity or protuberances have also been observed. We have found an empirical relationship between the physical dimensions of the scratches and the wire diameter.     

Characteristics of coated copper wire specimens using high frequency ultrasonic complex vibration welding equipments

Welding characteristic of thin coated copper wires were studied using 40, 60, 100 kHz ultrasonic complex vibration welding equipments with elliptical to circular vibration locus. The complex vibration systems consisted of a longitudinal-torsional vibration converter and a driving longitudinal vibration system. Polyurethane coated copper wires of 0.036 mm outer diameter and copper plates of 0.3 mm thickness and the other dimension wires were used as welding specimens. The copper wire part is completely welded on the copper substrate and the insulated coating material is driven from welded area to outsides of the wire specimens by high frequency complex vibration.     

Confining concrete cylinders using shape memory alloy wires

This study proposed a new method to confine concrete cylinders or reinforced concrete columns using martensitic, Ti-49.7Ni (at %), or austenitic, Ti-50.3Ni (at %), shape-memory-alloy wires. Prestrained martensitic SMA wire was used to wrap a concrete cylinder and, then, was heated by a heating jacket. In the process, confining stress was developed around the cylinder by the SMA wire due to shape memory effect, which can increase the strength and ductility of the cylinder under axial compressive load. For austenitic shape memory wires, some prestraining was introduced in the wires during wrapping concrete cylinders on which post-tensioning stress was generated. In this study, 1.0 mm diameter of martensitic and austenitic SMA wire was used for confinement. Recovery tests were conducted for the martensitic and the austenitic shape memory wires to determine the recovery stress and superelastic behavior, respectively. The confinement by martensitic shape memory wires had increased the strength slightly and the ductility substantially. However, the austenitic shape memory wires only increased the ductility because the imposed prestress was too small. This study showed the potential of the proposed method to retrofit reinforced concrete columns using shape memory wires to protect themselves from earthquakes.     

横卧式杨氏模量与组装台秤实验仪的设计

通过对横向放置的钢丝进行受力分析,推导出其杨氏模量的测量公式,进而运用该公式对其杨氏模量进行实验测量.再用该杨氏模量值作为已知参数,利用该钢丝作为压力的应变传感器件,反向设计出一款简易台秤,推导出其测量公式,并用来测定未知物体的重力.此设计将传统的验证性实验项目拓展改进成设计性实验项目,减小了原实验误差,丰富了实验内容.     

不同电磁脉冲对细导线的耦合

 采用时域有限差分法,结合细线处理方法,分别对超宽带电磁脉冲、快前沿电磁脉冲和核电磁脉冲在自由空间细导线上耦合的电流进行了数值计算,得出了不同前沿和脉宽的电磁脉冲在细导线上的感应电流。     

Mechanical and fracture behaviors of defective silicon nanowires: combined effects of vacancy clusters,temperature, wire size,and shape

Abstract The coupled effects of vacancy clusters (VCs), temperature, wire size, and geometry on the mechanical and fracture behaviors of defective silicon nanowires (Si NWs) were investigated using molecular dynamics modeling with Tersoff potential. The formation energies (E _v ) of a monovacancy (3.933 eV) and a tetrahedron vacancy (10.189 eV) obtained in this study agree well with experimental results and ab initio calculation. Simulation results show that the slip deformations of defective Si NWs are triggered at the wire’s surface and edge due to the number of dangling bonds on the wire’s surface being much greater than that inside a vacancy defect. VC defects barely affect to the value of Young’s modulus, but substantially weaken the ultimate strength of wires with a small cross-sectional size. With decreasing wire size and increasing operation temperature, significant reductions in Young’s modulus and fracture strength were observed. The average Young’s modulus for square NWs was about 3.7 % higher than that of wires with a circular shape due to the surface facet effect. A brittle-to-ductile transition (BDT) occurred for [001]-oriented Si NWs with a lateral size≤5.43 nm and an operation temperature T≥300 K.     

Electronic Transport Calculations Using Maximally-Localized Wannier Functions

I present a method to calculate the ballistic transport properties of atomic-scale structures under bias. The electronic structure of the system is calculated using the Kohn-Sham scheme of density functional theory (DFT). The DFT eigenvectors are then transformed into a set of maximally localized Wannier functions (MLWFs) [N. Marzari and D. Vanderbilt, Phys. Rev. B 56 (1997) 12847]. The MLWFs are used as a minimal basis set to obtain the Hamitonian matrices of the scattering region and the adjacent leads,which are needed for transport calculation using the nonequilibrium Green's function formalism. The coupling of the scattering region to the semi-infinite leads is described by the self-energies of the leads. Using the nonequilibrium Green's function method, one calculates self-consistently the charge distribution of the system under bias and evaluates the transmission and current through the system. To solve the Poisson equation within the scheme of MLWFs I introduce a computationally efficient method. The method is applied to a molecular hydrogen contact in two transition metal monatomic wires (Cu and Pt). It is found that for Pt the I-V characteristics is approximately linear dependence, however, for Cu the I-V characteristics manifests a linear dependence at low bias voltages and exhibits apparent nonlinearity at higher bias voltages. I have also calculated the transmission in the zero bias voltage limit for a single CO molecule adsorbed on Cu and Pt monatomic wires. While a chemical scissor effect occurs for the Cu monatomic wire with an adsorbed CO molecule, it is absent for the Pt monatomic wire due to the contribution of d-orbitals at the Fermi energy.     

A method for the location of sparks in electrostatic precipitators

A system for the location of sparks within an electrostatic precipitator can be used diagnostically to enable rapid identification of electrically weak spots due to wire or plate misalignments, design features or local defects in construction (e.g. sharp edges in regions of high electric stress). It can help to improve plant availability by the rapid location of faults due to broken wires while the unit is on-load, and so shorten the time for repair.Spark location is determined by measuring the transit time of an acoustic wave from a spark to microphones placed around each electrical zone. The bending of the sound paths around the plate edges is included in the analysis technique.The technique has been tested on a precipitator zone at a power station for both off-load and on-load operations. During on-load use the system can locate sparks to an accuracy of ±3 lanes and ±3 wires.     

Contribution of magnetostatic interaction to magnetization reversal of Fe3Pt nanowires arrays: A micromagnetic simulation

Using the micromagnetic simulations, we have investigated the magnetization reversal and magnetostatic interaction of Fe₃Pt nanowires arrays with wire diameters lower than 40 nm. By changing the number of interacting nanowires, N, interwire distance, a, and wire diameter, D, the effects of magnetostatic interaction on coercivity and remanence are investigated in detail. According to the simulated results, the contribution to the stray field induced by surface perpendicular magnetization at the end of wires is established.     

One-dimensional 3d electronic bands of monatomic Cu chains

The electronic structure of an array of monatomic Cu chains grown on the Pt(997) surface has been examined by angle-resolved photoemission. The monatomic wires exhibit properties associated with 3d electron confinement in one dimension. Along the wire direction, the 3d bands states display a dispersive character, with periodicity in reciprocal space defined by the wire array geometry. These observations are compared and analyzed with ab initio calculations based on the full-potential linearized augmented plane-wave method.     

电磁脉冲对细线耦合的时域多分辨分析

 对利用时域多分辨分析(MRTD)方法计算电磁脉冲(EMP)与细线耦合的问题进行了研究。将传统Holland细线算法应用到时域多分辨分析当中,推导出了MRTD方法中对细线结构处理的一种算法,并给出了具体的计算步骤和相关参数的选取方法。计算表明,采用MRTD方法计算细线问题,可以取较大的空间步长,一般可以取到最短工作波长的1/4左右,有效地节约了计算资源;MRTD方法也可以较方便地处理细线位于大地附近的情况,为计算地面铺设较长细线的EMP耦合提供了一种途径。     

Ground-state energy of the electron liquid in ultrathin wires

The ground-state energy and the density correlation function of the electron liquid in a thin one-dimensional wire are computed. The calculation is based on an approximate mapping of the problem with a realistic Coulomb interaction law onto exactly solvable models of mathematical physics. This approach becomes asymptotically exact in the limit of a small wire radius but remains numerically accurate even for modestly thin wires.     

Enhancement of gas phase heat transfer by acoustic field application

This study discusses a possibility for enhancement of heat transfer between solids and ambient gas by application of powerful acoustic fields. Experiments are carried out by using preheated Pt wires (length 0.1-0.15 m, diameter 50 and 100 micro m) positioned at the velocity antinode of a standing wave (frequency range 216-1031 Hz) or in the path of a travelling wave (frequency range 6.9-17.2 kHz). A number of experiments were conducted under conditions of gas flowing across the wire surface. Effects of sound frequency, sound strength, gas flow velocity and wire preheating temperature on the Nusselt number are examined with and without sound application. The gas phase heat transfer rate is enhanced with acoustic field strength. Higher temperatures result in a vigorous radiation from the wire surface and attenuate the effect of sound. The larger the gas flow velocity, the smaller is the effect of sound wave on heat transfer enhancement.