Grating Formation in 13-demethyl Bacteriorhodopsin Film

Holographic properties of a 13-demethyl retinal bacteriorhodopsin (13-demethyl BR) film in gelatin matrix were investigated and compared to those of a native bacteriorhodopsin (BR_WT) film. A two-wave mixing experiment was performed to study the self-diffraction efficiency of the samples. The rise and the decay of the grating in the 13-demethyl BR film was measured. The film is relatively slow enabling the recording of simultaneous gratings. Phase conjugate reflectivity was measured by a four-wave mixing experiment. Diffraction efficiency and phase conjugate reflectivity of the 13-demethyl BR film were observed to be comparable to those of the BR^WT film.     

利用菌紫质薄膜进行角度复用和偏振复用全息存储实验研究

全息光存储以其高密度、大容量、高速并行数据存取而成为光存储领域的一个重要研究方向。生物光致变色材料———菌紫质是一种新型可擦重写全息记录介质。实验证明了使用菌紫质薄膜进行角度复用和偏振复用全息存储的可行性。利用菌紫质的光致变色特性,采用90°角度复用全息存储光路,在BR-D96N薄膜样品同一位置上实现了6幅全息图存储,并分别读出了无串扰的再现像。利用菌紫质薄膜的光致各向异性进行了偏振复用全息存储,在BR-D96N薄膜样品的同一位置上存储了两幅正交偏振光记录的图像,用原参考光再现和偏振片选择,可分别读出这两幅图像。     

Influence of auxiliary violet light on holographic kinetics at low and high recording intensities in bacteriorhodopsin film

The photochromic bacteriorhodopsin (BR) film can be used as a rewritable holographic recording medium. Due to the saturation absorption and the scattering and reflecting lights from the BR film, the grating contrast-ratio of the hologram is diminished during the hologram recording. When the intensity of the recording light is low, the influence of the saturation absorption and the scatter and reflection of BR film on the grating contrast-ratio is weak. But for the case of intense recording light, this influence is more serious. It is found that the influence of the auxiliary violet light on the holographic kinetics of diffraction efficiency is distinct under different recording intensities. At the low recording light intensity, the steady diffraction efficiency is increased and the peak diffraction efficiency is suppressed by the auxiliary violet light. But for intense recording light, the steady diffraction efficiency and the peak diffraction efficiency are both increased by the auxiliary violet light. Based on the two-state model of BR photochromism, we give a good theoretical explanation to the above phenomena.     

细菌视紫红质高分辨图象存储中吸收和散射现象的实验研究

本文利用细菌视紫红质变种材料BR_D96N的基态和M态实现了图象的高分辨存储.实验研究了该样品的吸收特性;在此基础上分析了散射光对BR膜图象质量的影响,并通过合理的控制激发光强和激发时间在BR膜样品上得到分辨率为800lp/mm的高分辨图象.     

New results on diffusion lengths measurements in wide bandgap semiconductors, obtained from steady state photocarrier gratings (SSPG)

In this work we develop our previous measurements of diffusion lengths in gallium nitride using the steady-state photocarrier grating (SSPG) method. We show how the use of a monomode HeCd laser as well as a photoelectrical compensation scheme improves significantly the measurement, and demonstrate the ruggedness of the SSPG technique as well as the reliability of the obtained diffusion length, which is typically in the range of several hundreds of nanometers. The small-signal photocurrent decay is exponential, with decay times in the millisecond range, a clear indication of trap-limited dynamics. We use the photocarrier grating field quenching to estimate the majority carrier drift mobility. Finally, a thermalization-limited diffusion mechanism is proposed in order to overcome a serious conflict between the experimental data and the recombination-limited SSPG diffusion theory.     

Diffusion and relaxation effects in general stray field NMR experiments

We analyze the evolution of magnetization following any series of radiofrequency pulses in strongly inhomogeneous fields, with particular attention to diffusion and relaxation effects. When the inhomogeneity of the static magnetic field approaches or exceeds the strength of the RF field, the magnetization has contributions from different coherence pathways. The diffusion or relaxation induced decay of the signal amplitude is in general nonexponential, even if the sample has single relaxation times T(1), T(2) and a single diffusion coefficient D. In addition, the shape of the echo depends on diffusion and relaxation. It is possible to separate contributions from different coherence pathways by phase cycling of the RF pulses. The general analysis is tested on stray field measurements using two different pulse sequences. We find excellent agreement between measurements and calculations. The inversion recovery sequence is used to study the relaxation effects. We demonstrate two different approaches of data analysis to extract the relaxation time T(1). Finite pulse width effects on the timing of the echo formation are also studied. Diffusion effects are analyzed using the Carr--Purcell--Meiboom--Gill sequence. In a stray field of a constant gradient g, we find that unrestricted diffusion leads to nonexponential signal decay versus echo number N, but within experimental error the diffusion attenuation is still only a function of g(2)Dt(3)(E)N, where t(E) is the echo spacing.     

菌紫质薄膜光致折射率变化的理论计算和实验测量

基因改性细菌视紫红质BR-D96N由于M态寿命的延长而具有显著的光致变色特性.根据Kramers-Kronig变换关系,样品吸收光谱的变化会引起样品折射率的变化.本文首先从实验上测量了BR-D96N薄膜样品在光激发前后的吸收光谱,然后根据Kramers-Kronig变换关系,理论计算了对应此光致变色光谱变化的光致折射率变化光谱.实验上为了直接测量样品的光致折射率变化,采用Michelson干涉方法测量BR-D96N薄膜在不同探测波长下的光致折射率变化量,并与理论计算曲线进行了比较.     

Ultrafast optical switching from an ionic to a neutral state in tetrathiafulvalene-p-chloranil (TTF-CA) observed in femtosecond reflection spectroscopy

Ultrafast optical switching from an ionic ( I) to a neutral ( N) state in TTF-CA was observed in femtosecond reflection spectroscopy. Charge transfer excitation in the I phase produces N donor ( D0) acceptor ( A0) strings within 2 ps. These initial N states decay with a lifetime of 300 ps at 4 K, but rather multiply leading to macroscopic I-N conversion within 20 ps at 77 K just below the N-I transition temperature T(NI). Near T(NI), we also found the evidence for the coherent motion of the macroscopic N-I domain boundary with a period of 85 ps.     

不同记录光强下辅助紫光对菌紫质薄膜全息衍射效率的影响

具有光致变色效应的菌紫质薄膜可用作可擦重写型全息记录介质. 在全息记录过程中,由于菌紫质薄膜对记录光的散射和反射引起记录光栅对比度下降,当记录光较弱时,这种影响较小,可以忽略;但当记录光较强时,散射和反射光对记录光栅的影响很大,必须考虑它们对光栅对比度的影响才能对实验结果进行合理的解释. 实验发现在不同的记录光强下辅助紫光对衍射效率动力学曲线的影响不同,当记录光强较弱时,加入辅助紫光可以提高衍射效率的稳定值、抑制峰值;而当记录光强较强时,加入辅助紫光除了提高衍射效率的稳定值外,还可以提高衍射效率的峰值. 关键词： 菌紫质 衍射效率 干涉条纹对比度     

Resolution of the orthopositronium-lifetime puzzle

The long-standing discrepancy [G. S. Adkins, R. N. Fell, and J. Sapirstein, Ann. Phys. (N.Y.) 295, 136 (2002)]] between the theoretical calculations of the orthopositronium (o-Ps) annihilation decay rate (lambda(T)=1/lifetime) and some of the experimental measurements has been resolved. A focused beam of positrons incident on a special nanoporous silica film produces near-thermal energy o-Ps in vacuum that is slow enough to be virtually free of perturbing interactions. The fitted decay rate requires only a 500 ppm correction for nonthermal o-Ps effects. The new value of lambda(T)=7.0404(10)(8) micros(-1) is in excellent agreement with theory.     

Lifetimes of thermally fixed holograms in LiNbO(3):Fe crystals

The thermal erasure decay at different temperatures of holographic gratings thermally fixed in iron-doped lithium niobate has been exhaustively studied. An activation energy of 0.94 eV was found to be independent of the grating fringe spacing. At a given temperature the decay time is strongly dependent on the grating spacing. This dependence is well fitted to a square fringe spacing law, as predicted theoretically. From the experimental data the room-temperature hologram lifetime under illumination is extrapolated, giving as a result t(years)=(5.2+/-0.2)?(2) , with the grating spacing ? in micrometers.     

Measurement of the Lambda0b lifetime in the decay lambda0b--> J/psiLambda0 with the D0 detector

We present measurements of the Lambda(0)(b) lifetime in the exclusive decay channel Lambda(0)(b)--> J/psiLambda(0), with J/psi--> mu(+)mu(-) and Lambda(0)--> ppi(-), the B0 lifetime in the decay B0-->J/psiK(0)(S) with J/psi--> mu(+)mu(-) and K(0)(S)-->pi(+)pi(-), and the ratio of these lifetimes. The analysis is based on approximately 250 pb(-1) of data recorded with the D0 detector in pp collisions at sqrt[s] = 1.96 TeV. The Lambda(0)(b) lifetime is determined to be tau(Lambda(0)(b)) = 1.22(+0.22)(-0.18)(stat) +/- 0.04(syst) ps, the B0 lifetime tau(B0) = 1.40(+0.11)(-0.10)(stat) +/- 0.03(syst) ps, and the ratio tau(Lambda(0)(b))/tau(B0) = 0.87(+0.17)(-0.14)(stat) +/- 0.03(syst). In contrast with previous measurements using semileptonic decays, this is the first determination of the Lambda(0)(b) lifetime based on a fully reconstructed decay channel.     

Spontaneous dissociation of long-range Feshbach molecules

We study the spontaneous dissociation of diatomic molecules produced in cold atomic gases via magnetically tunable Feshbach resonances. We provide a universal formula for the lifetime of these molecules that relates their decay to the scattering length and the loss rate constant for inelastic spin relaxation. Our universal treatment as well as our exact coupled channels calculations for 85Rb dimers predict a suppression of the decay over several orders of magnitude when the scattering length is increased. Our predictions are in good agreement with recent measurements of the lifetime of 85Rb(2).     

血啉甲醚的时间分辨荧光光谱研究

实验研究了用于肿瘤光动力学诊断的第二代新型光敏剂血啉甲醚(HMME)分别在不同血型人血清和生理盐水环境中的时间分辨光谱,同时还研究了在不同荧光发射峰处的荧光寿命以及光敏剂浓度对荧光寿命的影响。结果表明:HMME在625和690nm处的荧光寿命基本相同,无显著差异。HMME在生理盐水和人血清环境中的荧光寿命具有显著差异,分别为14.6和16.6ns,同时实验结果还表明光敏剂浓度对荧光寿命没有影响。结论对于开展肿瘤的时间分辨药物荧光光谱诊断与成像技术具有重要的指导意义。     

AgX:I微晶的光电子衰减时间分辨谱测量

利用高时间分辨的微波吸收薄膜介电谱测量技术,采用自行设计的光电子时间分辨谱测量装置(时间分辨率达到1 ns),精确地测量了不同Agx:I材料在35 ps超短脉冲激光曝光后产生的自由光电子和浅俘获光电子随时间衰减的光电子衰减时间分辨谱,分析了不同的[I-]掺杂条件对材料光电子时间特性的影响关系,得到了影响Agx:I微晶光电子时间特性的最佳[I-]掺杂条件。对立方体AgCl乳剂来说,[I-]含量0.5％,掺杂位置80％Ag处时,乳剂的光电子寿命最长。而对T-颗粒AgBr乳剂而言,[I-]含量3％时,乳剂的光电子寿命最长。碘化物对光电子寿命增大的影响是由于碘化物离子可以作为缺陷电子陷阱,这就使得银簇上的反应减小,当碘化物大于3％时,这一效应由于碘化物团簇的形成而消失。     

基于细菌视紫红质光子逻辑门的实验研究

研究了基于细菌视紫红质(简称BR或菌紫质)变种材料D96N的3种光逻辑操作.在633nm激发光照射下，菌紫质分子会被激发到M态，处于M态的菌紫质对412nm的紫光呈较大吸收，会抑制同时入射的紫光.选择合适的紫光强度，通过CCD观测被抑制的412nm检测光透射强度分布，模拟了“非”、“或非”、“与非”几种基本的光子逻辑操作. 关键词： 细菌视紫红质 光子逻辑门 互补抑制     

Decay of excitonic gratings: Effect of exciton diffusion and reabsorption of exciton fluorescence

A phenomenological theory of the decay time of an excitonic grating (a grating of exciton densities) formed at some initial moment in a plane-parallel plate of a molecular crystal has been developed. Along with the diffusion of excitons reabsorption of the fluorescence light radiated by excitons is also taken into account. It is shown that in crystals with large overlapping of absorption and emission spectra the life time of the exciton grating is diminished appreciably by reabsorption. Numerical estimations for this life for anthracene at room temperature were made. In the above conditions it is the reabsorption which is important, whereas the diffusion of excitons hardly affects the decay time of the excitonic grating. The available experimental data and possible trends of further investigations are discussed.     

NMR diffusion of hyperpolarised 3He in aerogel: a systematic pressure study.

Diffusion of hyperpolarised 3He in a silica aerogel sample with 98% porosity was measured by NMR, and systematically studied as a function of pressure P in the range 20 mbar -1 bar. Spin-echo amplitudes, recorded with pulsed gradients in the usual CMPG sequence, follow a monoexponential decay, and the decay rate varies quadratically with the gradient intensity: thus the apparent diffusion coefficient of the gas D can be evaluated. Our results show a power-law (1/D proportional to P(0.55)), which could be consistent with a fairly broad mean free path distribution, implying some inhomogeneity in the aerogel structure. We have observed a spatial non-uniformity of D, and some deviation to the quadratic dependence of the decay rate with the gradient intensity, possibly related to sample structure inhomogeneity.     

Spectral migration and decay characteristics of triplet excitations in glassy benzophenone

Spectral and kinetic properties of triplet excitons in thin films of glassy benzophenone were studied at temperatures between 4.2 and 220 K. The influence of the film thickness on the lifetime and nature of their phosphorescence decay was observed and discussed. It was shown that studies of spectral diffusion in thin glassy films of benzophenone must take into account the dependence of the emission lifetime on the recording wavelength and the influence of the excitation intensity on the phosphorescence decay process, among other factors. The hypothesis is put forward that the characteristics of the temperature transformations of the spectra (displacements, changes in band half-widths) are related to phase transitions and relaxation processes in the glassy benzophenone. Fiz. Tverd. Tela (St. Petersburg) 40, 1052–1055 (June 1998)     

微秒级激光荧光寿命测量

本文描述了由氮分子激光器，小型光栅单色器，光电倍增管，记忆示波器等组装成的微光荧光寿命测量装置，讨论了该装置的测量原理和方法，并测定了ＹＡＧ晶体，钒磷酸盐等样品的荧光寿命，测定的结果与标准样品值相符。