An assessment of the levels of phthalate esters and metals in the Muledane open dump,Thohoyandou, Limpopo Province,South Africa

Background  

This work reports the determination of the levels of phthalate esters (dimethyl phthalate (DMP), diethyl phthalate (DEP), dibutyl phthalate (DBP), diethyl hexyl phthalate (DEHP)) and metals (lead, cadmium, manganese, zinc, iron, calcium) in composite soil samples. The soil samples were collected randomly within the Muledane open dump, Thohoyandou, Limpopo province, South Africa. Control samples were collected about 200 m away from the open dump. The phthalate esters were separated and determined by capillary gas chromatography with a flame ionization detector, whilst the metals were determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometry.     

微滴液相微萃取技术用于气相色谱-质谱法测定食品中的酞酸酯

将一种新型、简单、快速、环境友好的萃取方法微滴液相微萃取(SDME)与气相色谱-质谱法结合用于快速分析食品中的几种酞酸酯(PAEs)。考察了萃取溶剂的种类及用量、微液滴在样品溶液中的深度、萃取时间及搅拌子的搅拌速度对微滴液相微萃取的影响。优化的萃取条件为:萃取溶剂为2.0 μL甲苯,微液滴在样品溶液中的深度为0.75 cm,搅拌速度为1000 r/min,萃取时间为20 min。该方法的线性范围为0.1～4000 μg/L,检测限为25 ng/L～0.8 mg/L,加标回收率为87.1%～114.4%,相对标准偏差为4.9%～11.6%。微滴液相微萃取所需的有机溶剂量很小,是一种快速、简单、安全、有效的水溶性样品的前处理方法。     

固相萃取-气相色谱-质谱法测定食品中23种邻苯二甲酸酯

建立了同时检测食品中23种邻苯二甲酸酯类化合物的固相萃取-气相色谱-质谱(GC-MS)分析方法。样品经正己烷或乙腈提取、玻璃ProElut PSA固相萃取柱净化,GC-MS选择离子监测模式(SIM)测定。考察了不同种类食品的提取、净化方法。23种邻苯二甲酸酯的线性范围除邻苯二甲酸二异壬酯(DINP)和邻苯二甲酸二异癸酯(DIDP)为0.5～5 mg/L外,其余均为0.05～5 mg/L,相关系数(r)除DIDP外均大于0.99。方法的检出限(信噪比为3)为0.005～0.05 mg/kg,定量限(信噪比为10)为0.02～0.2 mg/kg。在10种食品基质中3个加标水平的平均回收率为77%～112%,相对标准偏差(RSD,n=6)为4.1%～12.5%。该方法稳定、可靠,操作简单,适用于食品中邻苯二甲酸酯类化合物的检测与确证。     

Determination of low molecular weight alcohols including fusel oil in various samples by diethyl ether extraction and capillary gas chromatography

Low molecular weight alcohols including fusel oil were determined using diethyl ether extraction and capillary gas chromatography. Twelve kinds of alcohols were successfully resolved on the HP-FFAP (polyethylene glycol) capillary column. The diethyl ether extraction method was very useful for the analysis of alcohols in alcoholic beverages and biological samples with excellent cleanliness of the resulting chromatograms and high sensitivity compared to the direct injection method. Calibration graphs for all standard alcohols showed good linearity in the concentration range used, 0.001-2% (w/v) for all alcohols. Salting out effects were significant (p < 0.01) for the low molecular weight alcohols methanol, isopropanol, propanol, 2-butanol, n-butanol and ethanol, but not for the relatively high molecular weight alcohols amyl alcohol, isoamyl alcohol, and heptanol. The coefficients of variation of the relative molar responses were less than 5% for all of the alcohols. The limits of detection and quantitation were 1-5 and 10-60 microg/L for the diethyl ether extraction method, and 10-50 and 100-350 microg/L for the direct injection method, respectively. The retention times and relative retention times of standard alcohols were significantly shifted in the direct injection method when the injection volumes were changed, even with the same analysis conditions, but they were not influenced in the diethyl ether extraction method. The recoveries by the diethyl ether extraction method were greater than 95% for all samples and greater than 97% for biological samples.     

基质固相分散-气相色谱/质谱法测定蔬菜中的邻苯二甲酸酯

利用基质固相分散-气相色谱/质谱法测定了蔬菜中的邻苯二甲酸二甲酯、邻苯二甲酸二乙酯、邻苯二甲酸二丁酯、邻苯二甲酸丁基苄基酯和邻苯二甲酸二异辛酯。蔬菜样品经弗罗里硅土和石墨化炭黑研磨均匀后,用乙酸乙酯淋洗净化,结果表明:上述5种邻苯二甲酸酯在0.05~10.00 mg/L 范围内具有良好的线性,样品的添加回收率为76%~90%,相对标准偏差为2%~7%,5种邻苯二甲酸酯的检出限为0.01~0.024 mg/kg。该方法操作简便、经济,分析速度快,适用于大批量样品的分析。     

Thermodynamic properties of dimethyl phthalate + vinyl acetate, diethyl phthalate + vinyl acetate or bromocyclohexane, and dibutyl phthalate + vinyl acetate or 1,2-dichlorobenzene at T = 298.15–308.15 K

Thermodynamic properties (densities and viscosities) of binary mixtures of diethyl phthalate (DEP) + bromocyclohexane, dibutyl phthalate (DBP) + 1,2-dichlorobenzene, and vinyl acetate (1) + dimethyl phthalate (DMP) (2), + diethyl phthalate (2), or + dibutyl phthalate (2) were measured over the whole range of mole fractions at atmospheric pressure and different temperatures (T = 298.15 K to 308.15 K). For these mixtures, their excess molar volumes (V ^E) and viscosity deviations (Δη) were calculated from the experimental data. These results were correlated with the Redlich-Kister polynomial equation to derive the coefficients and standard errors.     

Chromatographic determination of phthalic acid esters as an indicator of adulterated cognacs and cognac spirits

Based on the study performed, a conclusion was drawn that a system of procedures should be introduced into the practice of arbitration laboratories in order to identify the authenticity of cognacs and cognac spirits. These procedures were exemplified in the identification of diethyl phthalate in cognacs. Factors responsible for the falsely positive detection of diethyl phthalate in cognacs and cognac spirits were revealed. A substance that has a retention time equal to that of diethyl phthalate was identified as monoethyl succinate. As an example, recommendations were given for revealing adulterated cognac samples upon the detection of phthalic acid esters in them (including diethyl phthalate, which is a marker of denaturation). Sources of the contamination of test samples with diethyl phthalate were identified; an algorithm was developed for distinguishing between diethyl phthalate as an impurity component and diethyl phthalate added to an alcohol as a denaturation marker.     

Determining the Parameters of the Stinging Nettle (Urtica dioica L.) Hydrolate Distillation Process

Stinging nettle (Urtica dioica L.) is a common perennial herb well known for its therapeutic, cosmetic and food use. Despite the popularity of nettle hydrolate, there is currently no literature describing its composition; likewise, there is still a lack of research describing in detail the parameters of hydrolates in general. U. dioica hydrolate fractions were obtained by industrial steam distillation of fresh herb. Total stinging nettle hydrolate was prepared by mixing an equal volume of each fraction. The volatiles were isolated from hydrolate samples by liquid–liquid extraction with diethyl ether, and analysed using GC-FID-MS. Over eighty volatile compounds were identified in U. dioica hydrolate. The main group of constituents were oxygenated compounds, mainly alcohols (e.g., (E)- and (Z)-hex-3-en-1-ol, carvacrol) and oxides (e.g., caryophyllene oxide). The content of volatiles in the representative sample of total hydrolate amounted to 58.2 mg/L. Some qualitative and quantitative changes in the composition of U. dioica hydrolate were observed during the progress of distillation. The content of low chain aliphatic alcohols ((E)- and (Z)-hex-3-en-1-ol) decreased, whereas the percentage of some monoterpene alcohols (carvacrol and α-terpineol) increased. The total content of volatiles in hydrolate also changed and decreased (128.0–6.2 mg/L) during distillation progress. According to our results, to produce stinging nettle hydrolate of good quality, the proper relationship between the amount of hydrolate and raw plant material should result in obtaining 0.74 L hydrolate from 1 kg of fresh stinging nettle herb. Therefore, it may be assumed that the high alcohol content may increase the microbiological stability of the product.     

Ultrasound-assisted Low Density Solvent Based Dispersive Liquid-liquid Microextraction for Determination of Phthalate Esters in Bottled Water Samples

A technique of ultrasound-assisted low density solvent based dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction was developed for the determination of four phthalate esters, including dimethyl phthalate(DMP), diethyl phthalate(DEP), di-n-butyl phthalate(DnBP) and di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate(DEHP) in bottled water samples. A low density solvent, toluene, was selected as extraction solvent. In the extraction process, a mixture of 15 μL of toluene(extraction solvent) and 100 μL of methanol(disperser solvent) was rapidly injected into 1.0 mL of water samples. A cloudy solution was formed after ultrasounded for 5 min, and then centrifuged at 5000 r/min for 5 min. The enriched analytes in the floating phase were determined by means of gas chromatograph. Under the optimum conditions, the enrichment factors were found to be in a range of 29-67, and the recoveries were ranged from 81.2% to 103.9%. The limits of the detection were in a range of 3.8-5.6 μg/L. The proposed method was applied to the extraction and determination of phthalate esters in bottled water samples, and the concentrations of phthalate esters found in the water samples were below the allowable levels.     

Determination of phthalates in crude extracts of sewage sludges by high-resolution capillary gas chromatography with mass spectrometric detection

A simple solvent extraction by ethyl acetate without subsequent cleanup was used to determine 16 phthalic acid esters (PAEs), including bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), in sewage sludge samples from different catchment areas. The compounds were separated on a gas chromatographic capillary column with a nonpolar HT-8 stationary phase. For most of the PAEs, internal standard quantification with deuterated dibutyl phthalate (DBP) and deuterated DEHP was best achieved by using electron ionization mass spectrometry in the selected-ion monitoring mode. Because of its high concentrations in the sludges, DEHP was quantified in the full-scan acquisition mode. Molecular weight and ester-type information for the PAEs was obtained in the positive chemical ionization mode with methane as the reagent gas. Finally, selected sewage sludges containing different amounts of industrial wastewater were analyzed by the proposed method. DEHP was the most abundant compound found at 21-114 mg/kg x dm, followed by the lower-molecular weight PAEs diethyl phthalate, diisobutyl phthalate, and DBP and the higher-molecular weight compounds butylbenzyl phthalate, dicyclohexyl phthalate, di-n-octyl phthalate, and dinonyl phthalate, which were present mostly at <1 mg/kg x dm.     

气相色谱-三重四极杆质谱法同时测定生脉饮中17种邻苯二甲酸酯类化合物的残留量

建立了气相色谱-三重四极杆质谱（GC-QQQ MS）同时测定生脉饮中17种邻苯二甲酸酯类化合物（PAE）残留量的方法。样品经正己烷振摇提取后进行检测。采用Agilent HP-5MS毛细管色谱柱（30 m×0.25 mm×0.25 μm）在程序升温条件下进行色谱分离;质谱以电子轰击（EI）为电离方式,采用多反应监测（MRM）模式进行监测。实验结果表明：17种PAE在0.5~20 mg/L范围内呈线性关系,r均大于0.99;平均加标回收率除邻苯二甲酸二甲酯（DMP）为51.9%、邻苯二甲酸二乙酯（DEP）为77.2%外,其余15种为91.8%~117.2%,RSD（n=6）为0.5%~5.4%。该方法操作简便,准确可靠,灵敏度高,专属性强,可用于生脉饮中邻苯二甲酸酯类化合物残留量的检测,以控制生脉饮的用药安全。     

Determination of phthalate esters in soil by microemulsion electrokinetic chromatography coupled with accelerated solvent extraction

A novel method using microemulsion electrokinetic chromatography combining accelerated solvent extraction was developed for quantitative analysis of six phthalate esters (PAEs) including dimethyl phthalate, diethyl phthalate, dibutyl phthalate, benzyl butyl phthalate, bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate, as well as dioctyl phthalate. The effect of each individual component within the microemulsions, i.e. oil phase, surfactant and co-surfactant on resolution of the analytes was systematically studied. Baseline separation of six PAEs was achieved within 26?min by using the microemulsion buffer containing a 60?mmol/L borate buffer at pH 9.0, 0.5% v/v n-octane as oil droplets, 100?mmol/L sodium cholate as surfactant and 5.0% v/v 1-butanol as co-surfactant. The purposed accelerated solvent extraction-microemulsion electrokinetic chromatography method was successfully applied to the determination of trace amount of PAEs in soil samples collected from three different fields in areas of Fujian Province and the contents of dimethyl phthalate, diethyl phthalate, dibutyl phthalate, benzyl butyl phthalate, bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate and dioctyl phthalate were 0.63-0.68, 0.32-0.63, 2.53-3.96, 0-1.75, 7.32-11.7 and 0-3.46mg/kg, respectively. It was validated that the results were consistent with those obtained by GC-MS method.     

高效液相色谱法同时测定食品接触材料中抗氧化剂和紫外吸收剂的迁移量

采用高效液相色谱技术,建立了食品接触材料中多种抗氧化剂和紫外吸收剂迁移水平的检测方法。该方法测定的23种目标化合物具有较好的线性关系,相关系数（r²）≥ 0.9998,检出限和定量限分别在0.01到0.22 mg/L之间和0.03到0.85 mg/L之间。依据欧盟指令（EU）No. 10/2011,考察了5种食品模拟物30 g/L乙酸、10%（v/v）乙醇、20%（v/v）乙醇、50%（v/v）乙醇和油类模拟物（异辛烷）中抗氧化剂和紫外吸收剂的迁移量。该方法回收率在92.8%~117.7%之间,相对标准偏差在0.95%~9.72%之间。探讨了不同实验条件对抗氧化剂和紫外吸收剂回收率的影响。结果表明,该方法准确、稳定,完全满足欧盟指令（EU）No 10/2011和GB 9685-2008对食品接触材料及制品中抗氧化剂和紫外吸收剂特定迁移量（SML）的限量要求,并利用该方法测定了30批次食品接触材料中抗氧化剂和紫外吸收剂的迁移水平。     

Simultaneous determination of 17 phthalate esters in edible vegetable oils by GC‐MS with silica/PSA‐mixed solid‐phase extraction

A quantified method for the determination of 17 phthalate esters (PAEs) in edible vegetable oil by GC‐MS with the pretreatment of acetonitrile extraction and silica/N‐(n‐Propyl)ethylenediamine‐mixed SPE column was established. By the quantification of internal standard of D₄‐di(2‐ethylhexyl) phthalate, a good linearity range of related 17 PAEs was observed. The correlation coefficient was ranged at 0.994～1.000, and the standard lowest quantified level was 0.05～0.15 mg/L. The spiking recoveries of 17 PAEs were 78.3～108.9% with the relative standard deviations of 4.3～12.1% (n = 6). The method detection limits were 0.1～0.2 mg/kg. Meanwhile, PAEs were determined in 30 plastic buckets of edible vegetable oil from supermarkets in Hangzhou city of China. The survey of 30 oil samples showed di(2‐ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) had the 100% (30/30) detection rate. The levels of diisobutyl phthalate with 86.7% (26:30), di‐n‐butyl phthalate (DBP) with 70% (21:30) and diethyl phthalate with 10% (3:30) were detected. It was worth note that DBP with 16.7% (5:30) samples and DEHP with 10% (3:30) samples were beyond the regular migrating limit, which indicated that more attention should be paid to the PAEs in oil with plastic package.     

微滴液相微萃取技术用于气相色谱-质谱法分析药品中的酞酸酯和对羟基苯甲酸酯

用微滴液相微萃取(SDME)与气相色谱-离子阱质谱联用测定药品中的酞酸酯和对羟基苯甲酸酯。考察了萃取溶剂的种类及用量、微液滴在样品溶液中的深度、萃取时间及搅拌子的搅拌速度对微滴液相微萃取效果的影响。优化的萃取条件:萃取溶剂为1.5 μL甲苯,微液滴在样品溶液中的深度为0.8 cm,搅拌子的搅拌速度为1000 r/min,萃取时间为20 min。该方法的线性范围为0.032~80 mg/L,检出限为0.6 μg/L~1.28 mg/L,加标回收率为95.85%~148.85%,相对标准偏差为3.9%~14.9%。     

化学需氧量在线自动监测仪示值误差的检定

介绍化学需氧量(COD)在线自动监测仪示值误差的检定方法及注意事项。选取基准试剂邻苯二甲酸氢钾,依次配制零点溶液和质量浓度分别为50,150,500 mg/L的COD标准物质溶液,用于检定COD maxⅡ型在线监测仪的示值误差。直接配制溶液为100 mg/L的COD标准溶液,与相同浓度的标准物质溶液GBW(E)082219进行比较,结果符合检定规程JJG 1012–2006的要求。检定结果表明:以重铬酸钾为氧化剂时,邻苯二甲酸氢钾的COD氧化值呈线性关系,可直接配制100 mg/L的COD标准溶液;检定COD maxⅡ型在线监测仪,每次需要的标准溶液体积为100 m L,综合考虑,进行示值误差检定时,每种浓度至少配制500 m L。作为还原性标准物质用于检定仪器示值误差,邻苯二甲酸氢钾可能无法准确反映水体中有机物的真实还原情况,具有一定的局限性。     

Determination of Phthalate Esters in Wine Using Dispersive Liquid–Liquid Microextraction and Gas Chromatography

A simple and rapid efficient method was developed for the determination of phthalate esters using dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction followed by gas chromatography with flame ionization detection. A mixture of isopropanol (0.75 mL, dispersant) and carbon tetrachloride (30 µL, extractant) with sodium chloride (1%, w/v) was used for extraction. Under optimum conditions, the method provided linear calibration curves between 0.5 and 200 µg L^?1 for dibutyl phthalate, and 1.0 and 200 µg L^?1 for butyl benzyl phthalate, diethyl phthalate, and diisooctyl phthalate. The relative standard deviations for intra-day and inter-day analyses were less than 5.8% and 6.9%, respectively, with enrichment factors between 229 and 424. Two wine samples were analyzed with recoveries between 70.1% and 119.3%.     

Determination of the alcohol denaturants denatonium benzoate (bitrex) and diethyl phthalate by direct flow injection APCI-MS analysis

The recently developed tandem technique, mass spectroscopy with atmospheric-pressure chemical ionization (APCI-MS) coupled with direct flow injection, was applied to the determination of Bitrex (denatonium benzoate) and diethyl phthalate in ethanol. The compounds were indentified from their total-ion chromatograms(m/z 50-500) and, simultancously, quantified using selected-ion chromatograms recorded at m/z 223 for diethyl phthalate and m/z 325 for Bitrex. Operating conditions were optimized for soft ionization (positive ion-mode) with fragmentation limited to that necessary for analyte identification, which was by the external-standard method. Calibration curves were rectilinear in the concentration rages 2-30 μg ml^?1 (Bitrex) and 0.075-1.2% v/v (diethyl phthalate); measurement precision (RSDs were 11.48% for Bitrex and 2.22% for diethyl phthalate), and detection limits (0.017 μg ml^?1 and 0.010% v/v, respectively) were adequate for simiultaneous quantitation and with high sensitivity. The lack of any sample pretreatment and the use of flow-injection analysis meant that the procedure was moere straightforward and rapid than previously reported methods.     

Application of dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction and high-performance liquid chromatography for the determination of three phthalate esters in water samples

A novel method, dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (DLLME) coupled with high-performance liquid chromatography-variable wavelength detector (HPLC-VWD), has been developed for the determination of three phthalate esters (dimethyl phthalate (DMP), diethyl phthalate (DEP), and di-n-butyl phthalate (DnBP)) in water samples. A mixture of extraction solvent (41 μL carbon tetrachloride) and dispersive solvent (0.75 mL acetonitrile) were rapidly injected into 5.0 mL aqueous sample for the formation of cloudy solution, the analytes in the sample were extracted into the fine droplets of CCl₄. After extraction, phase separation was performed by centrifugation and the enriched analytes in the sedimented phase were determined by HPLC-VWD. Some important parameters, such as the kind and volume of extraction solvent and dispersive solvent, extraction time and salt effect were investigated and optimized. Under the optimum extraction condition, the method yields a linear calibration curve in the concentration range from 5 to 5000 ng mL⁻¹ for target analytes. The enrichment factors for DMP, DEP and DnBP were 45, 92 and 196, respectively, and the limits of detection were 1.8, 0.88 and 0.64 ng mL⁻¹, respectively. The relative standard deviations (R.S.D.) for the extraction of 10 ng mL⁻¹ of phthalate esters were in the range of 4.3-5.9% (n = 7). Lake water, tap water and bottled mineral water samples were successfully analyzed using the proposed method.     

Microwave‐assisted preparation of poly(ionic liquids)‐modified polystyrene magnetic nanospheres for phthalate esters extraction from beverages

The fabrication of novel poly(ionic liquids)‐modified polystyrene (PSt) magnetic nanospheres (PILs‐PMNPs) by a one‐pot miniemulsion copolymerization reaction was achieved through an efficient microwave‐assisted synthesis method. The morphology, structure, and magnetic behavior of the as‐prepared magnetic materials were characterized by using transmission electron microscopy, vibrating sample magnetometry, etc. The magnetic materials were utilized as sorbents for the extraction of phthalate esters (PAEs) from beverage samples followed by high‐performance ultrafast liquid chromatography analysis. Significant extraction parameters that could affect the extraction efficiencies were investigated particularly. Under optimum conditions, good linearity was obtained in the concentration range of 0.5–50 (dimethyl phthalate), 0.3–50 (diethyl phthalate), 0.2–50 (butyl benzyl phthalate), and 0.4–50 μg/L (di‐n‐butyl phthalate), with correlation coefficients R ² > 0.9989. Limits of detection were in the range 125–350 pg. The proposed method was successfully applied to determine PAEs from beverage samples with satisfactory recovery ranging from 77.8 to 102.1% and relative standard deviations ranging from 3.7 to 8.4%. Comparisons of extraction efficiency with PSt‐modified MNPs as sorbents were performed. The results demonstrated that PILs‐PMNPs possessed an excellent adsorption capability toward the trace PAE analytes.