大气湍流对多抖动法相干合成技术中相位调制信号的影响

分析了大气湍流对采用多抖动法实现的相干合成阵列光束中相位调制信号的影响. 文章首先根据广义惠更斯-菲涅耳原理,采用折射率结构函数对大气湍流进行描述,推导了多抖动法相干合成中阵列光束通过大气湍流后相位调制信号的一般表达式. 在此基础上进行数值模拟,分析了传输距离、湍流强度、光束阵列占空比和光斑尺寸等因素对相位调制信号的影响. 研究发现随着传输距离的增大,相位调制信号强度会先增大后减小,存在一个极大值点;随着湍流强度的增强,相位调制信号强度极大值点的出现距离不断缩短;当光束阵列占空比一定时,随着光斑尺寸的增大 关键词： 大气湍流 相干合成 多抖动法 相位调制     

Surface thermal lens technique with an obliquely-incident probe beam

Surface thermal lens (STL) signal produced by a cw modulated top-hat beam excitation is detected by an obliquely-incident probe beam. The dependence of the STL amplitude on the incident angle θ of the probe beam is experimentally investigated. The STL amplitude as a function of the detection distance is measured at different angles of incidence. The results show that the maximum STL amplitude and the optimum detection distance, where the maximum STL amplitude is obtained, decrease by cosθ as the incident angle increases. These experimental dependences are well explained by a simple theoretical model.     

Thermal lens spectrometry under excitation of a divergent pump beam

Thermal lens spectrometry (TLS) under excitation of a divergent pump beam is discussed in both conventional and microscopic TLS instruments. A refined thermal lens (TL) model was proposed for calculating the TL signal of a “finite TL element.” Experiments as well as comparison with numerical simulations demonstrated that the effective sample length for a certain pump beam profile was about six times the confocal distance of the pump beam for laser-excited case and 1.5 mm for incoherent light source-excited case. For laser-excited conventional TLS instrument or thermal lens microscope (TLM), an empirical formula of the optimum pump beam waist radius for maximum detection sensitivity was obtained at a given sample length. At larger pump beam waist radius of 7 μm, the TL signal was found 2.5 times lower compared to the diffraction limit; however, the resulting two orders of magnitude lower power density in the sample could be quite desirable for the detection of photolabile analytes. By investigating the influence of a finite TL element on the TL signal, we found that an optimal distance between the probe beam waist and the sample was needed to assure the maximum detection sensitivity and good response linearity. Under the optimal detection scheme, limit of detection of the laser-excited TLM at 4 mW power was evaluated to be 8.6 × 10^?9 M for 100-μm-thick ferroin solution, corresponding to an absorbance of 9.5 × 10^?7 absorbance units.     

Application of the diffraction theory for photothermal deflection to measurements of thermophysical and mass-diffusion properties of gases

The application of recently developed diffraction theory for cw transverse photothermal deflection spectroscopy (normal deflection only) to the measurements of thermophysical and mass-diffusion properties of gases is presented. Compared with the traditional ray-optics theory, the diffraction theory has one more term in the phase signal. This term quantitatively exhibits the probe-beam size effect on the phase signal. Experimental results demonstrated that even if the ratio of the probe-beam radius to the thermal diffusion length of a deflecting medium was as low as about 0.22, the probe-beam size effect could not be ignored when measuring the distance between the probe beam and a solid sample using the phase signal. With the measured distance, the thermal diffusivity α_g and the temperature coefficient of the refractive index dn/dT of pure gases (O₂, N₂, and CO₂) and binary gas mixtures (CO₂-O₂ and CO₂-O₂) were precisely measured, resulting in good agreement with literature values. Furthermore the measured dn/dT values of the pure gases had one more significant figure than the literature ones. The concentration dependences of α_g and dn/dT were employed for the determination of mass-diffusion coefficients of CO₂-O₂ and CO₂-N₂, and the results were consistent with literature values.     

Hollow Gaussian beam generated by beam shaping with phase-only liquid crystal spatial light modulator

Based on the refractive beam shaping system, the transformation of a quasi-Gaussian beam into a dark hollow Gaussian beam by a phase-only liquid crystal spatial light modulator (LC-SLM) is proposed. According to the energy conservation and constant optical path principle, the phase distribution of the aspheric lens and the phase-only LC-SLM can modulate the wave-front properly to generate the hollow beam. The numerical simulation results indicate that, the dark hollow intensity distribution of the output shaped beam can be maintained well for a certain propagation distance during which the dark region will not decrease whereas the ideal hollow Gaussian beam will do. By designing the phase modulation profile, which loaded into the LC-SLM carefully, the experimental results indicate that the dark hollow intensity distribution of the output shaped beam can be maintained well even at a distance much more than 550 mm from the LC-SLM, which agree with the numerical simulation results.     

Shaping the beam profile of a partially coherent beam by a phase aperture

By use of a tensor method, an analytical formula for a partially coherent Gaussian Schell-model (GSM) beam truncated by a circular phase aperture propagating through a paraxial ABCD optical system is derived. The propagation properties of a GSM beam truncated by a circular phase aperture in free space are studied numerically. It is found that the circular phase aperture can be used to shape the beam profile of a GSM beam and generate partially coherent dark hollow or flat-topped beam, which is useful in many applications, e.g., optical trapping, free-space optical communication, and material thermal processing. The propagation factor of a GSM beam truncated by a circular phase aperture is also analyzed.     

用于交叉碰撞实验的金属毛细管式中性原子源

基于金属材料的加热蒸发机制,在钽舟的基础上设计了一套结构简易的中性原子源。该原子源的源仓和加热体均采用金属毛细管形式,保证了原子源具有耗能小、加热温度高的特点;提供的中性原子流具有发散度小、密度大、稳定性好的优点。采用加热蒸发铥样品的方法对其性能做了详细的检验,结果它在低耗能的情况下,温度能够顺利升高到2 600 K;可以连续8 h提供强度为8.5×1016/s的中性Tm原子流,且束流的稳定性好于±5％。充分证实了该套原子源应用于电子、离子和光子与中性原子流交叉碰撞实验的可靠性。     

用于交叉碰撞实验的金属毛细管式中性原子源

 基于金属材料的加热蒸发机制,在钽舟的基础上设计了一套结构简易的中性原子源。该原子源的源仓和加热体均采用金属毛细管形式,保证了原子源具有耗能小、加热温度高的特点;提供的中性原子流具有发散度小、密度大、稳定性好的优点。采用加热蒸发铥样品的方法对其性能做了详细的检验,结果它在低耗能的情况下,温度能够顺利升高到2 600 K;可以连续8 h提供强度为8.5×10¹⁶/s的中性Tm原子流,且束流的稳定性好于±5％。充分证实了该套原子源应用于电子、离子和光子与中性原子流交叉碰撞实验的可靠性。     

Numerical simulations of the impact of wavefront phase distortions of pump on the beam quality of OPA

<正>A numerical model of optical parametric amplification(OPA) is introduced to investigate the impact of wavefront phase distortion of pump on the beam quality of signal.Numerical results show that the unidentical walk-off directions of the pump and the idler waves are the main factors leading to the transfer of wavefront phase distortions of the pump to the signal,and by reducing the angle between the two directions,the beam quality factor(M~2) can be greatly decreased and hence the good beam quality of the signal can be maintained.     

Correction to: Generation of amplitude- and phase-modulated signal beam with a phase-only spatial light modulator and its detection by the transport of intensity equation method for holographic data storage

This study evaluates a novel holographic data storage (HDS) that uses a phase-only spatial light modulator (SLM) for the multilevel complex amplitude modulation of a signal beam and the transport of intensity equation (TIE) method to detect the signal beam without interferometry, to increase the capacity of the HDS, simplifying its optical system, and improving the stability of the signal beam modulation and detection. Both the amplitude and phase of the signal beam were modulated by a computer-generated hologram displayed in a phase-only SLM, a 4-f optical system, and a pinhole placed in the Fourier plane. The complex amplitude-modulated signal beam generated by this scheme does not always perfectly match the target complex amplitude, and deviations from the amplitude and phase of the target complex amplitude may exist. It is unclear whether the TIE method, which is sensitive to the state of the beam intensity and the phase distributions to be detected (such as zero-intensity points and phase discontinuities), can accurately detect a signal beam whose complex amplitude is modulated by the modulation scheme with a phase-only SLM. Here, we demonstrate via numerical simulations and experiments that several methods of complex amplitude generation using a phase-only SLM can achieve multilevel modulation of the amplitude and phase of a signal beam and are suitable for detection by the TIE method in HDS.

     

Non-contact sound speed measurement by optical probing of beam deflection due to sound wave

We report a non-contact and non-invasive method of sound speed measurement by optical probing of deflected laser beam due to normally incident degenerated shock wave. In this study the shock wave from an exploding wire was degenerated to an ordinary sound wave at the distance exceeding 0.23 m. Temporal resolution of the deflected beam signal was improved by passing through an adequate electronic high-pass filter, as a result we obtained a better temporal resolution than that of the acoustic pressure detection by PZT transducer in terms of rising time. The spatial resolution was improved by passing the refracted beam signal into the edge of focusing lens to make a larger deflection angle. Sound speed was calculated by monitoring the time of flight of transient deflected signal at the predetermined position. Sound speed has been measured in air, distilled water and acryl, agreed well with the published values. The sound speed measured in the solution of glycerin, magnesium sulfate (MgSO4), and dimethylformamide with various mole fractions also agrees within 3% of relative error with those measured in the present work by ultrasonic pulse echo method. The results suggest that the method proposed is to be reliable and reproducible.     

Dispersive infrared photothermal beam deflection spectroscopy

A single-beam dispersive photothermal beam deflection (PBD) spectrometer system usable in the IR range is described. A Nernst glower along with a severely modified Perkin-Elmer Model 421 monochromator were used to illuminate a solid sample with modulated monochromatic IR radiation. The resulting photothermal effect generated at the sample's surface caused modulated changes in the refractive index of the air over the sample, causing a probe laser beam grazing the surface to be deflected. The deflections were measured with a bi-cell silicon photodetector. Experiments and analysis of the deflection system showed that lenses used to focus the probe beam at the sample were not needed, and that an improvement in the PBD signal could be obtained by increasing the sample-to-detector distance, but only until a certain sample-detector separation was attained. The dispersive PBD instrument is less sensitive than one based on an interferometer but can be profitably used for studies requiring control of the modulation frequency. Useful spectra of solids were recorded over the 4000-550 cm⁻¹ region using IR excitation in the approximately 5 × 10⁻⁶−5 × 10⁻⁷W range.     

The effect of detector distance and beam width in acousto-optical beam deflection probing in air

We investigate the effect of detector distance and beam width in acousto-optic beam deflection probing in air. The study investigates pure refraction regime (beam width? acoustic wavelength). We find that in this regime the increase in beam width can significantly increase the detected signal up to 8 folds higher than previous detection geometries—while the detector distance has a less noticeable effect. Theoretical results are assessed through an experiment with a commercially available ultrasonic transducer. This investigation provides detailed theoretical approaches and quantitative experimental characterization that can be used for numerous applications requiring beam deflection probing in air.     

离轴拉盖尔-高斯涡旋光束传输中的光斑演变

在产生涡旋光束过程中, 固体激光器所输出的光束中心 很难与螺旋相位板的中心完全对准, 实际出射的光束为离轴涡旋光束. 在衍射理论的基础上, 对离轴涡旋光束的传输进行了研究, 推导了离轴涡旋光束传输一段距离后电场和光强的解析表达式.研究表明, 与理想的涡旋光束不同, 离轴涡旋光束具有非对称性的光强分布, 在传输过程中光斑除了展宽外, 涡旋暗核还会发生移动. 拓扑电荷数的大小只影响到光束的展宽, 拓扑电荷数为正时, 暗核沿着逆时针切线方向移动; 拓扑电荷数为负时, 暗核沿着顺时针的切线方向移动, 该结果对长距离探测涡旋光束的对准问题起到指导作用.     

激光在湍流大气中的干涉仿真

通过研究激光在湍流大气中的传输情况，旨在为光学高分辨率干涉成像提供理论依据。采用相位屏的近似处理方法对激光通过大气湍流传输进行模拟，研究激光通过湍流大气的干涉情况。试验结果表明：孔径间距越大，干涉条纹越密；在传输距离为2km，大气湍流折射率结构常数C2n为10-14，即接近强湍流的情况下，可以形成比较好的干涉条纹。孔径间距较小时，干涉的明暗条纹清晰可见。在实际干涉成像中，可以选择适当的孔径间距来获得较好的干涉条纹，从而获得目标的高分辨率像。     

Near-diffraction-limited laser beam shaping with diamond-turned aspheric optics

We used a pair of diamond-turned CaF(2) aspheres to convert the pure TEM(00) Gaussian spatial profile output of a diode-pumped Nd:YAG laser oscillator into a super-Gaussian intensity profile with a nearly flat phase front. The resulting super-Gaussian beam was nearly diffraction limited with an M(2) of 1.75; in the near field the 5-mm diameter beam retained a nominally flat-top intensity distribution without significant diffraction peaks for an excellent working distance of more than 50cm. A 10% improvement in amplifier-energy extraction obtained by use of the reshaped beam is demonstrated.     

S波段束流相位探测腔与偏心式波导耦合预聚束器的设计

设计了工作于S波段的波导耦合型预聚束器和束流相位探测腔。为了增加功率容量,预聚束器采用波导耦合机制代替了传统的同轴耦合环耦合,而偏心圆结构的设计能够补偿因耦合窗口的引入导致的径向电场不对称,进一步改善了强流束流品质。预聚束器设计指标与测试结果：耦合系数1.73,空载品质因数2195,腔体谐振频率的可调范围为2 854.55~2 856.9 MHz。为实现测量束流相对射频脉冲的时间,进行强流输入功率补偿,选择了能够在线进行束流相位实时测量的束流相位探测腔,采用旋转对称结构,并通过两个同轴耦合环提取束流通过时激发的感应信号,作为直线相控系统的参考信号。束流相位探测腔设计与测试结果：空载品质因数2392,3 dB带宽为2.05 MHz,腔体谐振频率的可调范围为2 805.45~2 809.45 MHz。所有器件的仿真设计与测试结果基本一致。     

Simulation of effects of incident beam condition in p-p elastic scattering

The simulation is performed for the monitors of beam direction and beam position for p-p elastic scattering. We set several variables to simulate the monitors of incident beam condition changes: beam positions at the quadrupole magnet and target in beam line polarimeter (BLP2), distance between quadrupole magnet and target, size of plastic scintillators, distance between the target in BLP2 and the centers of plastic scintillators, and beam polarization. Through the rotation of the coordinate system, the distributions of scattered and recoiled protons in the laboratory system were obtained. By analyzing the count yields in plastic scintillators at different beam positions, we found that the beam incident angular change (0.35°) could be detected when the asymmetry of geometries of left and right scintillators in BLP2 was changed by 6%. Therefore, the scattering angle measured in the experiment can be tracked by these monitors.     

光学薄膜测量时平顶光束激励的表面热透镜理论模型

推导了调制的平顶光束激励下基于Fresnel衍射积分的表面热透镜理论，通过数值模拟，比较了平顶光束和高斯光束激励下样品内部温度场、表面形变场和探测光衍射信号的径向分布，分析了影响表面热透镜信号的实验参数.结果表明，在最佳探测位置，平顶光束激励下的表面热透镜系统比相同情况下高斯光束激励下的灵敏度高，最高时约2倍，更有利于薄膜吸收测量. 关键词： 表面热透镜 光学薄膜 平顶光束     

S波段束流相位探测腔与偏心式波导耦合预聚束器的设计

设计了工作于S波段的波导耦合型预聚束器和束流相位探测腔。为了增加功率容量,预聚束器采用波导耦合机制代替了传统的同轴耦合环耦合,而偏心圆结构的设计能够补偿因耦合窗口的引入导致的径向电场不对称,进一步改善了强流束流品质。预聚束器设计指标与测试结果:耦合系数1.73,空载品质因数2195,腔体谐振频率的可调范围为2 854.55~2 856.9 MHz。为实现测量束流相对射频脉冲的时间,进行强流输入功率补偿,选择了能够在线进行束流相位实时测量的束流相位探测腔,采用旋转对称结构,并通过两个同轴耦合环提取束流通过时激发的感应信号,作为直线相控系统的参考信号。束流相位探测腔设计与测试结果:空载品质因数2392,3dB带宽为2.05MHz,腔体谐振频率的可调范围为2 805.45~2 809.45MHz。所有器件的仿真设计与测试结果基本一致。