Recording the temporal radiation characteristics of spectrally resolved light signals

It is proposed to extract data on the temporal characteristics of an optical signal by spectrally resolving the radiation and recording the nonlinear-optics effect of the resolved radiation. The recording should be made in two planes, with the spectrum image sharp in one of them and out-of-focus in the other. The dependence of the nonlinear effect on the phase relations of the spectral components of the radiation is analyzed. It is shown that if the spectral instrument is suitably chosen it is possible to determine (to within inessential constants) the phases of the spectral components from the frequency dependence of the nonlinear effect.Translated from Preprint No. 174 of the Lebedev Physics Institute, Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Moscow, 1990.     

Probe Raman spectroscopy of sodium uranyl-acetate microcrystals

The technique for recording Raman spectra in uranium compounds using a probe minispectrometer with a multielement radiation detector has been developed. A selective filter, which reflects exciting laser radiation and transmits Raman signals, has been used to suppress the exciting radiation. It is shown that the technique developed makes it possible to record Raman spectra from a small amount (~10^–5 g) of sodium uranyl-acetate polycrystals in a wide spectral range for several seconds.     

Recording a volume image on a wavelength which does not exist in the source of emission

A method for the volume image recording is described which uses a radiation correlation function module for the information carrier.     

Time-resolved multispectral luminescence method for analysis of minerals

We have developed a procedure for time-resolved luminescence analysis with excitation of samples by a nanosecond electron beam and recording the luminescence decay kinetics in four spectral bands. Using as an example analysis of different types of the mineral charoite, we have shown that the time variation of the ratio of radiation fluxes in selected spectral ranges spanning the UV, visible, and IR regions can be used for analytical purposes to identify or differentiate materials, and is an additional source of information about the sample.     

Effect of energy transfer on the kinetics of the decay and anisotropy of luminescence of prodan molecules

The temporal characteristics of the decay and polarization of luminescence of prodan solutions with different concentrations, excited by a picosecond laser radiation, are studied. The kinetics of the emission decay and polarization depend on the spectral range of luminescence recording and on the luminophore concentration and reflect the relaxation processes (leading to a long-wavelength shift of the entire emission band) and, in the case of sufficiently high concentrations, nonradiative energy transfer between the prodan molecules. It was found that the evolution of luminescence anisotropy in a diluted solution depends on the recording wavelength, which allowed us to calculate the average times of the Brownian rotational diffusion for prodan in glycerol, whose maxima were determined to be about 40 ns in the spectral region near 520 nm and to decrease to 14 and 17 ns at the edges of the emission region at 450 and 560 nm, respectively.     

Calibration of the spectral sensitivity of instruments for the near infrared region

We present an analysis of methods for calibration of the spectral sensitivity of instruments in the near IR region of the spectrum (0.90–2.05 μm), using as an example recording of the luminescence spectra of PbS semiconductor quantum dots using a diffraction monochromator and an InGaAs photodiode as the detector. We show that when high-sensitivity detectors are employed for calibration using the emission spectrum of an ideal black body, the problem of attenuation of the radiation flux is still important. Instead of neutral density glass and mesh light filters for attenuation of the radiation, we propose using UFS ultraviolet optical glasses (together with PS purple glasses), the maximum optical density of which is within the region of maximum spectral sensitivity of InGaAs photodiodes. We give examples of spectral calibration, taking into account instrumental characteristics and the effect of absorption by water vapor in the air, and also corrections of the luminescence spectra of quantum dots.     

Instantaneous emission spectra and molecular rotation of n-dimethylaminobenzonitrile fluorescing in the long-wavelength spectral range

The kinetics of the instantaneous luminescence spectra and of the polarization of luminescence of n-dimethylaminobenzonitrile in polar solutions are studied. The luminescence is excited by radiation at 403 nm from a picosecond laser, which populates states of strongly nonequilibrium forms of the compound under consideration. The behavior of the instantaneous emission spectra and the rotation of these forms upon recording of their luminescence radiation in different spectral ranges are analyzed. As the luminescence recording wave-length increases from 470 to 530 nm, the average time of rotational relaxation in a glycerol solution decreases from 25 to 15 ns. The results obtained indicate that, upon rotation of excited luminophore molecules, the boundary conditions of sticking of solvent molecules are satisfied in this solution. The calculated effective volume of rotation corresponds to that of a solvate that, apart from luminophore, involves the first coordination sphere of glycerol molecules.     

激光诱导熔穴对等离子体辐射增强效应的研究

采用高能量钕玻璃激光器输出的单脉冲激光重复作用于土壤样品表面同一位置,利用光谱采集系统对序列激光脉冲作用下形成的等离子体发射光谱进行采集。实验结果显示：在熔穴孔径的约束作用下,激光诱导产生的土壤等离子体辐射不断增强,谱线强度和信背比都随着作用脉冲个数的增加有不同幅度的提高。通过采集等离子体像及熔穴形貌的图片,对等离子体形状、激光诱导熔穴形貌以及激光烧蚀样品质量进行了研究,初步探究了激光诱导熔穴对等离子体辐射增强的内在机理。在序列激光脉冲作用下,所形成等离子体的体积先是逐渐增大,尾焰发生畸变,然后体积慢慢变小,并且颜色从浅黄色逐渐变为白色,意味着温度在不断升高。激光诱导熔穴的形状比较规则,从孔穴底部到顶部直径逐渐增大,基本成圆锥形。激光烧蚀样品质量随着脉冲个数的增加而递减。借助熔穴的约束作用、孔壁多次反射过程所产生的Fresnel(菲涅耳)吸收以及逆韧致辐射吸收提高了蒸发物质的原子化程度,增大了等离子体辐射强度。     

Limiting Modes for the Threshold Characteristics of IR Photodetectors Based on Silicon–Platinum Silicide Barriers with a Highly-Doped Surface Layer

The effect of changes in the potential barrier height due to the formation of a highly-doped surface layer in a semiconductor of PtSi–p-Si-structures on the background radiation photocurrent – dark current density ratio and spectral detectivity of photodetectors for recording thermal radiation in the 3–5 m wavelength range is examined.     

改善光源光谱特性提高光学多道分析器用于吸收光谱测量的信噪比

本文报道通过改善热辐射光源光谱特性,相对提高短波辐射光强,以提高ＣＣＤ光学多道分析器在可见区特别是短波段吸收光谱的信噪比。改善后光源的短波辐射信噪比比一般热辐射光源提高约８倍。实验证实用此光源易在整个可见光区得到高信噪比的吸收光谱曲线。     

Dynamic holograms recording in fullerene-containing solid-state matrices: Porous glass slides and PMMA films

Fullerene-containing solid-state matrices were studied theoretically and experimentally as the active material for all-optical switching devices. Dynamics hologram recording and spectral analysis were used to study temporal stability and efficiency of nonlinear response of the media. Porous glass and polymethylmethacrylate hosts were utilized as C₆₀-containing matrices. Experiments were carried out using nano- and picosecond laser radiation with wavelength 532 nm.     

Correlation spectral analysis of a halogen mixture by laser radiation with synthesized spectrum

A laser with synthesized radiation spectrum is used for creating spectral masks for correlation analysis of a mixture containing molecular iodine and bromine. The choice of the wavelengths of spectral masks is substantiated, the accuracy and sensitivity to the presence of interfering substance are studied, and the influence of the mask instability is discussed.     

Noncontact thermal pyrometry for condensed materials

Pyrometry technique is suggested aimed at minimizing the measurement error and increasing the accuracy of contactless temperature measurements. Significantly, the suggested method of pyrometer calibration allows using a two-tiered approach with preliminary or additional recording of the system’s state and thermal radiation to refine temperature measurements. To improve the reliability of results and extend the application range of thermal pyrometry, it is necessary to decrease the influence of the relative error of the spectral ratio on measuring data.     

Laser fabrication of periodic microstructures from silver nanoparticles in polymer films

The fabrication of photoand thermostable periodic structures from silver nanoparticles in polymer plates (cross-linked oligourethanemethacrylate impregnated with silver precursors Ag(hfac) and Ag(fod) dissolved in the supercritical carbon dioxide) is studied. The process is based on the local (depending on the irradiated spot size) photochemical decomposition of the silver precursors in the polymer matrix that initiates the atomic aggregation and creation of silver nanoparticles with the plasmon resonance in absorption in the spectral range 420–430 nm. The third-harmonic radiation of a Nd:YAG laser (355 nm) and the Kr⁺-laser (521 nm) radiation are employed for the recording of periodic structures with submillimeter and micron resolutions. The photosensitivity of the polymer matrices impregnated with the silver precursors to the UV and visible radiation is discussed.     

Radiation emission associated with switching in crystalline Boron

Infrared radiation associated with switching in Boron single crystal has been detected and analyzed. Time correlation between switching and radiation events, spectral distribution of the radiation as well as its intensity as a function of current and temperature are reported. All the observed features suggest that recombination processes are the origin of this phenomenon and give information on the postswitching conduction mechanism of Boron.     

Optical characteristics of a transverse volume discharge in a helium-hydrogen chloride mixture

The emission characteristics of a transverse volume discharge in a He: HCl = 10: 1 mixture at a total pressure of 1–8 kPa were investigated. The plasma volume was 18 × 2.2 × 1 cm³, the interelectrode distance was d=2.2 cm, and the charging voltage of the main storage capacitor was 5–10 kV. The emission characteristics of the discharge were studied in the spectral range of 500–1000 nm. This type of discharge can be used in pulsed dry-etching plasmochemical reactors. The density of atomic chlorine radicals in the plasma was optimized in terms of the pressure of the initial working He-HCl mixture by measuring the relative radiation intensity of the Cl 837(5)-nm spectral line. The density of molecular radicals can be monitored indirectly by recording radiation from the excited chlorine-free decomposition products of HCl molecules (the H_α 656-nm line).     

Spectral dependence of the efficiency of direct optical excitation of molecular oxygen in tetrachloromethane

The spectral dependence of the efficiency of direct optical excitation of an oxygen molecule in tetrachloromethane using cw LED sources with different wavelengths and an optical parametric oscillator with single-shot output radiation (tuning range of 415–670 nm) has been studied by recording the phosphorescence of singlet oxygen at the O₂(¹Δ_g)–O₂(³Σ_g) transition (λ = 1270 nm). The results show that single-shot irradiation of tetrachloromethane in the short-wavelength spectral range leads to efficient quenching of singlet- oxygen phosphorescence by the products of photolytic decomposition of solvent.     

Absorption of laser radiation in ultracold plasma

In this paper, we analyze the spectral behavior(optical thickness, shape and linewidth) of laser radiation absorption under the correlation heating of ions in an ultracold plasma. The Voigt formula is used to find the absorption coefficient.The spectral line width is shown to grow with time while the optical thickness reduces. Our modeling results are in good agreement with the experimental findings reported in the literature.     

Effect of KCI additive on laser-induced soil plasma radiation

In order to improve laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy for low-level elements testing capability, the enhancement effects of KCl additive on the emission spectra of soil samples were studied. The laser spectrum analytical system is composed of a high-energy neodymium glass laser ablating samples, a multifunctional and automatic scanning spectrometer, and a CCD data acquisition system recording plasma spectra. The electron temperature and electron density of plasmas were calculated by measuring spectral line intensity and stark broadening respectively. The experimental results showed that with the increase in the KCl additive, the spectral intensity, signal-to-background ratio, the electron temperature and the electron density all went up firstly and then down. When 15% KCl was added, the radiation intensity of plasma reached the maximum value, the spectral lines intensity of element Mn, Fe, and Ti increased by 2.23, 1.13 and 2.04 than that without additive respectively, the spectral signal-to-background ratio increased by 1.33, 0.89 and 0.94 times respectively; while the electron temperature and electron density of plasmas were heightened by 14% and 38% respectively.     

KCl添加剂对激光诱导土壤等离子体辐射强度的影响

为了提高激光诱导击穿光谱技术对低含量物质成分的检测能力,实验研究了KCl添加剂对土壤样品发射光谱的增强效应。利用高能量钕玻璃脉冲激光器烧蚀样品,由组合式多功能光栅光谱仪和CCD数据采集处理系统记录等离子体光谱,并通过测量光谱线的强度和Stark展宽分别计算了等离子体的电子温度和电子密度。实验结果证明,随着KCl加入量的增加,激光等离子体的光谱强度、信背比、电子温度和电子密度均呈现出先增大而后减小的规律。当KCl加入量为15%时,等离子体辐射最强,元素Mn,Fe,和Ti的谱线强度分别比无添加剂时提高了2.23,1.13和2.04倍,信背比分别提高了1.33,0.89和0.94倍;而等离子体的温度和电子密度比无添加剂时分别提高了14%和38%。