稀土对甲醇车尾气净化银催化剂性能影响的研究

甲醇作为燃料汽油的代用品已引起人们的重视 ,但甲醇车尾气中含有多种含氧化合物 ,通常的三效净化催化剂已不能满足其净化要求 .已知甲醇车在怠速时排气温度仅为 80℃ (二冲程 )或 1 2 0℃ (四冲程 ) ,该温度下甲醇在催化剂作用下通常易生成醛、酯等含氧中间产物 ,因而此时排污最为严重[1] .目前提出的甲醇燃料车尾气净化催化剂的低温起燃活性及深度氧化选择性均未达到使用要求 ,如 Pd,Pt具有良好的甲醇低温转化活性 ,但深度氧化活性差 ;Ag催化剂具有良好的甲醇低温深度氧化选择性 ,但低温转化活性差 [2～ 7] .将稀土元素 La和 Ce应用于汽…     

原位红外光谱研究镧对负载钯催化剂上甲醇车尾气氧化机理的影响

在色谱微反装置上考察了负载Pd催化剂的甲醇深度氧化性能.结果表明,在γ氧化铝载体中,添加镧对负载Pd催化剂催化活性和选择性影响较大,甲醇氧化含氧中间物含量大大降低.利用insituFTIR技术测定了镧改性后的负载Pd催化剂表面的吸附物种和表面的程序升温反应,对负载Pd催化剂甲醇深度氧化反应机理进行了探讨.     

Catalytic behavior of a silica-supported polystannazane-copper complex for the oxidation of methanol to formaldehyde at mild reaction conditions

A very cheap catalyst, a silica-supported polystannazane-copper complex (abbreviated as SiO₂ Sn N Cu) was prepared by the reaction of the silica-supported polystannazane ligand with CuCl₂ in ethanol. The results showed that SiO₂ Sn N Cu can catalyze the oxidation of methanol to formaldehyde in high yield at mild conditions, i.e. at 40°C and 1 atm of oxygen. The catalyst could be recovered and could catalyze the reaction repeatedly.     

Bimetallic Cluster Provides a Higher Activity Electrocatalyst for Methanol Oxidation

The cluster complex Pt₂Ru₄(CO)₁₈ was used as a precursor to prepare a 60 wt% 1:2 Pt:Ru nanoparticles on carbon (PtRu/C) for use as an electrocatalyst for methanol oxidation. This bimetallic carbonyl cluster complex was found to provide smaller, more uniform bimetallic nanoparticle that exhibited higher electrocatalytic activity than a 60 wt% 1:1 Pt:Ru commercial catalyst from E-Tek. Using bimetallic cluster precursors simplifies the synthetic procedures by reducing the need for high temperature reduction and assures a more intimate mixing of the two different metals. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images of the catalyst obtained from the cluster precursor showed bimetallic nanoparticles having a narrow size range of 2–3 nm that were dispersed uniformly over the surface of the support. Images of the commercial catalyst showed particles 3–4 nm in diameter that tended to agglomerate near the edges of the carbon support particles. Cyclic voltammograms of methanol oxidation from the two catalysts showed significantly higher activity for the cluster-derived catalyst. The onset potential for methanol oxidation for the cluster-derived catalyst was approximately 170 mV lower than that of the commercial catalyst at 100 A/g Pt, and approximately 250 mV lower at 400 A/g Pt. ^* This report is dedicated to Prof. Günter Schmid on the occasion of his 70th birthday.     

Methanol Tolerant PWA-Pt/C Catalyst with Excellent Electrocatalytic Activity for Oxygen Reduction in Direct Methanol Fuel Cell

It was reported for the first time that phosphorictungstenic acid （PWA） could promote the oxygen reduction reaction （ORR） and inhibit the methanol oxidation reaction at the cathodic Pt/C catalyst in the direct methanol fuel cell （DMFC）. When the weight ratio of PWA to Pt/C is 1, the composite catalyst increases the reduction current of oxygen by about 38% and decreases the oxidation current of methanol by about 76% compared with that of the Pt/C catalyst.     

合金化程度对炭载Pt-Ru催化剂性能的影响

在含四氢呋喃(THF)的水溶液中, 室温下用NaBH₄还原H₂PtCl₆和RuCl₃制得Pt-Ru/C催化剂. 其Pt-Ru 粒子的合金化程度较高, 平均粒径较小, 相对结晶度较低. 因此对甲醇氧化的电催化活性远高于Pt-Ru 粒子的平均粒径和相对结晶度相似的, 而且Pt-Ru合金化程度低的商业化的E-TEK的Pt-Ru/C催化剂, 表明Pt-Ru的合金化程度对Pt-Ru/C催化甲醇氧化的电催化活性有很大的影响.     

炭载Pd-Fe合金催化剂的制备及电催化氧还原活性

研究了用NH₄Cl作配位剂的配位还原法来制备的Pd-Fe/C催化剂,发现由于NH₄Cl能与Pd形成配合物,使PdCl₂的还原电位负移,与FeCl₃的还原电位接近,从而在低温下制备得到了高合金化程度的Pd-Fe/C催化剂。XPS表征结果表明:Pd与Fe形成合金后,Pd的电荷密度的减少,增加了Pd⁰的含量。因此,得到的Pd-Fe/C催化剂对氧还原的电催化活性比用相同方法制得的Pd/C催化剂高,而且该催化剂对甲醇氧化没有电催化活性。     

炭载Pd-Fe合金催化剂的制备及电催化氧还原活性

研究了用NH4Cl作配位剂的配位还原法来制备的Pd-Fe/C催化剂,发现由于NH4Cl能与Pd形成配合物,使Pd Cl2的还原电位负移,与Fe Cl3的还原电位接近,从而在低温下制备得到了高合金化程度的Pd-Fe/C催化剂。XPS表征结果表明:Pd与Fe形成合金后,Pd的电荷密度的减少,增加了Pd0的含量。因此,得到的Pd-Fe/C催化剂对氧还原的电催化活性比用相同方法制得的Pd/C催化剂高,而且该催化剂对甲醇氧化没有电催化活性。     

Surfactant effects on methanol oxidation at Pt–Ru/C coated glassy carbon electrode

The role of surfactants, cetyl trimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB), sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) and Triton X-100 (in the catalyst), on methanol oxidation at commercial 50:50 Pt–Ru/C catalyst-coated glassy carbon has been studied using cyclic voltammetry, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). Surfactant containing catalysts showed a considerable reduction in the methanol oxidation potential. In terms of oxidation potential, better results (lower methanol oxidation potential) were observed in the order SDS > Triton X-100 > CTAB > no surfactant. SEM studies on the catalyst ink showed better homogeneity in the sample prepared using surfactant. This indicates better Pt Pt contact, which is likely to favour methanol adsorption and its oxidation. Hence, lowering of oxidation potentials for methanol oxidation could be seen with use of surfactants. Results of FT-IR on the catalyst ink showed definite changes in the frequencies in the case of Pt–Ru/C containing surfactants indicating definite interaction between catalyst and surfactant. Catalysts, with and without surfactants, yielded linear plots of concentration vs peak currents for methanol oxidation (0–2 M). With surfactant containing catalysts, reduction in methanol oxidation current was observed, and the order followed was the reverse of the above.     

Anchoring metal nanoparticles on hydrofluoric acid treated multiwalled carbon nanotubes as stable electrocatalysts

We attempted the treatment of multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) in hydrofluoric acid (HF) aqueous solution for depositing Pt nanoparticles as catalysts for methanol oxidation for the first time. The preliminary results revealed that the Pt nanoparticles could be well dispersed on HF treated MWCNTs and gave enhanced activity and stability for methanol oxidation. As demonstrated in this study, the Pt supported on HF treated MWCNTs catalyst gave over doubled current density than that of Pt supported on as-received MWCNTs for methanol oxidation at the same Pt loadings. The enhancement in the stability of the Pt supported on HF treated MWCNTs catalyst for methanol oxidation is believed due to the stronger interaction between Pt nanoparticles and MWCNTs. This study opens promising possibilities for anchoring metal nanoparticles on the walls of the MWCNTs uniformly and stably.     

Preparation of High-alloying Pt-Ru/CMK-3 Catalysts in THF-H2O-EtOH Ternary Solution System

The Pt-Ru particles of the Pt-Ru/CMK-3 catalyst were found to possess high degree of alloying, small average size, and low relative crystallinity when the Pt-Ru/CMK-3 catalyst was prepared using the general chemical reduction method in the ternary solution system containing tetrahydrofuran (THF), H₂O, and ethanol. The Pt-Ru/CMK-3 catalyst showed high electrocatalytic activity for methanol oxidation. It indicated that the alloying of Pt-Ru could significantly affect the electrocatalytic activity for methanol oxidation. The Pt-Ru/CMK-3 catalyst with high alloying degree can be obtained because THF and H₂PtCl₆ can form a complex leading to the reduction potentials of H₂PtCl₆ and RuCl₃, which are close to each other in the aqueous solution with THF.     

The origin of the high performance of tungsten carbides/carbon nanotubes supported Pt catalysts for methanol electrooxidation

The Pt supported on WC modified MWCNT catalysts (PtWC/MWCNT) were synthesized by the combination of organic colloidal and intermittent microwave heating (IMH) methods for the first. The results proved the better performance of the PtWC/MWCNT catalyst than that of Pt/C for methanol oxidation in terms of the onset potential and peak current density. The synergistic effect between Pt nanoparticles and WC and the structure effect of the MWCNTs could be the reasons to result in the high activity. The CO stripping test provided the evidence that the onset potential shift for methanol oxidation is consistent with the reduction in the overpotential for the CO oxidation on PtWC/MWCNT catalyst. Therefore, the mechanism of the high performance for methanol oxidation on PtWC/MWCNT catalyst is probably the easier oxidation of CO-like species which cause high overpotential for further oxidation of methanol.     

Macromolecular salen catalyst with largely enhanced catalytic activity

A dinuclear copper(II) Schiff-base complex was immobilized in a poly(acrylate) matrix by emulsion polymerization. The spheric microbeads were used for aerobic catalytic oxidation of 3,5-di-tert-butylcatechol into 3,5-di-tert-butylquinone in methanol at ambient temperature to study the contribution of the macromolecular matrix to the overall rate acceleration of the reaction. The polymeric catalyst catalyzes the oxidation about 1 order of magnitude faster (kcat/knon = 470,000) than its low molecular weight analogue (kcat/knon = 60,000).     

四氢呋喃-水-乙醇三元溶液体系制备高合金化Pt-Ru/CMK-3催化剂

提出了在四氢呋喃(THF)、H2O和乙醇三元体系中用一般的化学还原法在室温下制备高合金化Pt-Ru/CMK-3催化剂的新方法. 与在纯水中制得的商品化ETEK催化剂相比, 其Pt-Ru粒子的合金化程度高、平均粒径较小且相对结晶度低, 因此, 该催化剂对甲醇氧化的电催化活性远高于在纯水中制得的Pt-Ru催化剂. 高合金化程度的原因是H2PtCl6和RuCl3在THF、H2O和乙醇三元溶液体系中的起始还原电位相近. 此外, CMK-3以其规整的二维有序孔道结构, 为直接甲醇燃烧电池(DMFC)中电子和物质的传输提供了方便的路径, 其巨大的比表面积也为Pt-Ru 纳米粒子的均匀分散提供了良好的载体.     

Cu/Zn、Cu/Zn/Ni催化剂甲醇部分氧化制氢

研究了甲醇在Cu/Zn及Cu/Zn/Ni催化剂上部分氧化热耦合裂解制氢的反应,系 统地考察了不同O2/CH3OH比及反应温度下催化剂性能.当O2/CH3OH=0.2时,催化剂的性能最 佳.在同样条件下, Cu/Zn催化剂对CO的选择性较Cu/Zn/Ni催化剂低,更具优势. Cu/Zn催化 剂用于甲醇部分氧化反应时,甲醇转化率在150 h寿命实验中基本保持在90％左右. XRD谱图 表明Cu/Zn合金的生成是导致Cu/Zn系催化剂在甲醇裂解反应中快速失活的主要原因,而在部 分氧化反应中, O2的存在可抑制Cu/Zn合金的生成,使Cu/Zn催化剂表现出高度的稳定性.     

一种新型直接甲醇燃料电池阳极添加剂的电化学研究

将磷钼酸(H₄PMo₁₂O₄₀·xH₂O,PMo₁₂)作为一种添加剂,制备了直接甲醇燃料电池阳极Pt-Ru/C-PMo₁₂复合催化剂,并对甲醇在含有此复合催化剂的阳极上的氧化进行了电化学研究.测试表明该添加剂降低了甲醇及其电氧化中间产物转化的活化能,改善了电极内部的质子传输状况,对甲醇的电化学氧化过程具有明显的促进作用,该复合催化剂与常规的Pt-Ru/C催化剂相比,甲醇的阳极氧化电流提高了46%.添加剂的这一效应可能与磷钼酸的Keggin结构有关.     

碳黑预处理对Pt/C催化剂对甲醇氧化电催化活性的影响

直接甲醇燃料电池(DMFC)由于具有较多的优点而受到广泛的关注. 但是碳载Pt (Pt/C)阳极催化剂电催化活性低是限制其应用的一个主要问题. 为了提高Pt/C催化剂对甲醇氧化的电催化性能, 分别用CO₂, 空气, H₂O₂或HNO₃对常用作为载体的Vulcan XC-72碳黑进行预处理. 结果表明, 在用CO₂, 空气, HNO₃, H₂O₂处理的及未处理的碳黑作载体制得的Pt/C催化剂电极上, 甲醇氧化峰的峰电流密度顺序为39, 33, 32, 20和18 mA•cm^－2, 表明用CO₂处理的碳载体制备的Pt/C催化剂对甲醇氧化有最好的电催化活性和稳定性. 其主要原因是用CO₂处理能减少碳黑表面的含氧基团和增加石墨化程度, 而使碳黑的电阻降低及Pt粒子在碳黑上的分散性变好.     

用于直接甲醇燃料电池的高活性PtCo-CNT@TiO_2复合纳米阳极催化剂

采用溶胶凝胶法制备CNT@TiO_2载体,利用电沉积法制备用于直接甲醇燃料电池的PtCo-CNT@TiO_2阳极催化剂。采用透射电子显微镜(TEM)、X射线衍射(XRD)和电化学工作站对其进行表征。结果表明,PtCo-CNT@TiO_2复合纳米材料有明显的结晶,且金属粒子围绕在TiO_2包覆的碳纳米管的周围,用于直接甲醇燃料电池阳极催化剂具有较高的活性与稳定性。该PtCo-CNT@TiO_2催化剂的电化学比表面积为164 m~2/g,65℃时甲醇的氧化峰电流达到45 mA/cm~2,计时电流曲线表明300 s后PtCo-CNT@TiO_2的氧化电流趋于24 mA/cm~2,在碱性条件下甲醇的氧化峰电流为39.7 mA/cm~2。     

甲醇POSR制氢的反应网络热力学分析和有效因子的估算

在Cu/ZnO/Al2O3催化剂上对甲醇部分氧化蒸汽重整制备氢气反应的动力学过程进行了研究。在常压和473 K～1 073 K温度范围内对该反应网络中的甲醇部分氧化、甲醇蒸汽重整、甲醇分解和水煤气反应的化学平衡进行了分析。在对这些反应的催化剂Cu/ZnO/Al2O3动力学研究的基础上，根据有效因子的基本概念，考虑催化剂颗粒内的扩散限制，对每个反应沿反应器床层的有效因子进行了估算。     

Polyaniline/Au Electrodes for Direct Methanol Fuel Cells

In this paper we demonstrate the use of polyaniline/gold modified electrodes that are to be used as the anode for direct methanol fuel cells (DMFC). The objective of this work was to enhance the performance and viability of DMFCs by developing a more efficient catalyst for the oxidation of methanol. Polyaniline films with angstrom scale atomic gold clusters were used as an electroactive catalyst. These gold clusters are significantly different than what is traditionally used as they are composed of only a handful of atoms (1–10 atoms) and have unique physical and chemical properties. The PANI/Au modified electrodes are a new and promising catalyst for direct methanol fuel cells and can replace existing commercial catalysts. In this study, we illustrate how atomic clusters of gold incorporated in the conducting polymer polyaniline enhanced the oxidation signal of methanol exhibited by cyclic voltammetry.