电化学石英晶体阻抗系统研究金电极上Fe(CN)3-6/Fe(CN)4-6电化学过程

电化学过程的石英晶体阻抗分析法已用于现场获取电活性聚合物粘弹性等信息[1,2]. 本文联用HP 4395A阻抗/网络/频谱分析仪和EG & G M283恒电位仪开发出电化学石英晶体阻抗系统(Electrochemical Quartz Crystal Impedance System, EQCIS), 适当条件下该系统能以小于1 s的时间间隔现场记录电化学过程的石英晶体阻抗数据. 测定了Na2SO4水溶液中石英晶体金电极上K3Fe(CN)6/K4Fe(CN)6电化学过程的等效电路参数. 结果表明, 扩散层内的密度和粘度变化引起动态电阻对电位的可逆变化, 而各谐振频率的变化为密度、粘度变化和阳极过程中K3Fe(CN)6溶液腐蚀金电极的加合结果.     

电化学石英晶体阻抗系统研究金电极上Fe(CN)_6~(3-)/Fe(CN)_6~(4-)电化学过程

电化学过程的石英晶体阻抗分析法已用于现场获取电活性聚合物粘弹性等信息［１,２］．本文联用ＨＰ４３９５Ａ阻抗／网络／频谱分析仪和ＥＧ＆ＧＭ２８３恒电位仪开发出电化学石英晶体阻抗系统（ＥｌｅｃｔｒｏｃｈｅｍｉｃａｌＱｕａｒｔｚＣｒｙｓｔａｌＩｍｐｅｄａｎ...     

一种通用型电化学石英晶体微天平电解池的设计

电化学石英晶体微天平(EQCM)同时结合了电化学检测的高灵敏度和石英晶体微天平(QCM)可实时检测电极表面质量变化及阻尼的特点,在电化学研究中具有非常好的应用前景,已得到越来越广泛的应用.本文设计了一种通用型的EQCM电解池,用恒电流电沉积铜的方法测定了QCM Pt电极的质量灵敏因子Cf,分析了Cf实验测定值与理论值偏差的原因,并讨论了在所设计的EQCM电解池中QCM Pt电极的使用范围,为进一步开展EQCM的应用研究提供可靠的基础.     

尖晶石型LiMn2O4薄膜电极的制备及电化学性质研究──电化学石英晶体微天平(EQCM)技术研究

石英晶体微天平(QCM)作为纳克级的质量传感器,可通过测定石英晶体振动频率的变化来测定石英晶体表面微小的质量变化.近年来,电化学石英晶体微天平(EQCM)技术已广泛应用于电化学研究领域[1].在锂嵌入型电极充放电过程中,锂离子在嵌基材料中嵌入脱出会引起电极质量的微小变化,因而利用EQCM技术研究Li+的嵌入脱出过程有其独到之处.     

PmClAn基膜修饰电极的电化学及催化性质研究

聚苯胺作为电极修饰材料 ,已在传感器上显示出广泛的应用前景[1～ 4 ] .异丙醇 ( i- P)氧化[5,6 ] 是个较简单的反应 ,被广泛作为电催化研究的模型反应 .目前 ,i- P电化学氧化的研究集中于 Pt的多晶或单晶电极[7～ 9] ,Gonzales等 [10 ] 报道了 Pt- Sn共沉积的 PAn膜修饰电极上的异丙醇电氧化 ,但对复合材料的微观结构仍欠研究 .本文讨论 Pm Cl An基质性质对 Pt电沉积的影响 ,并探讨了 i- P在沉积 Pt微粒的 Pm Cl An功能膜电极上的氧化情况 .1　实验部分1 .1　电极的制备　聚间氯苯胺 ( Pm Cl An,本征态 ud,HCl掺杂态 d)采用乳液聚…     

邻联甲苯胺电氧化所致电荷转移配合物的电沉积及共存硫酸软骨素的影响

采用电化学石英晶体微天平(EQCM)技术, 研究了B-R缓冲溶液中邻联甲苯胺(o-TD)电氧化生成的电荷转移配合物(CTC)的电沉积及共存硫酸软骨素(CS)的影响. 在弱酸性和中性(pH=4.07-6.50)溶液中进行循环伏安扫描时, 观察到谐振频率的“V”字型响应, 表明o-TD电氧化会产生水溶性差的电荷转移配合物中间体, 该CTC可在金电极上沉积和溶出. 考察了溶液pH值、电位扫描速率及支持电解质的影响, 发现该“V”字型频率响应深度(-⊿f0V)与支持电解质有关, -⊿f0V大小顺序为0.20 mol·L-1 NaNO3>0.20 mol·L-1 NaClO4>0.10 mol·L-1 Na2SO4. 发现共存硫酸软骨素可显著增大-⊿f0V, 采用红外和紫外-可见光谱表征了CTC和CS间的相互作用, 并用EQCM法定量测算了CTC与CS间的摩尔结合比(x)及其电极收集效率(η). 结果表明, -⊿f0V响应随CS 浓度增加而增大, 在0.75-15.2 μmol·L-1 CS 范围内呈良好线性关系, 检测下限为50 nmol·L-1, 藉此建立了CS的电化学分析新方法, 具有电极表面可动态更新的特点.     

酸性介质中丙烯基硫脲对铜阳极溶出和阴极沉积过程影响的EQCM研究

采用循环伏安(CV)和电化学石英晶体微天平(EQCM)方法研究了酸性介质中铜阳极溶出和阴极沉积过程以及丙烯基硫脲(AT)对该过程的影响. 结果表明, 铜阳极溶出和阴极沉积过程的M/n分别为32.0和34.2 g/mol, 都是两电子过程, 其间未检测到Cu(Ⅰ)中间产物. AT改变了铜阳极溶出和阴极沉积的历程. 在含AT的溶液中, 铜阳极溶出和阴极沉积过程的M/n分别为61.9和65.4 g/mol, 可指认铜阳极溶出产物为CuAT+, 并提出了AT存在下Cu阳极溶出和阴极沉积过程的反应机理; 从电极表面质量定量变化的角度提供了Cu阳极溶出和阴极沉积过程的新数据.     

电化学石英晶体微天平研究普鲁士蓝修饰电极

石英晶体徽天平(Quartz Crystal Microbalance,简称QCM)是一种非常灵敏的质量传感器,其检测能力可达ng级。QCM在化学中的早期应用是检测大气中的徽量成分,目前仍较活跃。由于石英压电晶体浸入溶液后在晶体/溶液界面存在较大的能量损失而不能够稳定振荡,致使QCM的应用较长时间局限于气相。八十年代初石英压电晶体在液相中的振荡终获成功,开辟了QCM应用的一个全新领域。液相中振荡成功后,QCM很快应用于电化学研究。目前已发展成为一种全新的电化学传感器——电化学石英晶体微天平(EQCM),并已用于金属电沉积、电化学腐蚀、电分析等方面的研究。     

普鲁士蓝膜电化学行为的EQCM研究

应用循环伏安法于铂电极上电化学沉积PB膜,并由电化学石英晶体微天平技术(EQCM)原位测量了PB膜电沉积过程的频率响应.研究表明,沉积液中添加邻菲咯啉对PB膜结构有影响.有邻菲咯啉参与沉积的PB Pt/QCM电极对H2O2的电催化还原性能优于不含邻菲咯啉沉积液制备的PB Pt/QCM电极.     

水合高氯酸盐+有机溶剂体系中氢氧化物电沉积的EQCM研究

采用电化学石英晶体微天平(EQCM)定量研究了含水合高氯酸盐的丙酮、DMF、DMSO、C2H5OH或CH3OH有机溶液中LiOH(或NaOH)的电沉积过程. 这种电沉积现象可归因于有机溶液中的溶解氧和共存水在负电位下电还原产生OH−, OH−与溶液中金属阳离子结合生成在非水溶剂中溶解度很小的氢氧化物而沉淀在电极表面, 从而引起压电参数的响应, 而使用四丁基溴化铵为支持电解质时这种现象不明显. 讨论了不同支持电解质、不同溶剂、支持电解质浓度和外加水浓度对氢氧化物电沉积的影响, 估算了氢氧化物沉淀的电极收集效率.     

Simultaneous Impedance Analysis of Three Parallel Piezoelectric Quartz Crystals for Electrochemical Depletion Layer Effect Study

Simultaneous impedance analysis of three one-face sealed resonating piezoelectric quartz crystals (PQCs) in parallel is proposed through admittance measurements of the three PQCs on one impedance analyzer and then non-linear fitting according to the parallel combination of three Butterworth-Van Dyke circuits. Responses of each PQC obtained from the three-PQC mode agreed well with those measured separately in series sucrose aqueous solutions. This novel method has been used for the study of depletion-layer effect during ferri-/ferrocyanide electrochemical reactions.     

Simultaneous impedance measurements of two one-face sealed resonating piezoelectric quartz crystals for in situ monitoring of electrochemical processes and solution properties

Through admittance measurements of two piezoelectric quartz crystals in parallel on one impedance analyzer and then non-linear fitting according to an equivalent circuit of two parallel Butterworth-Van Dyke circuits, we have simultaneously obtained accurate and precise impedance responses of two one-face sealed crystals to changes in solution density and viscosity, temperature, conductance, and/or electrode mass. A series of sucrose aqueous solutions, ferri-/ferrocyanide redox switching, hot water cooling, a series of NaClO₄ aqueous solutions, bovine serum albumin adsorption and silver electrodeposition/stripping were selected as model systems for such purposes. Galvanostatic charging/discharging reactions at positive and negative poles in a Ni-Zn battery were synchronously monitored, with some quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) insights into the second reduction process of nickel hydroxide film. In all cases, the crystal immersion angle effect was found to be negligible. The present method as a versatile one is highly recommended for informative two-electrode monitoring of two concurrent chemical or biological events, or for check and/or compensation of effects due to solution density, viscosity, temperature and/or conductance during QCM researches.     

In situ monitoring of the rising of aqueous solution meniscus for a partially immersed silver electrode during electrochemical reduction of oxygen

Rising phenomena of aqueous solution meniscus were found for the silver electrode of a 5 MHz piezoelectric quartz crystal (PQC) partially immersed in Na₂SO₄, NaClO₄, HClO₄ and NaF aqueous solutions at oxygen reduction potentials, respectively. A detailed study revealed that a decrease in contact‐angle hysteresis (or a contact‐angle decrease) and a continued collection of the water product at the solid‐gas‐solution interface during oxygen reduction, rather than the electrocapillary effect and an agitation effect induced by the oscillation of PQC, are responsible for the meniscus‐rising phenomena. In addition, in situ determination of the immersed height of a partially immersed Ag electrode was studied on the basis of simultaneous measurements of the electroacoustic admittance and electrochemical impedance.     

An electrochemical quartz crystal impedance study on the rising of an aqueous solution meniscus for a partially immersed gold electrode during the electrochemical reduction of oxygen.

An electrochemical quartz crystal impedance system (EQCIS) was used to study the resonance behavior of an AT-cut 9-MHz piezoelectric quartz crystal (PQC) with its Au electrode partially immersed in KCl, Na2SO4 and NaClO4 aqueous solutions, respectively. An in situ determination of the immersed area and the height of the electrode was achieved by simultaneous measurements of the PQC electroacoustic admittance and the electrochemical impedance. The rising of the solution meniscus for a gold electrode partially immersed in aqueous solutions was found at oxygen reduction potentials and evaluated versus the electrolyte, electrolyte concentration, solution pH and oxygen concentration. The solution meniscus rising was explained based on a lowering of the contact-angle hysteresis and a continued collection of the water product at the solid-gas-solution interface during oxygen reduction.     

Admittance as a useful tool for investigation of solute–solvent interactions at the double layer

The application of admittance measurements, an often neglected topic in impedance spectroscopy, to further our understanding of solute–solvent interactions at the double layer is presented by comparing aqueous solutions of sodium acetate and protonated lidocaine acetate. Unlike impedance, the overlap of concentration-dependent hydration cospheres and the potential- and frequency-dependent orientation effects of water molecules around the ions at or near the double layer could be manifested in admittance data. Admittance, but not impedance, also allows identification of interactions between two dipoles, such as amino and carbonyl groups, by changing frequencies and applied potentials. The effects manifest themselves by exhibiting cathodic and anodic shifts with frequency changes. All the admittance data could be reasonably explained by utilizing the concept of “potential induced and water structure-enforced ion-pair formation”.     

Spontaneous resolution of aromatic sulfonamides: effective screening method and discrimination of absolute structure

An effective screening method combining parallel synthesis and solid-state CD measurements was established to identify achiral aromatic sulfonamides that show spontaneous resolution with rapidity. We found that 4 of the 12 achiral sulfonamides crystallized as chiral crystals through this method. The chirality of each sulfonamide was discriminated by solid-state CD spectra and Flack parameter in an X-ray analysis. Correspondence between the observed Cotton effect and the absolute configuration could be confirmed by time-dependent DFT calculations. [structure: see text]     

Convective-diffusion impedance for a partially blocked rotating-disc electrode

For a partially blocked electrode, the attenuation factor ρ of the diffusion admittance is defined. Its zero-frequency limit coincides with the corresponding steady-state factor for the diffusion limiting current. Calculation of ρ as a function of the frequency and the surface-coverage parameters were performed by the finite-element method using semi-analytical expressions derived from a transient mass-transport equation inspired by the Levich model of a RDE. Comparison between values of ρ so calculated and those drawn from impedance measurements on model electrodes is satisfactory; divergences observed at low and intermediate frequencies are explained by a contribution of the liquid velocity components parallel to the surface, which are neglected in this theory.     

Continuous-time random-walk theory of interfering diffusion and chemical reaction with an application to electrochemical impedance spectra of oxidized Zr-1%Nb

A microscopic theory is developed for the interplay of diffusion and chemical reaction and the results are compared with electrode impedance measurements on an oxide electrode. The theory is based on the ideas of continuous-time random walk and accounts for the interference of diffusion and recombination of the charge carriers in the oxide. The treatment results in a dispersive diffusivity with two time constants, one of them corresponding to the random walk, the other to the reaction. Combining this diffusivity with the Warburg electrode admittance expression, which refers to cases where the rate-limiting step is diffusion in a semi-infinite medium bounded by a plane, an admittance function is obtained. The phase angle is found to be higher than 45 degrees distinguishing it from the Gerischer impedance which was developed for a related problem. The oxides were produced by hydrothermal oxidation of Zr-l%Nb alloy, a metal used as cladding material for nuclear fuel elements. The electrode impedance spectra of Zr/Zr-oxide electrodes in aqueous SO(3) (2-) solutions were taken at various anodic voltages between 1 Hz and 100 kHz and temperatures between 278 and 333 K. The theoretical admittance functions could be successfully compared with the observed spectra. Both the functional forms and the fitted parameter values support our theory which is also in keeping with Macdonald's point-defect model.     

Analysis of leachable and total trace metals in air particulate matters by capillary electrophoresis

A new analytical procedure was developed for simultaneous determination of ammonium, leachable and total metals in fine and coarse air particulate matters using a new capillary electrophoresis (CE) procedure, with a new buffer system containing 10 mM histidine, 2 mM 18-crown-6 and 8 mM lactic acids with pH adjusted to 4.0. A two complexes system, 18-crown-6 ether and lactic acid, was developed to solve the co-migration problem of NH(4)(+) and K(+) and to give satisfactory separation of transition metals. Satisfactory separation and quantitation of NH(4)(+), K(+), Ca(2+), Na(+) , Mg(2+) and Zn(2+) were obtained using the CE procedure developed for both leachable and total metals in coarse (10-3 mum) and fine (<3 mum) air particulate matters. Wide working ranges (ppb to ppm range) and sensitive detection limits (ppb) were obtained for the cations investigated. The reliability was established by parallel method comparison with the ICP-AES method. The analytical procedure developed is shown to provide a quick, sensitive, precise and economic method for simultaneous determination of ammonium, leachable and total metals in air particulate matters.     

溶剂热法直接合成酞菁铜晶体

以喹啉为溶剂, 在反应釜中将1,3-二异吲哚、钼酸铵和二水乙酸铜在喹啉中反应, 降至室温后得到长10.5 mm针状的酞菁铜单晶, 最佳的反应条件: 以10 mL喹啉为溶剂, 于270 ℃反应8 h, 产率为51.3%.