纺织复合材料和结构多尺度耦合的数值分析

研究了纺织复合材料和结构多尺度耦合的数值分析模型。建立了微、细观单胞,给出了纺织复合材料平均弹性常数的逐级分析方法,着重研究了由宏观结构、到细观纤维束、再到微观纤维三个尺度耦合的应力分析方案。对于常用的板壳状纺织复合材料结构,在面内载荷下,假设每层细观单胞的平均面内应变是一致的,在弯曲、横向剪切及扭曲等非面内载荷下,在内力等效条件下将沿厚度方向连续分布的宏观应力简化为阶梯状分布,忽略了每层细观单胞范围内宏观应力沿厚度方向的梯度变化,由此利用细观单胞模型实现宏观应力与细观应力之间的传递,再利用微观单胞可得到纤维尺度的微观应力。最后以一种三维机织复合材料为例,用上述多尺度耦合的模型逐级分析了材料的平均弹性常数,并沿相反方向,由宏观结构分析逐级计算出纤维束尺度和纤维尺度的细、微观应力的局部波动。     

三维编织复合材料渐进损伤的非线性数值分析

基于考虑纤维束相互挤压的八边形纤维束截面单胞模型,引入周期性位移边界条件,采用 细观非线性有限元方法,建立了三维四向编织复合材料的渐进损伤拉伸强度模型. 该模型考 虑了增强体纤维束纵向非线性剪切应力-应变关系,采用Hashin型损伤失效准则定义了纤维 束的典型损伤类型,并根据纤维束和纯基体相应损伤类型所造成的材料性能退化,模拟了不 同编织角试件各类损伤产生、扩展及材料最终破坏的整个过程. 模型数值结果与实验数据吻 合较好,证明了该模型的合理有效性. 探讨了组分材料剪切非线性、损伤对材料宏观非线性 本构行为的影响,结果表明：随着编织角增大,纤维束剪切非线性效应和累积损伤对材料非 线性力学行为的影响明显增强.     

三维五向编织复合材料渐进损伤分析及强度预测

基于五向编织复合材料连续体细观结构单胞,提出了材料的三维渐进损伤分析模型,采用非线性有限元方法并结合均匀化平均思想,建立了三维五向编织复合材料的强度预测胞元模型.经研究典型编织角材料在拉伸载荷作用下细观损伤的发生及演化过程,分析了材料的细观失效机理,获得了材料的宏观拉伸应力应变曲线和极限破坏强度,并详细探讨了工艺参数编织角对材料宏观力学性能的影响规律.     

Multi-scale modeling of the mechanical response of plain weave composites and cellular solids

Multi-component materials with customized mechanical properties, such as textile composites and sandwich materials (cellular core with metallic or composite skin), show a great prospective for use in aerostructures. Understanding of the mechanical response of these materials is still in progress. In the present paper, the tensile response of plain weave composites as well as the compressive response of cellular solids are investigated using a multi-scale damage model. The model, implemented by means of the FE method, is based on homogenized progressive damage modeling of a representative unit-cell. Four failure modes have been considered in the failure analysis of the tows, while material property degradation was performed using a damage mechanics approach which takes into account strain softening. For the cellular solids, two different types of FE models were considered namely, a beam model and a shell model. Failure analysis and material property degradation of the struts were integrated into a bilinear material model. Simulations show a non-linear tensile response of the plain weave mainly attributed to matrix cracking and shear failures occurring at warp tows and resin-rich areas. For the cellular solid, preliminary elastic analyses show a customizability of the normal stiffness with regard to strut’s dimensions.     

Virtual testing applied to transverse multiple cracking of tows in woven ceramic composites

The present paper proposes a method of virtual testing with a view to investigating the local response of tows within textile ceramic matrix composite (CMC) under various loading conditions. The method was developed on 2D woven SiC/SiC composites. It capitalizes on knowledge on mechanical damage phenomenology and data established in previous works. It is applied to isolated transverse tows subjected to uniaxial loading by parallel longitudinal tows. The transverse tows contain heterogeneities like matrix voids, fibres and interphases. Mesh for finite element analysis is constructed from micrographs of composite cross section. Cracks were introduced into the mesh for simulation of multiple cracking. Transverse tow tensile behavior and data on distributions of flaw populations were derived from finite element computations of stress-state. Results were compared to experimental observations.     

Virtual testing applied to transverse multiple cracking of tows in woven ceramic composites

The present paper proposes a method of virtual testing with a view to investigating the local response of tows within textile ceramic matrix composite (CMC) under various loading conditions. The method was developed on 2D woven SiC/SiC composites. It capitalizes on knowledge on mechanical damage phenomenology and data established in previous works. It is applied to isolated transverse tows subjected to uniaxial loading by parallel longitudinal tows. The transverse tows contain heterogeneities like matrix voids, fibres and interphases. Mesh for finite element analysis is constructed from micrographs of composite cross section. Cracks were introduced into the mesh for simulation of multiple cracking. Transverse tow tensile behavior and data on distributions of flaw populations were derived from finite element computations of stress-state. Results were compared to experimental observations.     

树脂基复合材料粘弹性损伤本构及其实验测定

粘弹性是复合材料最重要的力学性能之一。基于Ｂｏｌｔｓｍａｎ迭加原理和Ｓｃｈａｐｅｒｙ非线性粘弹性理论，本文提出了一变量分离式粘弹性本构关系，且由Ｋａｃｈａｎｏｖ“连续性”概念，将损伤变量引入本构关系式中，按不同的加载速度和加载方向对正交玻璃布－环氧材料进行了加、卸载实验研究。根据Ｌｅｍａｉｔｒｅ和Ｃｈａｂｏｃｈｅ由宏观弹性常数变化确定损伤量的方法，测得材料的损伤并用一二次函数表示。通过对实验数据的一系列处理方法，确定了材料常数，验证了本文理论的有效性。实验表明，当纤维做为主要承力者时，无粘性产生，材料的损伤和总应变相关而与应变率无关，并得到强度值随应变率增加而升高，极限应变不随应变率变化的结论。     

纺织复合材料预制体成形过程纤维束摩擦行为研究进展

预制体是复合材料的增强骨架,由成千上万根纤维束织造而成. 预制体中的纤维束由于织造过程中的交织运动会发生不同程度的摩擦损伤,而纤维的磨损会导致预制体力学性能损失率高达9%~12%. 因此,揭示纤维束在织造过程中的摩擦磨损机理对提升预制体力学性能具有重要意义. 本文中综述了近年来有关纤维束摩擦行为的研究进展:首先,概述纤维束-金属和纤维束-纤维束摩擦测试方法的优缺点;其次,分析得出摩擦角度、摩擦频率、预加张力和法向载荷对纤维束摩擦性能的影响机制;最后,总结纤维束摩擦磨损行为的理论分析模型. 本综述中对复合材料预制体成形工艺设计和纤维束摩擦损伤的量化分析具有指导意义.      

STUDY ON NONLINEAR CONSTITUTIVE RELATIONSHIP AND FRACTURE BEHAVIOR OF STITCHED C/SiC COMPOSITES$^{\bf 1)}$

C/SiC复合材料具有高比强度、高比模量和优良的热稳定性能等一系列优点, 广泛应用于航空航天领域中. 裂纹扩展进而引起的脆性断裂是其主要失效形式之一, 因而材料的断裂性能分析对材料的结构设计和应用有重要的指导意义. 本文开展了缝合式C/SiC复合材料简单力学试验和断裂试验, 研究了材料在不同载荷下的力学响应及断裂特征. 基于缝合式C/SiC复合材料简单力学试验, 建立了材料宏观非线性损伤本构方程, 并模拟了缝合式C/SiC复合材料单边切口梁和双悬臂梁的断裂行为. 本构方程采用简单函数描述了材料在复杂应力状态下的非线性应力-应变曲线, 并考虑了反向加载过程中造成的裂纹闭合. 基于商业有限元软件ABAQUS, 通过编写UMAT子程序实现非线性损伤本构方程, 采用单个单元验证了建立的本构方程的有效性. 在此基础上, 采用线弹性损伤本构和非线性损伤本构分别模拟了缝合式C/SiC复合材料单边切口梁和双悬臂梁的断裂行为. 采用非线性损伤本构方程模拟的力-位移曲线结果与试验结果更为吻合, 非线性损伤本构预测的失效载荷与试验失效载荷更为接近, 验证了所建立的非线性损伤本构方程的准确性, 为C/SiC复合材料断裂行为的研究提供了借鉴, 为缝合式C/SiC复合材料结构的设计和应用提供了理论基础.     

缝合式C/SiC复合材料非线性本构关系及断裂行为研究

C/SiC复合材料具有高比强度、高比模量和优良的热稳定性能等一系列优点, 广泛应用于航空航天领域中. 裂纹扩展进而引起的脆性断裂是其主要失效形式之一, 因而材料的断裂性能分析对材料的结构设计和应用有重要的指导意义. 本文开展了缝合式C/SiC复合材料简单力学试验和断裂试验, 研究了材料在不同载荷下的力学响应及断裂特征. 基于缝合式C/SiC复合材料简单力学试验, 建立了材料宏观非线性损伤本构方程, 并模拟了缝合式C/SiC复合材料单边切口梁和双悬臂梁的断裂行为. 本构方程采用简单函数描述了材料在复杂应力状态下的非线性应力-应变曲线, 并考虑了反向加载过程中造成的裂纹闭合. 基于商业有限元软件ABAQUS, 通过编写UMAT子程序实现非线性损伤本构方程, 采用单个单元验证了建立的本构方程的有效性. 在此基础上, 采用线弹性损伤本构和非线性损伤本构分别模拟了缝合式C/SiC复合材料单边切口梁和双悬臂梁的断裂行为. 采用非线性损伤本构方程模拟的力-位移曲线结果与试验结果更为吻合, 非线性损伤本构预测的失效载荷与试验失效载荷更为接近, 验证了所建立的非线性损伤本构方程的准确性, 为C/SiC复合材料断裂行为的研究提供了借鉴, 为缝合式C/SiC复合材料结构的设计和应用提供了理论基础.      

Stable growth of penny-shaped crack in viscoelastic composite material under time-dependent loading

Considered is the long-term cracking of the three-dimensional fiber-reinforced viscoelastic composite with a plane penny-shaped crack under time-dependent loading. The composite has a hexagonal structure and consists of elastic isotropic fibers and viscoelastic isotropic matrix. The material is modeled by transversally isotropic homogeneous linearly viscoelastic medium with some averaged characteristics. The crack propagation planecoincides with the plane of isotropy. A ring-shaped yield zone in front of the moving crack is modeled as a Dugdale's zone with time-dependent stresses. Crack growth under deformation of the composite occurs by application of a slowly increasing tensile load; it is normal to the plane of crack propagation. A convolution-type time operator describes the viscoelastic properties of the matrix material. Use is made of the Volterra principle and the theory of long-term cracking of viscoelastic bodies. The irrational function of integral operator associated with the viscoelastic crack opening expression is expanded into a continued fraction of operators. The solution is reduced to the nonlinear integral equations of crack growth. Numerical results are obtained for a specific material. Crack growth kinetics is discussed in connection with the onset of stable crack growth and crack border stress intensity factor.     

三维机织复合材料力学性能研究进展

对近年来关于三维机织复合材料力学性能的研究作了综述和归纳。研究表明,三维机织复合材料的力学性能不仅取决于纤维和基体的性能,而且与三维增强结构形式密切相关。通过对三维机织增强结 构的研究,获得了机织复合材料的细观结构和主要力学特征的关系,强调了增强纤维束轴向几何特征和截面形状对材料细观结构的重要影响。试验研究集中于观测机织复合材料的破坏模式,以分析三维机织结构对阻止损伤微裂纹扩展的贡献。理论分析方面较为成熟的研究是三维机织复合材料线弹性力学性能,其研究基础是层板理论模型、取向平均模型和有限元分析模型。而对强度及损伤方面的研究还有待于进一步的工作。本文对当前研究工作中的关键问题进行分析,并就今后的研究工作发表一些看法。      

A multi-scale framework for layered composites with thermo-rheologically complex behaviors

A multi-scale modeling framework is proposed for generating the effective nonlinear thermo-viscoelastic responses of multi-layered and thick-section composites. The modeling framework is demonstrated for multi-layered composite systems consisting of two alternating fiber-reinforced polymeric layers: unidirectional fiber (roving) and continuous filament mat (CFM). The viscoelastic behavior of the polymeric matrix is considered as stress-dependent and thermo-rheologically complex. Two simplified 3D micromechanical models with periodic boundary conditions are formulated for the roving and CFM. In addition, a sublaminate model is developed for the 3D effective homogenized through-thickness response of the roving and CFM layers. This framework provides an effective time-dependent material response while simultaneously recognizing the corresponding deformation at the microconstituents under overall thermo-mechanical loadings at the macro-level. Stress correction algorithms are developed at each scale to enhance computational efficiency and accuracy. Short-term (30 min) creep tests on off-axis multi-layered specimens are also conducted under combined stresses and temperatures to calibrate in-situ fiber and matrix properties and verify the predictions of the multi-scale framework. A time-shifting method is applied to create long-term material behaviors from the available short-term creep data. Verification of the multi-scale material framework is also done for the overall long-term responses. Finally, long-term structural analyses under thermo-mechanical loadings are conducted by integrating the multi-scale material framework to finite element (FE) structural analyses.     

基于一类非局部宏-微观损伤模型的混凝土典型试件力学行为模拟

混凝土是一类典型的准脆性材料, 其受力过程中的非线性分析与裂纹模拟依然是具有挑战性的问题. 经典的断裂力学与损伤力学分别从间断与连续的视角对裂纹拓扑进行了描述, 是早期人们研究固体破坏问题的有力工具. 21世纪以来, 相场理论和近场动力学在预测裂纹的萌生、扩展与非线性分析方面取得了重要的进展. 最近, 结合统一相场理论与近场动力学的基本思想, 发展了一类非局部宏-微观损伤模型. 该模型引入物质点偶的概念来刻画由于变形引起的微细观损伤, 对微细观损伤在作用域中进行加权平均得到定量描述物质不连续程度的拓扑损伤. 通过具有物理机制的能量退化函数, 将拓扑损伤嵌入到连续介质-损伤力学的框架中, 这使得该模型在进行非线性分析的同时可以自然地进行裂纹模拟, 而毋须预设初始裂纹与裂纹扩展路径. 本文考虑细观物理参数的空间变异性, 采用非局部宏-微观损伤模型进行混凝土试件受力全过程的精细化模拟. 通过一维建模标定模型细观参数, 并探讨了细观参数与混凝土材料细观物理-几何特性之间的内在关联, 在此基础上采用二维模型进行精细化分析. 进而, 考察了材料参数空间变异性对混凝土单轴受拉试件和带缺口三点弯曲试件力学行为的重要影响. 本文的研究工作为非局部宏-微观损伤模型细观参数的试验标定与复杂应力状态下混凝土等准脆性材料的非线性力学行为研究提供了有意义的参考.      

纺织结构复合材料冲击拉伸研究进展

纺织结构复合材料是以纺织结构作为增强体的一类复合材料, 其在一系列实际应用时往往要承受着高速冲击拉伸、冲击压缩等冲击载荷(冲击加载) 的作用. 因为纺织结构的整体性能, 纺织结构复合材料具有优异的抗冲击、抗分层与高损伤容限性能. 研究复合材料的冲击性能对于纺织结构复合材料的设计与应用具有指导作用. 本文详细介绍了纺织结构复合材料的发展, 纺织结构的种类及纺织结构复合材料的冲击拉伸性能实验与有限元分析研究情况, 同时也分析了纺织结构复合材料冲击拉伸破坏下的破坏机理研究进展, 并对纺织结构复合材料冲击拉伸性能研究的发展进行了展望.     

基于渐进均匀化的平纹编织复合材料低速冲击多尺度方法

针对平纹编织复合材料低速冲击响应和损伤问题,提出了一种多尺度分析方法. 首先, 建立微观尺度单胞模型,引入周期性边界条件,采用最大主应力失效准则和直接刚度退化模型表征纤维丝和基体的损伤起始与演化,预测了纤维束的弹性性能和强度性能. 其次,将这些性能参数代入介观尺度单胞模型,基于Hashin和Hou的混合失效准则以及连续介质损伤模型对介观尺度单胞进行6种边界条件下的渐进损伤模拟.然后采用渐进均匀化方法,以介观尺度单胞为媒介预测了0$^\circ$和90$^\circ$子胞的性能参数,并建立平纹编织复合材料的子胞模型,进而扩展成为材料的宏观尺度低速冲击模型. 在此基础上,研究了平纹编织复合材料低速冲击下的力学响应与损伤特征.结果表明:宏观冲击仿真和试验吻合较好, 验证了多尺度方法的正确性;最大接触力、材料吸能和分层面积均随冲击能量的增大而增大,分层损伤轮廓逐渐从椭圆形向圆形转化;基体拉伸和压缩损伤的长轴方向分别与子胞材料主方向正交和一致,损伤面积前者远大于后者.      

Measurement and Analytical Modeling of the Deployment Rate of Elastic Memory Composites

Polymer composites that can be folded into different angles and upon reheating come back to their original shapes are called elastic memory composites (EMC). This is particularly attractive for the development of large deployable space-based sensors which can be stowed during launch and deployed in orbit. However, the dynamics of deployment (rate and precision) is important considering the high levels of positional sensitivity of such structures. The rate of deployment of the composite depends on the viscoelastic properties of the EMC polymer and the elastic properties of the fibers. In this paper first the experimental setup for deployment data acquisition and resin viscoelastic properties is discussed and then an analytical prediction model (based on micro-mechanics) is developed. The analytical model is validated by excellent correlation with the deployment test data.     

A macroscopic-level hybrid lattice particle modeling of mode-I crack propagation in inelastic materials with varying ductility

This paper presents a numerical method, known as hybrid lattice particle modeling (HLPM), for the study of mode-I crack formation and propagation in two-dimensional geometry subject to a fixed-grip condition. The HLPM combines the strength of two numerical techniques, particle model (PM) and lattice model (LM), for the purpose of solving dynamic fragmentation of solids within a various Poisson’s ratio range. A Lennard-Jones-type potential is employed to describe the nonlinear dynamic interaction of each macroscopic-size particle with its nearest-neighbors. Crack initiation and propagation is investigated for materials with different Young’s modulus, tensile strength and varying ductility. It is demonstrated that crack patterns and propagation closely match the anticipated physical behavior of inelastic materials. Finally, the HLPM is applied to the investigation of a functionally designed composite material of an elastic–brittle infrastructure material coated with a ductile layer for the protection of fracture propagation. The ultimate application is aimed at the retrofitting of failing infrastructure.     

含孔复合材料层合板静拉伸三维逐渐损伤分析

针对面内静拉伸纤维增强复合材料含中孔层合板，发展了参数化三维逐渐损伤模型. 该模型 可以模拟含中孔层合板损伤起始、发展及最终结构破坏整个过程，并能较好地预测含中孔层 合板的破坏模式和破坏强度. 采用所发展的模型和有限元三维逐渐损伤分析技术即应力分 析、失效判定准则及损伤过程中材料性能退化等，对其他文献所提供的9种不同类型含中孔层合板进行了损伤扩展分析及强度预测，同时对层合板的损伤基本机理、类型及其相互关联作用进行了探讨，计算结果与文献实验结果非常吻合.