An experimental study of airfoil instability tonal noise with trailing edge serrations

This paper presents an experimental study of the effect of trailing edge serrations on airfoil instability noise. Detailed aeroacoustic measurements are presented of the noise radiated by an NACA-0012 airfoil with trailing edge serrations in a low to moderate speed flow under acoustical free field conditions. The existence of a separated boundary layer near the trailing edge of the airfoil at an angle of attack of 4.2 degree has been experimentally identified by a surface mounted hot-film arrays technique. Hot-wire results have shown that the saw-tooth surface can trigger a bypass transition and prevent the boundary layer from becoming separated. Without the separated boundary layer to act as an amplifier for the incoming Tollmien–Schlichting waves, the intensity and spectral characteristic of the radiated tonal noise can be affected depending upon the serration geometry. Particle Imaging Velocimetry (PIV) measurements of the airfoil wakes for a straight and serrated trailing edge are also reported in this paper. These measurements show that localized normal-component velocity fluctuations that are present in a small region of the wake from the laminar airfoil become weakened once serrations are introduced. Owing to the above unique characteristics of the serrated trailing edges, we are able to further investigate the mechanisms of airfoil instability tonal noise with special emphasis on the assessment of the wake and non-wake based aeroacoustic feedback models. It has been shown that the instability tonal noise generated at an angle of attack below approximately one degree could involve several complex mechanisms. On the other hand, the non-wake based aeroacoustic feedback mechanism alone is sufficient to predict all discrete tone frequencies accurately when the airfoil is at a moderate angle of attack.     

The displacement-thickness theory of trailing edge noise

The problem of estimating the sound generated by turbulent boundary layer flow over the edge of a rigid half-plane is re-examined. A theory is proposed which is strictly valid at low Strouhal numbers based on boundary layer width, wherein the flow inhomogeneities are specified in terms of the fluctuations in the boundary layer displacement thickness. This enables account to be taken of changes in the properties of the turbulence as it translates past the edge, which are shown to result in the appearance of an acoustic dipole whose axis is aligned with the mean flow, and which supplements the radiation field predicted by conventional methods [1,2]. Detailed comparison is made with acoustic and surface pressures which are calculated according to the evanescent wave theory of edge noise [3–5].     

Broadband trailing edge noise from a sharp-edged strut

This paper presents experimental data concerning the flow and noise generated by a sharp-edged flat plate at low-to-moderate Reynolds number (Reynolds number based on chord of 2.0 × 10(5) to 5.0 × 10(5)). The data are used to evaluate a variety of semi-empirical trailing edge noise prediction methods. All were found to under-predict noise at lower frequencies. Examination of the velocity spectra in the near wake reveals that there are energetic velocity fluctuations at low frequency about the trailing edge. A semi-empirical model of the surface pressure spectrum is derived for predicting the trailing edge noise at low-to-moderate Reynolds number.     

机翼后缘噪声预测研究

机翼后缘噪声是飞机重要的机体噪声源之一。本文基于CFD(Computational Fluid Dynamic)数值模拟和Ffcows Williams-Hall理论,研究应用了一种预测干净机翼后缘气动噪声的方法。采用Menter’s SSTκ-ω湍流模型对翼型和机翼进行N-S方程数值模拟得到后缘附近的湍流特征速度和特征长度,再利用Serhat Hosder的预估方法计算后缘噪声强度级。本文首先计算了NACA0012翼型在7种不同状态的后缘噪声,计算结果与实验值比较,符合很好,从而证明了本文采用的方法的可行性和正确性;然后研究了两个亚音速翼型(NACA 0009,NACA 0012),两个超临界翼型(SC(2)- 0710,SC(2)-0714),EET机翼的不同参数对后缘噪声强度级的影响,得出了对降低后缘噪声有参考意义的结论。     

On the simulation of trailing edge noise with a hybrid LES/APE method

A hybrid method is applied to predict trailing edge noise based on a large eddy simulation (LES) of the compressible flow problem and acoustic perturbation equations (APE) for the time-dependent simulation of the acoustic field. The acoustic simulation in general considers the mean flow convection and refraction effects such that the computational domain of the flow simulation has to comprise only the significant acoustic source region. Using a modified rescaling method for the prediction of the unsteady turbulent inflow boundary layer, the LES just resolves the flow field in the immediate vicinity of the trailing edge. The linearized APE completely prevent the unbounded growth of hydrodynamic instabilities in critical mean flows.     

Numerical study on reduction of the elevated structure noise by surface absorption on plate girders

With the aim to propose a reasonable and effective countermeasure for the elevated structure noise, the sound field radiated by a steel plate girder, which is the main source of the elevated structure noise, have been theoretically analysed. In the present study, steel plate girders are modelled as infinitely long elastic plate strips placed in parallel and numerical examples on the sound field radiated by the steel plate girders are shown. In the analysis of the radiated sound field, the equivalent source method is employed. Effect of the surface absorption on the sound field radiated by the girders is discussed through numerical examples. The results show that the surface absorption is effective for reduction of the radiated sound field, especially in the area that increase of sound pressure due to reflection by adjacent plate girders is observed. Furthermore, to design for reasonable countermeasure, variation of the noise reduction effect due to changing the pattern of surface absorption area on plate girders is classified.     

Measured light vehicle noise reduction by hedges

The acoustical effects of hedges result from a combination of physical noise reduction and their influences on perception. This study investigates the physical noise reduction so as to enable estimation of its relative importance. Different in-situ methods have been used to measure noise shielding by hedges. These include a statistical pass-by experiment where the real insertion loss of a hedge could be measured, three controlled pass-by experiments using a reference microphone at close distance, and transmission loss measurements using a point source. Thick dense hedges are found to provide only a small total A-weighted light vehicle noise reduction at low speeds. Measured insertion losses range from 1.1 dBA to 3.6 dBA. The higher noise reductions are found to be associated with an increased ground effect.     

高层住宅阳台降噪量的计算分析

高层住宅中的阳台不仅具有居住及建筑上的功能,对道路交通噪声也有衰减作用。本文通过建立噪声传播模型计算高层住宅阳台的插入损失,并探讨了影响阳台降噪量的一些因素。同时对阳台内部吸声处理的效果进行了理论预测。     

Improvement of speech recognition by nonlinear noise reduction

The success of nonlinear noise reduction applied to a single channel recording of human voice is measured in terms of the recognition rate of a commercial speech recognition program in comparison to the optimal linear filter. The overall performance of the nonlinear method is shown to be superior. We hence demonstrate that an algorithm that has its roots in the theory of nonlinear deterministic dynamics possesses a large potential in a realistic application.     

Acoustic excitation of a square plate by turbulent flow noise

An experiment was conducted to measure the characteristics of flow noise in a bounded system with forced circulation. The flow noise facility is described herewith. Vortex shedding in the conducting rectangular ducting was experimentally controlled by the insertion of cylinders of various diameter and pitch perpendicular to the flow. The sound pressure level exciting an instrumented square plate parallel with the flow direction was measured, as well as the plate response.     

声激波降噪研究

本文数值研究了声激波产生的条件及其降噪效果,详细讨论了声源强度,频率,管道形状,喉部流动马赫数及多频声源对声激波降噪效果的影响。由于声激波降噪需要附加一段具有高速流动的缩放管道,它会附加流动噪声和压力损失,本文提供了这方面的一组实验数据,以说明应用声激波消声器的现实可能性。     

A study of noise reduction by acoustic shock waves

I.IntroductionAcousticshockwavcs(ASW)isanimportantphcnomcnoninnonlinearacoustics.Experimentalrcsultshavcshownthatwhenanaircraftcngincinletopcratesneartheson-iccondition,vcrystrongnoisegcncratedbythcfanscanbcreduccdgreat1yowingtothcformationofASWatthcthroatofthcin1etll].ASWisadiscontinuityofacousticvaria-bles,whichisdifTcrcntfromthcshockwavesoccurringinhighspcedsteadyflowinducts.Theformer'sintensityismuch1cssthanthelattcr's.Furthcrmorc,thepositionandintensityofASWisalwayschangedwithtime.l…     

Computer-generated hologram fabricated by electron-beam lithography for noise reduction

A Lohmann-type computer-generated hologram (CGH) is fabricated using an electron-beam lithographic system. A high-resolution groove width of 0.2 μm is attained in relief gratings by changing the e-beam exposures. A diffraction efficiency close to ∼30.4% is obtained by using resist-on-silicon recording materials and cell-structural apertures in a CGH. The reconstructed images exhibit fewer phase noises owing to the incorporation of a non-overflow cell structure into a CGH. The CGH is designed for reconstruction-noise reduction by using an iterative error-reduction algorithm. The designed CGH exhibits fewer reconstruction noises such that the performance function in the convergence is smaller by a factor of 1/3 than that in the first iteration. Experiments demonstrating the performance of CGHs obtained by electron-beam lithography are presented.     

Speckle noise reduction by the composition of diffused Fraunhofer holograms

The image reconstructed from a composite hologram is compared with that obtained by multiple-exposure of images independently reconstructed from a single element and also with that from a synthetic-aperture hologram. The experimental results show the difference in the principle of speckle noise reduction with these three methods and prove that the composite hologram arranged only in a row is sufficient for reducing the speckle noise.     

旁通管反声降噪应用研究

出口有吸声尖劈的具有流动的主管道上,附加一段旁通管的实验和数值研究表明,旁通管有良好的反声降噪效果,但降噪量及降噪频谱有时还不能满足工程上降噪要求,此外,工程实际管道,出口总是通向大气,与有吸声尖劈假定不符。本文针对这些工程实际问题,提出多段旁通管和出口有反射波时的旁通管反声降噪方法,并给出算例。现场试验的实例表明它是正确的。在不是优化的条件下,得到降噪5dB(A)的好效果。     

Prediction of aerodynamic noise reduction by using open-cell metal foam

As the speed of high-speed train (HST) increases continuously, aerodynamic noise has become more remarkable compared with the wheel/rail noise, which affects the inhabited environment along the railway and the riding comfort. This paper preliminarily investigates the feasibility of using open-cell metal foam covering layer to reduce the low Mach number aerodynamic noise generated by the flow around a circular cylinder which is the typical section of pantographs. The aerodynamic noises radiated from the circular cylinder with and without metal foam are calculated. The hybrid method combining two-dimensional large eddy simulation (LES) with Ffowcs Williams–Hawkings (FW–H) equation is employed. The calculated Strouhal number, time-averaged drag coefficient, base pressure and overall sound pressure level agree well with some available experimental data. Then, the influences of metal foam porosity, pore density, thickness of covering layer and the speed of train on the aerodynamic noise and the aerodynamic forces are investigated, and some detailed comparisons of flow field are made. The numerical results indicate that as a passive scheme, the open-cell metal foam with high porosity can modify the flow, adjust the vortex shedding frequency and regularize the wake, leading to a significant reduction of aerodynamic noise. The results are expected to provide useful information for the control of aerodynamic noise using this new material.     

Broadband shock noise reduction in turbulent jets by water injection

The concept of effective jet properties introduced by the author (Kandula M. Prediction of turbulent jet mixing noise reduction by water injection. AIAA J 2008;46(11):2714-22) has been extended to the estimation of broadband shock noise reduction by water injection in supersonic jets. Comparison of the predictions with the test data for cold and hot underexpanded supersonic nozzles shows a satisfactory agreement. The results also reveal the range of water mass flow rates over which saturation of mixing noise reduction and existence of parasitic noise are manifest.     

Speckle noise reduction by division and digital processing of a hologram

One of the common problems in classical and digital holography is presence of speckle in reconstructed images. Some methods have been predicted for speckle reduction. Speckle has a statistical distribution in size and intensity. Thus complete elimination of them is impossible. But, one can use this statistical characters to reduce its effects.In this paper a method is proposed for reduction of speckle effect by recording a hologram and then dividing it to several sub-holograms. Each sub-hologram is used to produce an image. Final image is constructed by superposition of these images. The final image has a smaller amount of speckle noise. Experimental results verify effectiveness of this technique.