Nickel catalysts based on porous nickel for methane steam reforming

The influence of synthesis conditions on the phase composition and texture of porous nickel supports as plates with a magnesium oxide underlayer were investigated by X-ray diffraction, low-temperature nitrogen absorption, and electron microscopy combined with X-ray microanalysis. Nickel catalysts supported on these plates were studied. Thermal treatment of Mg(NO₃)₂ in nitrogen yields a magnesium oxide underlayer with a small specific surface area (support I). The replacement of nitrogen with hydrogen leads to a larger surface area (support II). The formation of MgO is accompanied by the incorporation of Ni²⁺ cations from the oxide film into the underlayer. Upon subsequent reduction with hydrogen or under the action of the reaction medium, these cations form fine crystallites of nickel. The supports having an oxide underlayer show a higher activity in methane steam reforming than the initial metallic nickel. Nickel catalysts on supports I and II show similar activities. The activity of the catalysts was stable throughout 50-h-long tests; no carbon deposits were detected by TEM.     

Reinforced nickel catalysts for steam reforming of methane to synthesis gas

XRD, mercury porosimetry, low-temperature nitrogen adsorption and electron microscopy were used to study peculiarities of the formation of reinforced composite nickel catalysts. The catalysts were prepared by sintering powdered metallic nickel with a supported nickel catalyst (GIAP-3 or NIAP-18) applied to a reinforcing stainless steel gauze. It was found that a metal matrix, in the pores of which supported catalyst particles were distributed, was formed in the composite catalysts. The NIAP-18-based catalyst exceeded the GIAP-3-based catalyst in activity toward the methane steam reforming. The NIAP-18-based catalyst was as active as the Cr₂O₃-doped NIAP-18-based catalyst, but showed a worse coke-resistance. A chromium oxide additive increased the activity of the GIAP-3-based catalyst.     

Kinetic behaviour of commercial catalysts for methane reforming in ethanol steam reforming process

Ethanol steam reforming has been studied in a fluidized bed （in order to ensure bed isothermicity） on commercial catalysts for methane reforming. The results allow analyzing the effect of temperature （in 300-700℃ range）, and both metal and support nature on the reaction indices （ethanol conversion, yields and selectivities to H2 and byproducts （CO2, CO, CH4 and C2H4O））. Special attention has been paid to catalysts＇ stability by comparing the evolution of the reaction indices with time on stream at 500°C （minimum CO formation） and 700℃ （minimum deactivation by coke deposition）. Although they provide a slightly lower H2 yield, the results evidence a good behaviour of Ni based catalysts, indicating that they are an interesting alternative of more expensive Rh based ones.     

Selectivity of the steam reforming of methane over metallic catalysts

The activity and selectivity of the methane-steam reaction has been studied in a gradientless reactor at atmospheric pressure and 700–850 °C. Differences were found in the course of the reaction on Pd relative to other metals, viz. Ni, Pt and Ru, and an interpretation of the results is proposed.

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700–850°C. Pd , ., Ni, Pt Ru, .

     

Reinforced nickel and nickel-platinum catalysts for performing the thermally coupled reactions of methane steam reforming and hydrogen oxidation

The formation of composite nickel and nickel-platinum catalysts reinforced with steel gauze was studied. The catalysts were prepared by sintering powdered nickel metal and a supported nickel catalyst (GIAP-3 or NIAP-18) with a chromium oxide additive in the case of nickel-containing composite catalysts or by sintering powdered nickel, aluminum, and a supported platinum catalyst in the case of catalysts containing nickel-platinum. With the use of electron microscopy, mercury porosimetry, and X-ray electron probe microanalysis, it was found that a metal matrix, in the pores of which supported catalyst particles were distributed, was formed in the composite catalysts. The reinforced nickel catalysts prepared were active in the reaction of methane steam reforming, and the catalysts containing nickel-platinum were active in the reaction of hydrogen oxidation. An increase in the activity of reinforced nickel catalysts in the course of the reaction was found. It is believed that the increase of the activity was due to the reduction of nickel oxide from an inactive difficult-to-reduce oxide film containing nickel and chromium oxides under the action of the reaction atmosphere.     

Alumina as a nickel catalysts support for steam reforming of hydrocarbons

The coking resistance of six alumina supported nickel catalysts in n-butane steam reforming mainly depends on the average size of nickel crystallites. Thus, by using suitable preparative methods, it is possible to produce good, coking resistant nickel catalysts even with Al₂O₃ support.

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Al₂O₃ -, , . . ., , - Al₂O₃.

     

Novel method for comparative activity testing of catalysts for methane steam reforming

The method suggested permits to achieve considerable acceleration in comparative testing of the activity of catalysts for methane steam reforming and to extend the amount of information obtained as well as to improve its quality.

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负载Ni催化剂上低温甘油蒸汽重整制氢

采用等体积浸渍法制备了Al₂O₃、CeO₂、TiO₂及MgO负载Ni催化剂,考察了它们对甘油蒸汽重整制氢反应的催化性能。采用X射线衍射、N₂吸附、透射电镜及H₂程序升温还原等方法对催化剂进行了表征。结果表明,载体对Ni催化剂的活性有显著影响。在400 ℃下Ni/CeO₂的催化活性明显好于其他催化剂,活性次序为Ni/CeO₂> Ni/Al₂O₃ > Ni/TiO₂ ~ Ni/MgO。Ni/CeO₂也具有好的稳定性,反应20 h未见活性下降,甘油转化率70%,氢气收率69.2%。这与CeO₂的本性及其与活性组分的相互作用有关。Al₂O₃具有较大的比表面积与孔体积,有利于CO吸附及甲烷化反应的进行,使得Ni/Al₂O₃催化剂在较高温度下具有很高的甘油转化率85.7%,但H₂选择性较差。由于MgO载体与活性组分强的相互作用而生成NiMgO₂固溶体,导致Ni/MgO低温活性差。     

Improved catalytic performance of Ni catalysts for steam methane reforming in a micro-channel reactor

Milliseconds process to produce hydrogen by steam methane reforming （SMR） reaction, based on Ni catalyst rather than noble catalyst such as Pd, Rh or Ru, in micro-channel reactors has been paid more and more attentions in recent years. This work aimed to further improve the catalytic performance of nickel-based catalyst by the introduction of additives, i.e., MgO and FeO, prepared by impregnation method on the micro-channels made of metal-ceramic complex substrate. The prepared catalysts were tested in the same micro-channel reactor by switching the catalyst plates. The results showed that among the tested catalysts Ni-Mg catalyst had the highest activity, especially under harsh conditions, i.e., at high space velocity and/or low reaction temperature. Moreover, the catalyst activity and selectivity were stable during the 12 h on stream test even when the ratio of steam to carbon （SIC） was as low as 1.0. The addition of MgO promoted the active Ni species to have a good dispersion on the substrate, leading to a better catalytic performance for SMR reaction.     

Effect of the support on the coking of nickel catalysts in hydrocarbon steam reforming

Experiments on the coking rates of variously prepared nickel catalysts on TiO₂, Al₂O₃ and MgO in n-butane steam reforming show that changes in the relative coking rate at a rising steam excess in the gas phase depend mainly on the kind of support. The results obtained are accounted for by changes in the electron density at the site of nickel crystallite contact with the surface of various supports.

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, TiO₂, Al₂O₃ MgO, - , , , , , . .

     

负载Ni催化剂用于乙二醇蒸汽重整制氢催化性能研究

采用等体积浸渍法和共沉淀法制备了Ni催化剂,在固定床反应器上考察了Ni负载量、焙烧温度、反应温度等因素对乙二醇低温重整制氢反应活性和选择性的影响。应用X射线衍射、氮物理吸附、H₂程序升温还原等技术对负载型Ni催化剂进行了表征。结果表明,共沉淀法制备的Ni/CeO₂催化剂具有较小的NiO颗粒与CeO₂载体颗粒粒径,催化活性较高。添加少量氧化钴到Ni/CeO₂催化剂中可使H₂收率达72.6%,EG转化率达93.1%。在CeO₂中添加Al₂O₃能提高负载Ni催化剂的活性,乙二醇转化率达94.0%,H₂收率达67.0%;但添加SiO₂则使其活性明显变差。     

Hydrogen production via steam reforming of bio-oil model compounds over supported nickel catalysts

The steam reforming of four bio-oil model compounds(acetic acid,ethanol,acetone and phenol) was investigated over Ni-based catalysts supported on Al2O3 modified by Mg,Ce or Co in this paper.The activation process can improve the catalytic activity with the change of high-valence Ni(Ni2O3,NiO) to low-valence Ni(Ni,NiO).Among these catalysts after activation,the Ce-Ni/Co catalyst showed the best catalytic activity for the steam reforming of all the four model compounds.After long-term experiment at 700°C and the S/C ratio of 9,the Ce-Ni/Co catalyst still maintained excellent stability for the steam reforming of the simulated bio-oil(mixed by the four compounds with the equal masses).With CaO calcinated from calcium acetate as CO2 sorbent,the catalytic steam reforming experiment combined with continuous in situ CO2 adsorption was performed.With the comparison of the case without the adding of CO2 sorbent,the hydrogen concentration was dramatically improved from 74.8% to 92.3%,with the CO2 concentration obviously decreased from 19.90% to 1.88%.     

Improvement strategies for Ni-based alcohol steam reforming catalysts

Steam reforming(SR) of fossil methane is already a well-known, documented and established expertise in the industrial sector as it accounts for the vast majority of global hydrogen production. From a sustainable development perspective, hydrogen production by SR of biomass-derived feedstock represents a promising alternative that could help to lower the carbon footprint of the traditional process. In this regard, bio-alcohols such as methanol, ethanol or glycerol are among the attractive candida...     

Recovery of nickel with sulfuric acid solutions from spent catalysts for steam conversion of methane

Certain fundamental aspects of leaching-out of nickel with sulfuric acid solutions from spent catalysts for steam conversion of methane under static and dynamic conditions were studied.     

Promotion of photocatalytic steam reforming of methane over Ag~0/Ag~+-SrTiO_3

Methane(CH₄) is not only used as a fuel but also as a promising clean energy source for hydrogen generation.The steam reforming of CH4(SRM) using photocatalysts can realize the production of syngas(CO+H₂) with low energy consumption.In this work,Ag⁰/Ag⁺-loaded SrTi03 nanocomposites were successfully prepared through a photodeposition method.When the loading amount of Ag is 0.5 mol%,the atom ratio of Ag⁺ to Ag⁰ was found to be 51:4...     

湿混法制备甲醇氧化重整制氢CuZnAlZr催化剂

用简易湿混法制备了用于甲醇氧化重整制氢的CuZnAlZr催化剂,与共沉淀法制备的催化剂比较,结果表明,湿混法制备的催化剂具有相当的中高温活性和略低的低温活性,有较高的CO2选择性。XRD、TPR、TG-DSC等表征结果显示,湿混法制备的催化剂中铜组分易于向表面迁移和富集,并可能与氧化铝作用生成铜铝复合氧化物,具有了更高的Cu分散度和Cu0比表面浓度。湿混法制备的催化剂对甲醇氧化重整反应有较好的稳定性,经100 h的连续反应,在275 ℃时甲醇转化率在90％以上,重整气中氢气体积分数大于60％,CO2选择性接近99％。     

两种甲醇水蒸气重整制氢催化剂的研究

对采用共沉淀法制备的CuZnAlO类铜系催化剂和采用水滑石类层柱材料（LDHs）前驱体制备的催化剂在甲醇水蒸气重整制氢反应中的性能进行了研究。对共沉淀法制备的CuZnAlO类铜系催化剂考察了ZrO2助剂的加入对催化剂反应性能的影响，发现Zr的质量分数为10％的催化剂显著提高CuZnAlO催化剂的反应性能。该催化剂的最佳反应条件：0.1 MPa、250 ℃、H2O/MeOH摩尔比1.0～1.3、3.56 h－1。在此反应条件下进行了COPZr2催化剂150 h稳定性实验。结果表明，该催化剂具有很好的反应稳定性。甲醇转化率和氢产率分别约为88％和83％，产物湿基组成中H2和CO的质量分数分别为>63％和0.20％～0.31％。对LDHs前驱体制备的催化剂，进行了70 h反应稳定性实验，结果表明，催化剂虽具有较高的起始活性，但随反应进行，活性有所下降，30?h后基本保持稳定，甲醇转化率和产氢率分别为73％和66％，产物湿基组成中H2和CO的质量分数分别为>55％和0.07%～0.08%。该类催化剂的反应稳定性虽较差，但却可以显著降低产物湿基组成中CO的摩尔分数。对LDHs前驱体制备的催化剂进行XRD和SEM表征结果表明，ZrO2的加入使催化剂中CuO晶粒分散更为均匀，颗粒更细。     

Self-cleaning perovskite type catalysts for the dry reforming of methane

Gas-to-liquid processes are generally used to convert natural gas or other gaseous hydrocarbons into liquid fuels via an intermediate syngas stream. This includes the production of liquid fuels from biomass-derived sources such as biogas. For example, the dry reforming of methane is done by reacting CH₄ and CO₂, the two main components of natural biogas, into more valuable products, i.e., CO and H₂. Nickel containing perovskite type catalysts can promote this reaction, yielding good conversions and selectivities; however, they are prone to coke laydown under certain operating conditions. We investigated the addition of high oxygen mobility dopants such as CeO₂, ZrO₂, or YSZ to reduce carbon laydown, particularly using reaction conditions that normally result in rapid coking. While doping with YSZ, YDC, GDC, and SDC did not result in any improvement, we show that a Ni perovskite catalyst (Na_0.5La_0.5Ni_0.3Al_0.7O_2.5) doped with 80.9 ZrO₂ 15.2 CeO₂ gave the lowest amount of carbon formation at 800 ℃ and activity was maintained over the operating time.     

镍基催化剂上乙醇水蒸气重整反应的研究

考察了载体对Ni催化剂乙醇水蒸气重整制氢反应性能的影响。结果表明,Ni/CeO2催化剂具有较好的低温活性和氢气选择性。对Ni担载量和焙烧温度考察发现,400℃焙烧的15%NiCeO2催化剂具有较好的催化性能;继续升高焙烧温度引起NiO和CeO2粒子的显著增大,导致对氢气选择性的降低。较小的Ni和CeO2粒子有利于乙醇水汽重整反应的进行,而大的粒子倾向于乙醇的分解反应。 350℃时,在反应过程中分别添加CO、CO2和CH4的结果表明没有发生CO和CO2甲烷化反应,而发生了一定程度的CH4水汽重整反应。     

Effect of MgO promoter on Ni-based SBA-15 catalysts for combined steam and carbon dioxide reforming of methane

A series of Ni/SBA-15 catalysts with Ni contents ranging from 5 wt% to 15 wt%, as well as another series of 10%Ni/MgO/SBA-15 catalysts, in which the range of the MgO content was from 1 wt% to 7 wt%, were prepared, and their catalytic performances for the reaction of combined steam and carbon dioxide reforming of methane were investigated in a continuous flow microreactor. The structures of the catalysts were characterized using the XRD, H2-TPR and CO2-TPD techniques. The results indicated that the CO selectivity for this reaction was very close to 100%, and the H2/CO ratio of the product gas could be controlled by changing the H2O/CO2 molar ratio of the feed gas. The simultaneous and plentiful existing of steam and CO2 had a significant influence on the catalytic performance of the 10%Ni/SBA-15 catalyst without modification. After reacting at 850 °C for 120 h over this catalyst, the CH4 conversion dropped from 98% to 85%, and the CO2 conversion decreased from 86% to 53%. However, the 10%Ni/3%MgO/SBA-15 catalyst exhibited a much better catalytic performance, and after reacting for 620 h, the CO2 conversion over this catalyst dropped from 92% to around 77%, while the CH4 conversion was not decreased. Oxidation of the Ni0 species as well as carbon deposition during the reaction were the main reasons for the deactivation of the catalyst without modification. On the other hand, modification by the MgO promoter improved the dispersion of the Ni0 species, and enhanced the CO2 adsorption affinity which in turn depressed the occurring of carbon deposition, and thus retarded the deactivation process.