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碳团簇是一种新型的碳材料,自20世纪80年代被发现以来,就以其独特的结构和优越的性能而在科学界掀起了研究狂潮。碳团簇的范畴非常广泛,小到气相中的单个碳原子,大到富勒烯、碳纳米管、碳纳米锥、石墨烯等都可以看作是碳团簇的存在形式。研究碳团簇的结构及其演进,解开碳团簇形成机理之谜,对开拓新型碳团簇材料的结构和应用都具有重要意义。本文对碳团簇的结构及其演进过程进行了回顾,并概述了目前碳团簇的合成方法、碳团簇结构的表征手段以及碳团簇演进的研究现状。 相似文献
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利用激光溅射产生了第IV主族 (硅、锗、锡、铅 ) /磷二元团簇正负离子 ,用飞行时间质谱研究了团簇离子的组成规律和激光光解产物 .研究表明二元团簇稳定性受团簇电子结构和几何结构的影响 ,但随着第IV主族元素自上而下 ,几何结构对团簇稳定性的作用越来越大 .在二元团簇离子中存在两类幻数团簇 :一类可以用Wade规则解释 ,其中磷原子或者充当给电子配体结合在第IV主族原子构成的团簇骨架外 ,或者直接参与团簇骨架的构成 ;另一类则与稳定的第IV主族中性团簇 (或磷中性团簇 )是等电子体 .利用从头计算和Wade规则对幻数团簇的结构和价键进行了分析 . 相似文献
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基于密度泛函理论(DFT)中的广义梯度近似(GGA)系统地研究了Snm On(m=1~3,n=1~2m)团簇的几何结构和电子性质.当m=n时,团簇的基态结构为Sn和O原子彼此相邻的环形结构,当nm时,团簇易于形成链状结构.研究发现:氧化锡团簇的物理和化学特性类似于氧化硅,主要表现为非金属性.对分裂途径、分裂能和能隙(HOMO-LUMO Gap)进行了研究,结果表明类氧化锡(Snm Om)、Sn2O3和Sn3O4团簇具有很好的稳定性,可以作为构建团簇聚合物材料的基本单元.而且,氧化锡团簇的稳定性主要与其组成成分和结构有关,与团簇大小无关. 相似文献
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富碳炸药在爆轰过程中可产生团簇分子,而现有的实验手段不能直接观测团簇分子的形成过程.本文采用ReaxFF/lg力场对梯恩梯(TNT)在不同温度下的热分解过程进行了模拟.研究发现:团簇分子在反应初始阶段形成缓慢,大约一次增加一个TNT相对分子质量.随着反应进行,团簇分子迅速增大,最大团簇分子相对分子质量可达8000~10000,约占体系质量的18%.分析团簇分子的结构发现,团簇分子中一部分苯环被破坏,形成五元环和夹杂N、O原子的六元环,在3500 K条件下还形成了更为复杂的七元环等结构.通过体积膨胀和直接降温的方法,研究了团簇分子的稳定性:体积膨胀使得团簇分子迅速分解;而直接降温,团簇分子又聚合成更大的团簇.分析类石墨结构的产生过程,发现先膨胀然后降温是必不可少的步骤.比较团簇分子和TNT分子中各原子质量所占比,团簇分子中C原子质量比始终在增加. 相似文献
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在全电子相对论BVP86/DNP水平下对CO在Au55,Ag55和Cu55团簇上的吸附进行了比较研究,并考察了电荷对吸附的影响.计算结果表明,CO在Au55团簇上吸附能最大,其次为Cu55团簇,最弱的为Ag55团簇.团簇电荷对C—O键活化和CO与团簇表面原子成键影响较小.金团簇的电荷对吸附能影响较大,而银和铜团簇的电荷对吸附能影响较小.CO吸附到团簇上导致团簇上电子向CO转移.C—O键活化强度与吸附位置密切相关,其中孔位吸附导致C—O键活化程度最大,最弱的为顶位吸附.CO在金团簇上吸附具有较好选择性,而在银和铜团簇上吸附无选择性. 相似文献
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水溶液中金属团簇的脉冲辐解研究进展 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
介绍了以脉冲辐解技术为手段研究水溶液中单金属团簇的形成机理,并对团簇的性质及其反应进行了简要的概括,对今后团簇的发展趋势进行了展望. 相似文献
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Earl L. Muetterties 《Journal of organometallic chemistry》1980,200(1):177-190
Metal cluster chemistry is one of the most rapidly developing areas of inorganic and organometallic chemistry. Prior to 1960 only a few metal clusters were well characterized. However, shortly after the early development of boron cluster chemistry, the field of metal cluster chemistry began to grow at a very rapid rate and a structural and a qualitative theoretical understanding of clusters came quickly. Analyzed here is the chemistry and the general significance of clusters with particular emphasis on the cluster research within my group. The importance of coordinately unsaturated, very reactive metal clusters is the major subject of discussion. 相似文献
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Understanding and Practical Use of Ligand and Metal Exchange Reactions in Thiolate‐Protected Metal Clusters to Synthesize Controlled Metal Clusters
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Yoshiki Niihori Sakiat Hossain Sachil Sharma Bharat Kumar Wataru Kurashige Yuichi Negishi 《Chemical record (New York, N.Y.)》2017,17(5):473-484
It is now possible to accurately synthesize thiolate (SR)‐protected gold clusters (Aun(SR)m) with various chemical compositions with atomic precision. The geometric structure, electronic structure, physical properties, and functions of these clusters are well known. In contrast, the ligand or metal atom exchange reactions between these clusters and other substances have not been studied extensively until recently, even though these phenomena were observed during early studies. Understanding the mechanisms of these reactions could allow desired functional metal clusters to be produced via exchange reactions. Therefore, we have studied the exchange reactions between Aun(SR)m and analogous clusters and other substances for the past four years. The results have enabled us to gain deep understanding of ligand exchange with respect to preferential exchange sites, acceleration means, effect on electronic structure, and intercluster exchange. We have also synthesized several new metal clusters using ligand and metal exchange reactions. In this account, we summarize our research on ligand and metal exchange reactions. 相似文献
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《结构化学》2020,39(6):989-998
Metal clusters that contain a small number of atoms usually present unique properties with dramatic dependence on their sizes, geometric structures, and compositions. The studies of naked metal clusters are devoted to develop new catalysts and functional materials of atomic precision, and enable to improve the fundamental theory of structure chemistry and to understand the basic reactions and properties bridging the gap between atoms and bulk materials. In particular, some interesting superatom clusters have received reasonable research interest indicative of materials gene of clusters. Here in this review, we simply summarize the preparation, stability, and reactivity of naked metal clusters with a few examples displayed. Hopefully it serves as a modest spur to stimulate more interest of related investigations in this field. 相似文献
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Since the advent of intense cluster sources, physical and chemical properties of isolated metal clusters are an active field of research. In particular, gas phase metal clusters represent ideal model systems to gain molecular level insight into the energetics and kinetics of metal-mediated catalytic reactions. Here we summarize experimental reactivity studies as well as investigations of thermal catalytic reaction cycles on small gas phase metal clusters, mostly in relation to the surprising catalytic activity of nanoscale gold particles. A particular emphasis is put on the importance of conceptual insights gained through the study of gas phase model systems. Based on these concepts future perspectives are formulated in terms of variation and optimization of catalytic materials e.g. by utilization of bimetals and metal oxides. Furthermore, the future potential of bio-inspired catalytic material systems are highlighted and technical developments are discussed. 相似文献
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The stability and diffusion behaviors of 1.3 MPa Pt, Pd, Ni and Cu clusters supported on Pd(001) surface were studied by the Monte Carlo method. The support surface can strongly influence the stability and diffusion behaviors of the supported clusters. The structure transition temperatures of the supported clusters are much lower than the melting temperatures of their corresponding free clusters due to the vibration coupling between the support and the clusters. The stability of the supported clusters depends on not only the strength of metal support interaction but also the strength of the metal metal interaction. The diffusion constants of supported 1.3 MPa clusters are similar to those of corresponding metal atoms. Combining the diffusion parameters with the critical temperature of the supported clusters, the thermal stability is closely related to the diffusion behaviors of the metal clusters. 相似文献
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Geoffrey A. Ozin Steven A. Mitchell 《Angewandte Chemie (International ed. in English)》1983,22(9):674-694
Recent advances in the synthesis and spectroscopic characterization of ligand-free metal clusters immobilized in cryogenic rare gas matrices have contributed greatly to the understanding of electronic, geometric, dynamic, and chemical bonding properties of a wide range of uni- and bimetallic clusters as a function of nuclearity and metal type. The knowledge accumulated on molecular metal aggregates devoid of ligands and isolated on various supports will form an important data base for gauging the reliability of quantum chemical calculations on metal clusters, as well as for comprehending certain aspects of chemisorption on, and catalysis by, supported metal clusters. It can be envisaged that information on ligand-free metal clusters entrapped in a wide range of matrix environments in conjunction with the data for these same metal clusters in the gas phase and in molecular beams will probably contribute towards understanding metal-support interactions and to the designed synthesis of a new breed of high-technology heterogeneous catalysts in the not too distant future. 相似文献
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The stabilizing structure of cationic surfactant-protected platinum clusters in water and tertiary amine-protected rhodium clusters in chloroform, prepared by photo- and hydrogen-reduction, respectively, was investigated. These nanoscopic noble metal clusters present a narrow size distribution and are stable. The structural information of protective organic molecules on the surface of metal clusters was studied by transmission electron microscopy and hydrodynamic radius measurements according to the Taylor dispersion method. The size of the entire cluster with the protective layer surrounding the metal surface, obtained as Stokes' radii by the Taylor dispersion method, is considered to be fairly consistent with the sum of the naked particle size, obtained by transmission electron micrographs, and the size of the adsorbed protective layer, supporting the conformational information. 相似文献
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《印度化学会志》2022,99(11):100753
Density Functional Theory (DFT) computations were performed to investigate the optical properties of dihydropyrimidine (DHP) and metal clusters of copper (Cu), gold (Au), and silver (Ag). The charge transfers from the metal cluster to DHP through the NH group are revealed by molecular electrostatic potential (MEP) surface and Mulliken charge analysis. Bonding and antibonding orbitals of the DHP-adsorbed metal clusters are responsible for the surface resonance peak in the UV–Vis spectra of DHP adsorbed metal clusters. The polarizability values of DHP-adsorbed on metal clusters are very high in comparison with that of pristine DHP, which suggests an increase in the Non-linear optical (NLO) effect. Our study explores that the DHP adsorbed metal clusters could be used for the NLO materials. The vibrational modes of DHP are enhanced in the DHP adsorbed metal clusters due to surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS). Solvation energy is found to be ?21.01, ?29.37, and ?27.82 kcal/mol for DHP-Ag3/Au3/Cu3 which means the DHP-adsorbed metal clusters are stable in thr aqueous medium. The atom in molecule-reduced density gradient (AIM-RDG) isosurface shows weak non-covalent interactions in each DHP adsorbed metal clusters. 相似文献