The surface charging at low density of protonatable surface sites

The point of zero charge (PZC) of a sparingly soluble metal oxide depends on the density of protonatable surface oxygen atoms. The shift in the PZC is due to protonation/deprotonation of water in the regions free of protonatable surface oxygen atoms originating from the solid. The PZC of alumina increases when the density of protonatable surface oxygen atoms increases. In contrast, the PZC of titania is rather insensitive to the density of protonatable surface oxygen atoms. In surfaces of many materials the regions free of protonatable surface oxygen atoms dominate. These materials have a PZC at pH about 4.     

Oxygen vacancy O-terminated surface: The most exposed surface of hexagonal WO3 (001) surface

It is known that exposed surface determines material’s performance.WO₃ is widely used in gas sensing and its working surface is proposed to control its sensitivity.However,the working surface,or most exposed surface with detailed surface structure remain unclear.In this paper,DFT calculation confirmed that oxygen vacancy O-terminated surface is the most exposed hexagonal WO₃(001) surface,judging from competitive adsorption of CO and O₂,working surface determinati...     

The influence of surface donor states on the chemisorption kinetics of oxygen at the surface of ZnO single crystals. I. Theoretical model

The kinetics of the conductivity changes, due to the adsorption of oxygen on partially compensated ZnO have been derived theoretically in the case where surface donors are present at the semiconductor surface.The influence of the bulk donor density and the density of the surface donor states on the chemisorption kinetics have been investigated by means of a numerical treatment.It is shown that in four cases the resistance is a linear function of time and that from this relationship the pressure dependence of the density of physisorbed oxygen can be deduced.     

The influence of surface donor states on the chemisorption kinetics of oxygen at the surface of ZnO single crystals. II. Experimental results

A kinetic study was performed of the conductivity changes in Li-doped ZnO single crystals due to the adsorption of oxygen, after illumination of the surface in vacuum. The influence of the oxygen pressure and of the previous illumination have been studied. The results suggest that: (i) the chemisorption kinetics can be explained, over a wide range of conductivities, by a model, which involves an accumulation layer; (ii) the accumulation layer originates from the presence of surface donor states, whose density can be varied by illumination in vacuum; (iii) the rate-limiting step of the process is the capture of the electron in the physisorbed species; (iv) the surface concentration of the physically adsorbed oxygen is directly proportional to the pressure.     

Initial oxidation of a Rh(110) surface using atomic or molecular oxygen and reduction of the surface oxide by hydrogen

The formation conditions, morphology, and reactivity of thin oxide films, grown on a Rh(110) surface in the ambient of atomic or molecular oxygen, have been studied by means of laterally resolved core level spectroscopy, scanning tunneling microscopy and low energy electron diffraction. Exposures of Rh(110) to atomic oxygen lead to subsurface incorporation of oxygen even at room temperature and facile formation of an ordered, laterally uniform surface oxide at approximately 520 K, with a quasi-hexagonal structure and stoichiometry close to that of RhO(2). In the intermediate oxidation stages, the surface oxide coexists with areas of high coverage adsorption phases. After a long induction period, the reduction of the Rh oxide film with H(2) is very rapid and independent of the coexisting adsorption phases. The growth of the oxide film by exposure of a Rh(110) surface to molecular oxygen requires higher pressures and temperatures. The important role of the O(2) dissociation step in the oxidation process is reflected by the complex morphology of the oxide films grown in O(2) ambient, consisting of microscopic patches of different Rh and oxygen atomic density.     

Stability of the polar NiO(111) surface

Based on density functional theory and thermodynamic model, we compile a phase diagram for the polar NiO(111) surface as a function of temperature and oxygen pressure. The electronic correlation between Ni-3d electrons has also been included in the form of GGA+U method. Consistent with recent experiments, present GGA+U calculation indicates that over a broad range of oxygen partial pressure, the most stable phases are the oxygen and Ni terminated octopolar structures, which are almost degenerate in energy. We also show that the stabilization of the NiO(111) surface goes together with remarkable changes in the geometrical and electronic structure.     

Initial oxidation of the Rh(110) surface: ordered adsorption and surface oxide structures

The initial oxidation of the Rh(110) surface was studied by scanning tunneling microscopy, core level spectroscopy, and density functional theory. The experiments were carried out exposing the Rh(110) surface to molecular or atomic oxygen at temperatures in the 500-700 K range. In molecular oxygen ambient, the oxidation terminates at oxygen coverage close to a monolayer with the formation of alternating islands of the (10x2) one-dimensional surface oxide and (2x1)p2mg adsorption phases. The use of atomic oxygen facilitates further oxidation until a structure with a c(2x4) periodicity develops. The experimental and theoretical results reveal that the c(2x4) structure is a "surface oxide" very similar to the hexagonal O-Rh-O trilayer structures formed on the Rh(111) and Rh(100) substrates. Some of the experimentally found adsorption phases appear unstable in the phase diagram predicted by thermodynamics, which might reflect kinetic hindrance. The structural details, core level spectra, and stability of the surface oxides formed on the three basal planes are compared with those of the bulk RhO2 and Rh2O3.     

Calculation of the surface tension of oxygen using molecular-dynamics simulations

The surface tension of oxygen at the liquid-vapor interface is calculated for the temperature range of 60-90 K using molecular-dynamics simulations and is shown to be within 1.0% error of experimental values for most of the temperatures studied. The potential used here is the same as in our previous study on liquid oxygen alone [S. D. Bembenek and B. M. Rice, J. Chem. Phys. 113, 2354 (2000)] and was optimized with an innovative statistical-mechanical method. The potential does not use a long-range cutoff nor a tail correction, which are usually considered necessary to obtain accurate values for the surface tension. We reason that the accuracy in surface tension is directly related to our parametrization method for the potential.     

Inside vs "Outside" photooxygenation reactions: singlet-oxygen-mediated surface passivation of polymer films

Films of poly(acrylonitrile- co-2,3-dimethyl-1,3-butadiene) were exposed to singlet oxygen. The extent of polymer oxygenation was monitored for singlet oxygen generated (1) within the polymer film and (2) at the polymer surface in an aqueous medium. When singlet oxygen is generated within the film, oxygenation of the polymer is pronounced and extensive. When singlet oxygen is generated at the polymer surface, oxygenation reactions are limited to the surface. The data suggest that the initial oxygenation reactions at the film surface passivate the polymer against further reaction with singlet oxygen and, hence, also minimize the progressively detrimental effects of secondary reactions. These results indicate that one should exercise restraint when implicating singlet oxygen as a reactive species in some processes of polymer oxygenation.     

Interaction of oxygen with the platinum surface: A quantum-chemical modeling

The interaction of oxygen with the (111), (110), and (100) platinum crystal surfaces has been modeled by the density functional theory method within the generalized gradient approximation (GGA). It has been demonstrated that the dissociative adsorption of a dioxygen molecule to all three types of surfaces is energetically favorable. The peroxide species are less stable than the dissociated ones, but they are also energetically favorable. There have been considered the relative stability of different structures involving one and several oxygen atoms, the mutual influence of the atoms on the surface, the adsorption energy as a function of the surface coverage, and adsorption onto the intrinsic surface defects.     

碘和氧修饰银(110)表面对甲醇吸附的影响: 密度 泛函理论的计算研究

用密度泛函理论(DFT)的B3-LYP方法和原子簇模型研究了碘和修饰银(110)表面对甲醇吸附的影响。结果表明,甲醇分子在干净的银表面吸附很弱甚至不吸附,但在氧或碘修饰过的银表面上,由于预吸附导致吸附能的增加而变得容易吸附。并进一步采用目前较新的映像电荷模型计算验证了在甲醇部分氧化制甲醛反应中氧或碘对银催化剂表面修饰的本质是电荷修饰这一推论,为实验中如何筛选修饰提供了良好的判据。     

Theoretical study of the adsorption of oxygen on a Cu(100) surface and the coadsorption with alkali atoms

We performed a theoretical study of the adsorption of oxygen on a cluster model of the Cu(100) surface and also the surface coadsorbed with lithium and potassium atoms. The study showed that alkali coadsorption facilitates in a significant way the process of molecular adsorption, whereas the adsorption of atomic oxygen is only slightly modified. The alkali atoms on the copper surface produce an increase in the charge transfer toward the oxygen molecule, favoring the oxygen dissociation. The effect is greater for the potassium coadsorption. In addition, we found that the potassium coadsorption favored the dissociation and recombination processes by about 60 and 15%, respectively. In turn, the lithium coadsorption favored only the recombination process by about 50%. These results could be an important aspect for catalytic processes.From the Proceedings of the 28th Congreso de Quimicos Teóricos de Expression Latina (QUITEL 2002)     

氧气气氛下Pt3Ni(111)表面结构变化的从头算原子热力学研究

采用从头算原子热力学方法系统研究了Ni-rich和Pt-rich条件下Pt₃Ni(111)在不同偏析、表面化学吸附氧覆盖度下560个可能结构的相对稳定性,构建了氧气气氛下Pt₃Ni(111)表面结构演化、直至满覆盖化学吸附氧的热力学相图.结果表明,随着氧的化学势的升高,在热力学上仅出现两类稳定的结构,主要包括没有化学吸附氧的干净Pt-skin表面,以及在很低氧的化学势下就形成的含有化学吸附氧的Ni-skin表面,而有化学吸附氧的PtNi表面合金化的中间结构则处于亚稳态.仔细分析发现,这些结构的形成主要由金属的偏析能、氧与两种金属成键强弱的差别、氧的化学势的高低三个因素共同决定.     

A universal empirical expression for the isotope surface exchange coefficients (k*) of acceptor-doped perovskite and fluorite oxides

The isotope surface exchange coefficient k* determined in an 18O/16O exchange experiment characterises the exchange flux of the dynamic equilibrium between oxygen in the gas phase and oxygen in a solid oxide. At present there is no atomistic expression that relates measured exchange coefficients to materials' parameters. In this study an empirical, atomistic expression is developed that describes the exchange kinetics of gaseous oxygen with diverse acceptor-doped perovskite and fluorite oxides at temperatures above T approximately 900 K. The expression is used to explain the observed correlations between surface exchange coefficients k* and oxygen tracer diffusion coefficients D* and to identify compounds that exhibit high surface exchange coefficients.     

Methanol adsorption on the beta-Ga2O3 surface with oxygen vacancies: theoretical and experimental approach

Methanol adsorption on beta-Ga2O3 surface has been studied by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and by means of density functional theory (DFT) cluster model calculations. Adsorption sites of tetrahedral and octahedral gallium ions with different numbers of oxygen vacancies have been compared. The electronic properties of the adsorbed molecules have been monitored by computing adsorption energies, optimized geometry parameters, overlap populations, atomic charges, and vibrational frequencies. The gallia-methanol interaction has different behaviors according to the local surface chemical composition. The calculations show that methanol can react in three different ways with the gallia surface giving rise to a nondissociative adsorption, a dissociative adsorption, and an oxidative decomposition. The surface without oxygen vacancies is very reactive and produces the methanol molecule decomposition. The molecule is nondissociatively adsorbed by means of a hydrogen bond between the alcoholic hydrogen atom and a surface oxygen atom and a bond between the alcoholic oxygen atom and a surface gallium atom. Two neighbor oxygen vacancies on tetrahedral gallium sites produce the dissociation of the methanol molecule and the formation of a bridge bond between two surface gallium atoms and the methoxy group.     

混合式格点法研究氧在银或银合金表面的吸附动力学

本文改进了混合式格点法对第一时间步的计算方法, 在保持原有精度的基础上, 减少计算时间约三个数量级。用这一方法, 研究了氧在银及其合金表面的吸附动力学。计算表明: 氧分子在银表面有效吸附的反应阈值是6.29kJ/mol, 这和实验所得的活化能相同。当氧分子动量大于45a.u.或合金中金配比大于0.30时,氧分子均无法在银及其合金表面形成稳定吸附, 这此结果和实验一致。计算中没有发现分子氧直接解离成原子氧的现象。从计算结果中推测, 处在振动激发态的氧分子比处在振动基态的氧分子更容易吸附在银表面。     

Ultralow energy ion beam surface modification of low density polyethylene

Ultralow energy Ar+ and O+ ion beam irradiation of low density polyethylene has been carried out under controlled dose and monoenergetic conditions. XPS of Ar+-treated surfaces exposed to ambient atmosphere show that the bombardment of 50 eV Ar+ ions at a total dose of 10(16) cm(-2) gives rise to very reactive surfaces with oxygen incorporation at about 50% of the species present in the upper surface layer. Using pure O+ beam irradiation, comparatively low O incorporation is achieved without exposure to atmosphere (approximately 13% O in the upper surface). However, if the surface is activated by Ar+ pretreatment, then large oxygen contents can be achieved under subsequent O+ irradiation (up to 48% O). The results show that for very low energy (20 eV) oxygen ions there is a dose threshold of about 5 x 10(15) cm(-2) before surface oxygen incorporation is observed. It appears that, for both Ar+ and O+ ions in this regime, the degree of surface modification is only very weakly dependent on the ion energy. The results suggest that in the nonequilibrium plasma treatment of polymers, where the ion flux is typically 10(18) m(-2) s(-1), low energy ions (<50 eV) may be responsible for surface chemical modification.     

Effect of hydrogen gas impurities on the hydrogen dissociation on iron surface

A small addition of oxygen to hydrogen gas is known to mitigate the hydrogen embrittlement (HE) of steels. As atomic hydrogen dissolution in steels is responsible for embrittlement, catalysis of molecular hydrogen dissociation by the steel surface is an essential step in the embrittlement process. The most probable role of oxygen in mitigating HE is to inhibit the reactions between molecular hydrogen and the steel surface. To elucidate the mechanism of such surface reaction of hydrogen with the steel in the presence of oxygen, hydrogen, and oxygen adsorption, dissociation, and coadsorption on the Fe(100) surface were investigated using density functional theory. The results show that traces of O₂ would successfully compete with H₂ for surface adsorption sites due to the grater attractive force acting on the O₂ molecule compared to H₂. The H₂ dissociation would be hindered on iron surfaces with predissociated oxygen. Prompted by the notable results for H₂ + O₂, other practical systems were considered, that is, H₂ + CO and CH₄. Calculations were performed for the CO chemisorption and H₂ dissociation on iron surface with predissociated CO, as well as, CH₄ surface dissociation. The results indicate that CO inhibition of H₂ dissociation proceeds via similar mechanism to O₂ induced inhibition, whereas CH₄ traces in the H₂ gas have no effect on H₂ dissociation. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

Oxygen radical-driven surface modification of polycaprolactone-filled glass microfiber media: Probing the surface chemistry of wicking microfluidic devices

Cost and complexity are key factors in designing microfluidic devices for broad application. Therefore, the development of a simple, inexpensive, and easily manufactured fabrication technique that does not require expensive chemicals or instruments is necessary. We have successfully demonstrated the use of long-lived oxygen radicals for the fabrication of membrane-based microfluidic devices on polycaprolactone (PCL)-filled glass microfiber (GMF) membranes. These devices may incorporate complex multidimensional (2D and 3D) microfluidic pathways on a single PCL-filled GMF membrane. Selective exposure to oxygen radicals generated in a homebuilt oxygen plasma exposure system was employed to pattern the flow path; radical exposure of the polymer-filled substrate altered the physical and chemical properties of the surface, affecting wettability. To the best of our knowledge, this is the only wicking microfluidic device fabrication technology that is capable of generating both 2D and 3D microfluidic pathways in a single membrane; hence, it has many potential applications. Investigations were conducted to probe the effects of oxygen radical exposure in order to provide a more quantitative understanding of the process. These findings will help expand the utility of the selective oxygen radical exposure–driven fabrication technology.     

Angular intensity distribution of a molecular oxygen beam scattered from a graphite surface

The scattering of the oxygen molecule from a graphite surface has been studied using a molecular beam scattering technique. The angular intensity distributions of scattered oxygen molecules were measured at incident energies from 291 to 614 meV with surface temperatures from 150 to 500 K. Every observed distribution has a single peak at a larger final angle than the specular angle of 45° which indicates that the normal component of the translation energy of the oxygen molecule is lost by the collision with the graphite surface. The amount of the energy loss by the collision has been roughly estimated as about 30-41% based on the assumption of the tangential momentum conservation during the collision. The distributions have also been analyzed with two theoretical models, the hard cubes model and the smooth surface model. These results indicate that the scattering is dominated by a single collision event of the particle with a flat surface having a large effective mass. The derived effective mass of the graphite surface for the incoming oxygen is 9-12 times heavier than that of a single carbon atom, suggesting a large cooperative motion of the carbon atoms in the topmost graphene layer.