Effect of radiation therapy on trace elemental concentrations of hair samples of cervical cancer patients—PIXE technique

Trace elemental analysis of hair samples from subjects suffering with cervical cancer before radiation therapy and at successive intervals during radiation therapy was carried out using the PIXE technique. A 2 MeV proton beam was employed. The elements Cl, K, Ca, Ti, Cr, Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn and Pb were identified and their relative concentrations were estimated. The concentrations of Cl, K, Ca, Ti, Cr, Mn, Fe, Ni and Zn were found to be lower in hair samples of cervical cancer patients before radiation therapy than those from controls, whereas the concentration of Cu showed the opposite trend. The concentrations of Cl, K, Ca, Ti, Mn, Fe, Cu, Zn and Pb showed a definite trend of variation with successive intervals of radiation therapy, which indicates that these elements are affected during radiation therapy. The Cu/Zn ratio also decreases with successive radiation therapy. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Levels and sources of heavy metal contamination in road dust in selected major highways of Accra,Ghana

Environmental studies have revealed significant contributions of vehicular exhaust emissions to high pollution levels in urban dwellings. The levels and sources of heavy metal contaminations of some major roads in Accra have been investigated in this work. Street dust samples collected from four major roads in Accra (Mallam Junction‐Weija road, John Teye‐Pokuase road, Tema Motorway and Tetteh Quarshie Interchange in Accra) were analysed for their elemental concentrations using energy‐dispersive X‐ray fluorescence. Twenty elements were identified: K, Ca, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn, Ga, Ge, As, Se, Br, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr and Pb. Significant concentration levels were obtained for K, Ca, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Cu, Zn, Br, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr and Pb in all the samples and were used for the source identification. Enrichment factors and principal component analysis were used to verify the anthropogenic contribution to road dust. Results obtained for the enrichment factors showed moderate enrichment for V, Cr and Cu, while Zn, Br, Zr and Pb were significantly enriched. Principal component analysis identified four sources and their contributions to the elemental contents in the road dust. Natural crust, brake wear, tyre wear and vehicle exhaust emission were the four sources identified. The contribution of vehicular non‐exhaust emissions to heavy metal contamination in the road dust was found to be greater than that of exhaust emissions. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

内蒙古兴和县育龄妇女头发中矿质元素分布及影响因素研究

使用电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱(ICP-AES)和原子荧光光谱法(AFS)分别对内蒙古自治区兴和县180名农村育龄妇女头发中21种矿物元素(铝,硼,钡,钙,镉,钴,铬,铜,铁,镁,锰,钼,镍,铅,硒,硅,锡,锶,钛,钒和锌)的含量及年龄、生育史及饮食习惯等对其产生的影响进行了研究。结果表明,大多数矿物元素(硼,镉,铬,钴,铜,铁,镁,锰,钼,镍,铅,硒,硅,锡,锶,钛,钒和锌)含量从青年组(18～29岁)到老年组(40～45岁)依次减少,而中年组(30～39岁)的钙,镁,锰、铅的含量最低。生育二胎的妇女钙,镁,锰,钼,镍,铅,锡,锶和锌含量最低,这可能与生育次数的增加有关,相关性分析证实钙,铅和锡与生育史有显著性相关。此外,饮食习惯也会影响头发中矿物质元素的含量。经常食用酸菜会导致锌,铁,铜,锰,锶含量水平较低,但钼,铅和硒含量水平较高。而且,锌和硒含量随肉类摄入频率增加而增加。规律性摄入蔬菜会增加硅的含量。同时,经常食用水果会增加锰,镍和钛的含量水平。因此,该研究为解决不均衡饮食习惯盛行的农村地区生育和妇女健康提供基础数据和有用的信息。     

Comparison of elemental content on modern and ancient papers by EDXRF

We report on the use of elemental composition, determined by energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence (EDXRF), to identify different types of paper. The concentrations of S, Cl, K, Ca, Ti, Mn, Fe, Co, Cu, Zn, As, Br, Rb, Sr, Ba and Pb were determined in papers from 1555, 1575, 1724, 1748, 1779, 1782, 1787, 1806, 1861, 1919, 1941 and 2005. A preliminary analysis was made with the use of a dendrogram. The Euclidian distances evidenced a big fluctuation in the elemental composition on most recent papers. The dendrogram also allowed us to catalogue the analysed samples into ten types of paper. Calcium, Cu, Fe, Zn and Sr were the only elements found in all paper samples. However the content of each element was different in every paper type. Calcium is the predominant element in all paper types. Applying Spearman coefficients correlations to these papers for Ca, Cu, Fe, Zn and Sr, we found moderate negative correlations between Ca-Cu. Positive correlations were also found between Fe-Cu, though not very strong. High levels of the toxic elements, Co, Ni, As and Pb were present in papers from 1779 and 1787. From this work it becomes clear that the number of elements in modern papers is lower than in older ones. PACS 39.30.+W; 78.70.En; 89.90.+n     

Energy‐dispersive x‐ray fluorescence analysis of modern coloured glasses from Marinha Grande (Portugal)

The elemental composition (K, Ca, Ti, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Se, Sr, Ba, Nd and Pb) of modern coloured glasses was obtained by energy‐dispersive x‐ray fluorescence (EDXRF) spectrometry. This non‐destructive technique is frequently used in the analysis of historical glass objects. Two reference glasses were also measured to assess the overall accuracy of the EDXRF method. Reference and unknown glasses were analysed without any preparation. The coloured glass samples studied belong to the Glass Museum of Marinha Grande and were chosen from two distinct collections, which were characterized by the different concentrations of some elements (K, Ti, Cr, Mn, Fe, Ba and Pb). The determined major elements allowed the identification of two raw materials used in glass manufacture, sand and lime. Multivariate statistical analysis, namely principal component extraction, simplified the identification of some of the colouring chemical elements, associating them with the different colours of the glass objects. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Applicability of MiniPal 4 compact EDXRF spectrometer for soil and sediment analysis

Optimum measurement parameters for analysis of soil and sediment samples with the compact MiniPal 4 (MP4)EDXRF spectrometer (PANalytical, Almelo, The Netherlands) were presented. The following elements were considered: K, Ca, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn, As and Pb. Since the elements from low Z to medium Z region were covered, three measurement conditions (sequences) were defined. The following parameters were selected for measurement of the elements K, Ti, and V: voltage = 12 kV; current = 750 µA; filter material: Al_thin. Cr, Mn and Fe were measured at 20 kV; 300 µA with Al filter while for measurements of Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Pb, Rb, and Sr an Ag filter was selected and tube voltage and current were 30 kV and 300 µA. Each sequence was measured for 200 s and measurements were done in the air. MP4 spectrometer was characterized with acceptable precision, long‐term stability and satisfactory minimum detection limit for the analyses of soil and sediment materials. For the elements K, Mn, Fe, and Ti the precision of the analysis was better than 0.5% and for all the other elements better than 5%. Detection limits for sediment samples were 20 ppm for K, 6.1 ppm for Ti, 5.2 for Mn, 4 ppm for Fe, 4.2 ppm for As and less than 2 ppm for all the other elements. These values were significantly lower compared to typical concentrations of the same elements found in unpolluted soil and sediments. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

不同产地珠子参中微量元素含量分析

分析不同产地珠子参中微量元素的含量变化情况。应用电感耦合等离子体-原子发射光谱法（ICP-AES）测定不同产地珠子参中Ca、Cr、Cu、Fe、Ga、Li、Mg、Mn、Ni、Sn、Sr、Ti、Tl、V、Zn、Pb 16种微量元素的含量。结果表明,不同产地珠子参中各微量元素含量有所差异,陕西宁强产珠子参中Ca、Mg、Mn、Zn、Cu等含量高于其他产地。珠子参中微量元素的含量与产地的土壤、水质等有关。     

ICP-AES测定青岛崂山绿茶中的微量元素

采用HNO3-H2O2混合酸,密闭微波消解样品,应用ICP-AES测定青岛崂山绿茶中Al、Ca、Cd、Co、Cr、Cu、Fe、K、Mg、Mn、Na、Ni、Pb、Se、Sr、V和Zn等17种营养元素及重金属元素的含量。测定结果的相对标准偏差均小于3.50%,对17种元素的加标回收率在90.0%—110.2%之间,采用该方法测得的茶叶标准物质（GBW10016）的17种元素的值均在标准值范围内,方法准确度高。实验结果表明青岛崂山绿茶中含有大量对人体有益的元素包括Ca、Co、Cr、Cu、Fe、K、Mg、Mn、Na、Ni、Se、Sr、V和Zn等,另外也检测到含有Al,Cd和Pb等有毒、有害元素,但是含量很低,对人体的不利影响可以忽略不计。     

Investigation of a fossilized calotte from Lagoa Santa,Brazil, by EDXRF

The origin of the component parts of a fossilized calotte (skull cap) from Lagoa Santa in Brazil was investigated by using energy‐dispersive x‐ray fluorescence analysis. The specimen was irradiated with a miniaturized and low‐power x‐ray generator (2.25 W, tungsten anode). The calotte and rock samples from the two known sites have a similar chemical composition, especially rich in S, K, Ca, Ti, Mn, Fe, Cu, Zn, Pb, Br, Rb and Sr. These elements are associated with the geological constitution of the limestone complex where the archaeological samples were found. The small differences in the relative amount of each element, especially the Ca/Sr ratio, in different parts of the calotte reinforce the hypothesis that the calotte had been mounted with pieces from different origins. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

高压密封微波消解-ICP-AES法测定五种蒙药中无机元素

采用HNO3-HClO4消解体系分别对额日敦-乌日勒、德都红花七味丸、通拉嘎-5、乌珠目-7、给旺-9等五种蒙药样品进行高压微波消解制样,利用电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法(ICP-AES)同时测定了镁、铝、钙、铬、锰、铁、钴、镍、铜、锌、砷、硒、锶、钼、银、镉和铅等17种无机元素的含量。通过添加标准回收实验,回收率均在97.25%~106.35%之间,验证了分析数据的可靠性。所有元素测定结果的相对标准偏差均小于3.3%,具有良好的准确度和精密度。实验结果表明,其中常量元素Ca,Mg和Fe,Mn,Zn,Cu的含量较高,测定结果可为开发研制蒙药新制剂、研制蒙药的质量控制标准和提高蒙药药效提供理论依据。     

安徽茶园茶叶中四种大量元素和七种微量元素的含量分析及生物富集研究

主要采用电感耦合等离子体质谱技术(inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry,ICP-MS)测定了安徽茶园茶叶中四种大量元素(Ca,K,Mg,P)和七种微量元素(Al,Mn,Fe,Cu,Zn,Cd 和Pb)含量,并进行了生物富集分析。结果表明,嫩叶中Ca,K,Mg 和 P的含量最高(Ⅰ, >3.0 mg·g-1),Al,Mn,Zn 和 Fe的含量次之(Ⅱ, 0.2～3.0 mg·g-1),Cu,Pb 和 Cd的含量最低(Ⅲ, <0.05 mg·g-1);而老叶中含量最高的是Ca,K,Mg 和Al(Ⅰ, >3.0 mg·g-1),P,Mn,Zn 和 Fe的含量次之(Ⅱ, 0.2～3.0 mg·g-1),Cu,Pb 和 Cd的含量最低(Ⅲ, <0.05 mg·g-1)。其中,P和Mn是茶叶中富集能力最强的;此外,Cu, Pb和Cd的含量低于相关的限量标准。聚类分析结果表明舒茶早和龙井43两个品种之间矿质元素的组成没有显著性的差异。     

Elemental Analysis of Tea Leaves (Camellia Sinensis) and Their Own Soils at Eastern Black Sea Region in Turkey

People consume tea brewed from the leaves of the Camellia sinensis plant for about 50 centuries. Health benefits of the tea have been investigated for about three decades. Especially green tea shows antitoxic and lots of properties with its determined ingredients. Turkey is not only the one of the best consumer and but also good producer of the tea as being 5 th producer all over the world. It grows eastern region of the Turkey and high quality tea is imported and exported. To have quality tea, grooving soils are also crucial. In the current research, Tea leaves and their own grown soils were collected from 20 stations where the most tea producer cities as Trabzon, Rize and Artvin tea fields of the eastern of Black Sea Region in Turkey. The cultivated tea and their own grown soil samples were analysed by using EDXRF Spectrometry. In the soil samples, the elements Mg, Al, Si, P, S, K, Ca, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn, Sr, Ba, Pb on percent level and the elements Mg, Al, Si, P, Cl, K, Ca, Ti, Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn and Sr in the tea leaves were detected by using SKRAY 3600-EDXRF.and also the obtained data were evaluated with the Kriging interpolation of geostatistical method. Element content were investigated in the soil and tea samples according to the geological situations and also the relation of elemental difference between the tea and the own grown soil. Pb/Zn ratio was also anaysed in the samples.     

Trace element composition of common sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L.) tissues

Synchrotron radiation X-ray fluorescence analysis is used to determine for the first time the absolute content and biological accumulation coefficients for a set of 21 chemical elements (K, Ca, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Se, Br, Rb, Sr, Zr, Nb, Y, Mo, and Pb) in the fruits, leaves, bark, roots, and root nodules of the sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L. ssp. mongolica Rousi). It is found that all sea buckthorn tissues accumulate Ti, Nb, Cr, and Zr more intensively than the global average for terrestrial phytomass. On the other hand, none of the examined parts of the sea buckthorn plants accumulated the toxic elements Pb and As.     

Trace element analysis of fly ash samples by EDXRF technique

Trace element analysis of some fly ash samples and soil samples have been carried out by Energy Dispersive X-Ray Fluorescence technique. Fourteen elements namely K, Ca, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Cu, Zn, Se, Rb, Sr and Pb have been quantified in the fly ash samples by this technique. It was found that there is no huge concentration difference between the fly ash and soil samples as a result of which fly ash can be used as soil manure without any adverse impact on the plants.      

ICP-AES法同时测定铬酸钾中杂质元素

应用电感耦合等离子发射光谱法(ICP-AES)同时测定K2CrO4中微量Ca,Mg,Ba,Co,Cd,Cu,Mn,Pb,Sr,Zn,Al,Fe,Ni,Ti,Si,V等杂质元素含量.通过选掸合适的分析谱线,采用基体匹配法消除了样品中基体元素的干扰.结果表明,在选定的测定条件下,方法的标准曲线线性关系良好(R2=0.998 6～1.000),实验测得16种元素的检出限在0.075～2.625 mg·kg-1之间,两次测定的加标回收率在83.7%～113.0%之间,9次测定的RSD小于9.48%.实验表明该方法快速、简便、准确、可靠,可用于实际样品分析.通过对测定结果的分析,得出K2CrO4中含有较高含量的Ca,Mg,Al,Si,不能直接用来作为离子膜法电催化合成铬酸酐的原料,必须对K2CrO4进行进一步的精制.     

ICP-AES法测定慢性乙肝患者头发中生命元素

建立了用ＩＣＰ－ＡＥＳ法同时分析头发中多种生命元素的方法,方法的相对标准偏差为１．４％￣４．９％,回收率介于９４％￣１２９％之间。测定了东莞地区１５９例在样大学生慢性乙肝患者头发样品中的Ａｌ、Ｂａ、Ｃａ、Ｃｏ、Ｃｒ、Ｃｕ、Ｆｅ、Ｍｇ、Ｍｎ、Ｎｉ、Ｐｂ、Ｓｒ、Ｚｎ等十三种生命元素的含量,并和健康人比较,初步分析了头发中生命元素含量和慢性乙型肝炎的相关性。     

ICP-AES测定两种牡丹胚乳中的矿质元素

采用电感耦合等离子体-原子发射光谱法测定了紫斑牡丹和滇牡丹胚乳样品中14种矿质元素（K、Na、Ca、Mg、Fe、Cu、Zn、Mn、Li、Ni、B、Ag、Cd、Pb）含量。结果表明,各测试元素的校准曲线线性良好;两种牡丹胚乳中4种人体必需的常量元素K、Na、Ca、Mg及6种与人体健康和生命有关的必需元素Fe、Cu、Zn、Mn、Ni、B含量丰富,3种对人体有害的微量元素Ag、Cd、Pb中,Ag与Cd均未被检出。表明两种牡丹胚乳矿质营养丰富,值得深入研究和开发利用。     

火焰原子吸收光谱法测定芋头中10种金属元素

采用干法分解样品,应用火焰原子吸收光谱法测定了芋头中K、Ca、Mg、Cu、Zn、Fe、Mn、Cd、Cr、Pb金属元素的含量.研究了测定不同元素的仪器最佳工作条件,并做了方法的准确性和精密度考察.结果表明,芋头中含有丰富的K、Ca、Mg、Cu、Zn、Fe、Mn,Cr及有害元素Pb未检出,Cd含量符合食品卫生标准.该法加标...     

Evaluation of metal release from battery and electronic components in soil using SR‐TXRF and EDXRF

Potentially toxic elements may be leached contaminating the soil, surface, and ground water due to the improper disposal of batteries and electronic devices. The objective of this study was to evaluate metal release from batteries and electronic components deposited in specific receptacles filled with soil in which acid rain was simulated. The leachate solution and the soil were analyzed by synchrotron radiation total reflection x‐ray fluorescence and benchtop energy dispersive x‐ray fluorescence, respectively. Results indicate that batteries released K, Mn, Fe, Cu, Zn, and Pb and electronic component released Ti, Mn, Fe, Cu, Zn, and Pb. For batteries' leachate test samples, higher amounts of Fe, Cu, Mn, Zn, and Pb have been released compared with electronic component ones under same the experimental conditions. The Fe, Cu, and Pb concentrations in battery leachate test samples were above their National Environment Council maximum permitted values (MPV) and in the electronic waste leachate ones, only the Pb concentrations was above MPV. For soil sample containing batteries K, Mn and Zn presented higher concentrations, mainly at the 10‐cm topsoil, ranging from 0.16 to 0.50, 0.27 to 8.67, and 0.03 to 1.26, in % (% w/w), respectively. The Zn–C battery soil samples present similar behavior to the alkaline ones. The impact due to the Pb release was higher in the soil test samples with electronic components, in which their concentrations ranged from 51 to 394 mg/kg, above its MPV up to 28‐cm soil layer. The X‐ray fluorescence techniques employed were suitable for water and soil environmental evaluation.