Rings of quotients of C(X) induced by points

We study two rings of quotients of C(X), the ring of continuous functions on the Tychonoff space X. The first, F(X), is the ring of quotients induced by the filter of ideals consisting of dense finite intersections of fixed maximal ideals. The second, C[F], is the ring of quotients induced by the filter of dense cofinite subspaces of X. After some preliminary information we explicitly describe in §2 and §3 the constructions of these rings of quotients. In the third section, we use F(X)and C[F] to define and study the class of h-points and h-spaces. In particular, we show that C-spaces and P-spaces are h-spaces. In the last section we construct an ideal of C(X)which will be used to give an ideal theoretic characterization of h-points. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Commutative rings whose proper ideals are direct sums of uniform modules

An interesting result, obtaining by some theorems of Asano, Köthe and Warfield, states that: “for a commutative ring R, every module is a direct sum of uniform modules if and only if R is an Artinian principal ideal ring.” Moreover, it is observed that: “every ideal of a commutative ring R is a direct sum of uniform modules if and only if R is a finite direct product of uniform rings.” These results raise a natural question: “What is the structure of commutative rings whose all proper ideals are direct sums of uniform modules?” The goal of this paper is to answer this question. We prove that for a commutative ring R, every proper ideal is a direct sum of uniform modules, if and only if, R is a finite direct product of uniform rings or R is a local ring with the unique maximal ideal ? of the form ? = U⊕S, where U is a uniform module and S is a semisimple module. Furthermore, we determine the structure of commutative rings R for which every proper ideal is a direct sum of cyclic uniform modules (resp., cocyclic modules). Examples which delineate the structures are provided.     

Rings of quotients of f-rings by gabriel filters of ideals

The article examines the role of Gabriel filters of ideals in the ontext of semiprime f-rings. It is shown that for every 2-convex semiprime f-ring Aand every multiplicative filter B of dense ideals the ring of quotients of A by B, namely the direct limit of the Hom _A (I, A) over all I∈ B, is an l-subring of QA, the maximum ring of quotients. Relative to the category of all commutative rings with identity, it is shown that for every 2-convex semiprime f-ring A qA, the classical ring of quotients, is the largest flat epimorphic extension of A. If Ais also a Prüfer ring then it follows that every extension of Ain qA is of the form S ^-1A for a suitable multiplicative subset S. The paper also examines when a Utumi ring of quotients of a semiprime f-ring is obtained from a Gabriel filter. For a ring of continuous functions C(X), with Xcompact, this is so for each C(U) and C ^*(U), when Uis dense open, but not for an arbitrary direct limit of C(U),taken over a filter base of dense open sets. In conclusion, it is shown that, for a complemented semiprime f-ring A, the ideals of Awhich are torsion radicals with respect to some hereditary torsion theory are precisely the intersections of minimal prime ideals of A.     

Commutation in vector spaces over division rings with a conjugation

We analyze some commutation properties of the sets of mappings of a vector space X over a division ring K with a conjugation j which are relevant when studying symmetries in quantum mechanics and in elementary-particle physics. The first part of the paper is devoted to the “linear-antilinear centralizer” $\text{U}$^c, i.e. to the group of the linear and antilinear (j-semilinear) invertible mappings which commute with a given set $\text{U}$ of mappings of X. Some nontrivial results which connect properties of $\text{U}$ with properties of $\text{U}$^c are obtained, and a classification of the sets of mappings of X is found by means of purely algebraic techniques. This classification is more detailed than that usually adopted by physicists. The second part of the paper is devoted to the ?-linear commutant $\text{U}$′^λ, i.e. to the set of mappings of X which commute with $\text{U}$ and which are linear with respect to the j-invariant subring ? of K. We investigate the structure of $\text{U}$′^λ in connection with the structure and some of the properties of $\text{U}$. In the third part, we show how the results obtained in the preceding sections simplify when the division ring K is of type II (according to a classification introduced in an earlier work). Finally, we illustrate with simple examples in one- and two-dimensional vector spaces all the cases which can occur.     

Rank One Discrete Valuations of Power Series Fields

In this article we study rank one discrete valuations of the field k((X ₁,…, X _n )) whose center in k[[X ₁,…, X _n ]] is the maximal ideal. In Sections 2 to 6 we give a construction of a system of parametric equations describing such valuations. This amounts to finding a parameter and a field of coefficients. We devote Section 2 to finding an element of value 1, that is, a parameter. The field of coefficients is the residue field of the valuation, and it is given in Section 5.

The constructions given in these sections are not effective in the general case, because we need either to use Zorn's lemma or to know explicitly a section σ of the natural homomorphism R _v  → Δ _v between the ring and the residue field of the valuation v.

However, as a consequence of this construction, in Section 7, we prove that k((X ₁,…, X _n )) can be embedded into a field L((Y ₁,…, Y _n )), where L is an algebraic extension of k and the “extended valuation” is as close as possible to the usual order function.     

Rings of Constants of the Form k[f]

Let k[X] be the algebra of polynomials in n variables over a field k of characteristic zero, and let f ? k[X]? k. We present a construction of a derivation d of k[X] whose ring of constants is equal to the integral closure of k[f] in k[X]. A similar construction for fields of rational functions is also given.     

Coquasitriangular Hopf Group Algebras and Drinfel'd Co-Doubles

A ring R is called “semicommutative” if any right annihilator over R is an ideal of R. We show that special subrings of upper triangular matrix rings over a reduced ring are maximal semicommutative. Consequently, new families of semicommutative rings are presented.     

A survey on Cox rings

We survey the construction of the Cox ring of an algebraic variety X and study the birational geometry of X when its Cox ring is finitely generated. Basic notation. Throughout this paper k is an algebraically closed field.     

A Note on Regularity Properties with Respect to Ideals

The object of this article is to study the regularity properties of elements of a ring with respect to a given ideal I. As expected, several concepts that are equivalent in the case of I = R turn out to be distinct for a general ideal I and we consider the relations between these properties. In particular, we replace the set of units U(R) of the ring R by the set U _I (R) = {u|uI = Iu = I} and use these “relative units” to obtain generalizations of notions such as stable range and unit-regularity. We also see that on assuming the set of “relative units” to have no zero divisors, we can obtain several interesting results.     

Vanishing and nilpotence of locally trivial symmetric spaces over regular schemes

We prove two results about Witt rings W(−) of regular schemes. First, given a semi-local regular ring R of Krull dimension d, if U is the punctured spectrum, obtained from Spec(R) by removing the maximal ideals of height d, then the natural map is injective. Secondly, given a regular integral scheme X of finite Krull dimension, consider Q its function field and the natural map . We prove that there is an integer N, depending only on the Krull dimension of X, such that the product of any choice of N elements in is zero. That is, this kernel is nilpotent. We give upper and lower bounds for the exponent N. Received: December 4, 2001     

On s-Semipermutable Maximal and Minimal Subgroups of Sylow p-Subgroups of Finite Groups

Let R be a Noetherian algebra over a field k. A formula is given for the Krull dimension of the ring R?_k k(X) in terms of the heights of simple modules with large endomorphism rings.     

On maximal commutative subrings of non-commutative rings

We observe that every non-commutative unital ring has at least three maximal commutative subrings. In particular, non-commutative rings (resp., finite non-commutative rings) in which there are exactly three (resp., four) maximal commutative subrings are characterized. If R has acc or dcc on its commutative subrings containing the center, whose intersection with the nontrivial summands is trivial, then R is Dedekind-finite. It is observed that every Artinian commutative ring R, is a finite intersection of some Artinian commutative subrings of a non-commutative ring, in each of which, R is a maximal subring. The intersection of maximal ideals of all the maximal commutative subrings in a non-commutative local ring R, is a maximal ideal in the center of R. A ring R with no nontrivial idempotents, is either a division ring or a right ue-ring (i.e., a ring with a unique proper essential right ideal) if and only if every maximal commutative subring of R is either a field or a ue-ring whose socle is the contraction of that of R. It is proved that a maximal commutative subring of a duo ue-ring with finite uniform dimension is a finite direct product of rings, all of which are fields, except possibly one, which is a local ring whose unique maximal ideal is of square zero. Analogues of Jordan-Hölder Theorem (resp., of the existence of the Loewy chain for Artinian modules) is proved for rings with acc and dcc (resp., with dcc) on commutative subrings containing the center. A semiprime ring R has only finitely many maximal commutative subrings if and only if R has a maximal commutative subring of finite index. Infinite prime rings have infinitely many maximal commutative subrings.     

Random sparse unary predicates

Random unary predicates U on [n] holding with probability p are examined with respect to sentences A in a first-order language containing U and “less than.” When p = p(n) satisfies n^k+1 ? 1 ? np^k it is shown that Pr[A] approaches a limit dependent only on k and A. In a similar circular model the limit is shown to be zero or one. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

On the integral dependence of power series rings

We prove the following results: (1) Let R ? S be two commutative rings. Suppose that dim R = 0.If f(X) ∈ S[[X]]is integral over R[[X]], then every coefficient of f(X) is integral over R. (2) Let dim R ≥ 1. There exists a ring S containing R and a power series f(X) ∈ S[[X]]such that f(X) is integral over R[[X]], but not all coefficients of f(X) are integral over R. (3) Let k ? R. Suppose that R is algebraic over the field k. Then R[[X]] is integral over k[[X]] if and only if the nilradical of R is nilpotent and the separable degree and the inseparable exponent of R _red over k are finite.     

Real-local fields and the canonical operation of the automorphism group on the space of orderings

The object of our investigation is the canonical operation of the automorphism group of a formally real field F on X_F , the space of orderings of F. For a naturally distinguished class of formally real fields, the so-called real-local fields, the Baer-Krull-bijection induces on X_F the structure of a module over the endomorphism ring of the group of archimedean classes of F. We show that Aut F acts on X_F by affinities with respect to that module structure. Subsequently, this “arithmetization” of the operation is exemplarily applied to the question of transitivity (“When can any two orderings of F be transformed into each other by some automorphism of F?"), and to the investigation of the subgroup of Aut F generated by all order automorphism groups of F.     

Polynomials Contained in a Finite Number of Maximal Ideals

Abstract

Let R[X] be a polynomial ring in one variable over a commutative ring R. If (R,?) is a local ring then any Weierstrass polynomial in R[X] is contained only in the maximal ideal (?,X) of R[X]. We generalise this property of Weierstrass polynomials and investigate properties of polynomials contained in a finite number of maximal ideals in R[X].     

Approximation of Analytic Sets with Proper Projection by Algebraic Sets

Let X be an analytic subset of U×C ⁿ of pure dimension k such that the projection of X onto U is a proper mapping, where U⊂C ^k is a Runge domain. We show that X can be approximated by algebraic sets. Next we present a constructive method for local approximation of analytic sets by algebraic ones.     

The Category of Firm Modules for Nonunital Monomial Algebras

Let k be a field and X a set and P be a set of words over X. Consider the free nonunital k-algebra over X generated by the nonempty words over X and let R be the quotient of this algebra modulo the ideal generated by the words in P. R is called a “nonunital monomial algebra”. A right R-module M is said to be “firm” if M? _R R → M given by m ? r? mr is an isomorphism. In this article we prove that if R is a nonunital monomial algebra, the category of firm modules is Grothendieck.