主编的话

Happy New Year! Happy New Year again! This year is very special for CJCP since it is the 20th anniversary. We have seen a tremendousdevelopment in the field of chemical physics in China in the last 20 years. CJCP has always been there in this important period of development in Chinese science, and CJCP has made significant and important contributions to the development of the chemical physics research field in China. And we certainly will continue to do so in the future. In the beginning of last year, we changed the journal into a full English journal in an effort to enhance the journal impact in the international scientific community. In this transition period, CJCP has encountered many difficulties, and we have also made great progresses. We deeply believe that making CJCP a full English journal is an important step to increase its influence in the international research community. We hope this is the moment of a new start for the great tradition of CJCP to serve the Chinese chemical physics and physical chemistry community, and beyond. Now, our new web based editorial and review system is in place, we hope CJCP will serve our community in a more efficient and direct way (Website: http://cjcp.ustc.edu.cn). With the support of the chemical physics and physical chemistry community, I am confident that this journal will make more significant contributions to the development of the chemical physics researchfield. At this 20th anniversary of CJCP, I want to take this special opportunity to thank many people who have lead this journal through difficulties and triumphs in the most part of the last 20 years, especially the former Editor-in-Chief, Professor Nanquan Lou, and the former senior associate editor, Prof. Shuqin Yu. And I also want to thank the editorial staff members who have made great efforts in producing a high quality scientific journal. At last, I hope everybody who cares about the Chinese chemical physics development will support our effort to make this journal better. Xue-ming Yang Editor-in-Chief February 12, 2007     

Nuclear Physics in Norway, 1933–1955

In the late 1940s and the 1950s, Norwegian nuclear scientists, engineers, and administrators were deeply split over their nation’s goals, organization, politics, and tools for research in nuclear physics. One faction was determined to build a nuclear reactor in Norway, while another fiercely opposed the reactor plans and focused on particle accelerators. The first faction comprised scientific entrepreneurs and research technologists, the second academic scientists, most of whom began their research careers in nuclear physics in the 1930s. To understand this conflict, I trace the development of nuclear research in Norway from the early 1930s to the mid-1950s, placing it within an international context. Roland Wittje is working on his habilitation thesis in the History of Science Unit at the University of Regensburg, Germany.     

Four decades of nuclear tracks research in India

The science of solid state nuclear track detectors (SSNTDs)—“Trackology”—developed by R.L. Fleischer, P.B. Price and R.M. Walker in the early 1960s of the last century is an interesting and potentially useful concept with something to offer to almost all branches of science and technology. In fact nuclear tracks find applications wherever solid state damage occurs. Apart from the direct applications of far reaching consequences in nuclear physics, other areas as diverse as bio-medical sciences, cosmic rays and space physics, environmental research, geological sciences, material science, microanalysis, mine safety, nuclear technology, uranium prospecting, etc. have been greatly influenced by SSNTDs.

In this presentation, we attempt to provide an overview of the growth of nuclear tracks research in India over the last four decades and the contributions of various groups from Universities, Institutes, Nuclear Track Society of India and the Department of Atomic Energy in nurturing nuclear track research in the country. Finally, a summary of the significant contributions made by Indian scientists is also presented in this paper along with the overall impact it has made at the national and international level in many areas of basic and applied sciences such as cosmic rays and space physics, fusion–fission and particle evaporation, heavy ion ranges and energy-loss measurements, country-wide indoor radon–thoron survey, geochronology, environmental sciences, track-etch membranes and ion tracks technology, material science, physics and chemistry of fission, etc.     

Physicists at the University of Göttingen, 1945–1955

With a focus on the question of continuity versus change, we present an overview of many aspects of academic physics in one local context for the immediate postwar years. Based on new archival findings, we discuss academic staffing, research topics, course offerings, student statistics, and two complementary biographical case studies of physicists at this former international center for experimental and theoretical physics.     

中国医学物理学的过去、现在与未来

医学物理（medical physics，MP）是把物理学的原理和方法应用于人类疾病的预防、诊断、治疗和保健的一门交叉学科，是物理学与医学实践相结合的一门独立的分支学科．它是研究人类疾病诊、治过程中的物理现象，并用物理方法表达这种现象．医学物理包括放射肿瘤物理（rsdiation oncdogy physics，ROP）、医学影像物理（medical imaong physics，MIP）、核医学物理（nuclear medicine physics，NMP），其他非电离辐射如核磁、超声、微波、射频、激光等物理因子在医学中的应用，和保健物理（heath physics，HP）等分支内容．医学物理学和生物医学工程学（biomedical engineefing，BME）是一对栾生的兄弟学科，分别从物理学的角度（前者）和工程学的角度（后者）研究人类疾病诊断、治疗及健康保健过程中的生命现象和采取相应的物理措施和工程手段。医学物理学与物理医学（physical medicine，PM）是完全两个不同的概念，前者是物理学的分支，后者是医学的分支．自上世纪60年代以来，中国医学物理学有了很大的进展，推动了中国现代放射肿瘤学、核医学和医学影像学的发展；成立了自己的学术组织，并成为国际医学物理组织（IOMP）的成员国组织．随着中国逐步奔入小康社会，为适应人民大众对健康的需求和现代化医院发展的需要，中国医学物理应该加快发展．     

日本高等物理教育近况

本文介绍了日本高等物理教育的最新状况．文章首先回顾了日本近代物理教育的发展历程,然后介绍日本大学法人化以来高等物理教育方针的变化以及物理学科教学机构的决策方针的制定方法．根据作者在名古屋大学的学习与工作经验,文章概略地介绍了日本高校本科教育以及研究生的培养方式．主要包括本科生课程的设置、教学方法,研究生的课程的学习方式,课题的选择以及导师的指导方法等内容．希望本文可以为我国高等物理教育的教学改革与基础学科的人才培养提供借鉴．     

Instructions for Authors

Chinese Physics B(Chin.Phys.B),formerly titled Chinese Physics,is an international comprehensive academic journal,aiming to publish original papers and rapid communications reflecting creative and innovative achievements in physics,as well as review papers about important accomplishments in frontier of physics.The journal is published monthly in English by the Chinese Physical Society(CPS) and the IOP Publishing.Chin.Phys.B has already been included in six world famous international index systems including SCI and INSPEC.     

Carried by History: Cesar Lattes,Nuclear Emulsions,and the Discovery of the Pi-meson

We analyze the role played by the Brazilian physicist Cesar Lattes (1924–2005) in the historical development of the nuclear emulsion technique and in the co-discovery of the pion. His works influenced and gave impetus to the development of experimental physics in Brazil, the foundation of a national center dedicated to physics research, the beginnings of Brazilian “Big Science,” and the inauguration of a long-lasting collaboration between Brazil and Japan in the field of comic ray physics.     

Trend of international collaboration in three decades: A case study of Taiwan

This study analyzes the trend of international co-authorship in Taiwan’s academic research output. From 1985 to 2015, a two-slope increase is observed. International collaborated publications continue to increase; while domestic publications reach a saturation point. Distribution patterns over different countries and different research areas are analyzed. The patterns conform to global distribution as time evolves. A new indicator of international collaboration is proposed to measure this conformity.     

HERCULES Launches its First Asia-Pacific School in Taiwan

HERCULES (Higher European Research Course for Users of Large Experimental System) School, co-organized by Université Joseph Fourier and Grenoble INP, has provided training for students, postdocs, and scientists from European and non-European universities and laboratories in the fields of synchrotron radiation and neutron science for condensed matter studies (biology, chemistry, physics, materials science, geosciences, industrial applications) since 1991. Throughout the years spent cultivating next-generation scientists, HERCULES School has been recognized as an internationally known training course. Given the success of the course in Europe, the Hercules Specialized Course (HSC) decided to cooperate with an overseas synchrotron radiation facility every five years to help nourish more young scientists outside Europe. The first overseas Hercules School, known as the Latin-American Edition of Hercules in Brazil, was co-organized by HSC and the Brazilian Synchrotron Light Laboratory in 2010. After this first successful overseas course in Latin America, Wen-Guey Wu, the past director of the Science and Technology Division of the National Science Council of Taiwan in France, recommended the National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center (NSRRC) in Taiwan to the founder and the previous chairman of HSC, Jean-René Regnard, for co-organizing the second overseas Hercules School. An Asia-Pacific Edition of HERCULES in Taiwan was then in place for 2015.     

2009 SSRL School on X-ray Spectroscopy Techniques in Environmental and Materials Sciences: Theory and Application

More than 50 students, post-docs, and career scientists from US national laboratories, academic institutions, and the international user community participated in this four-day school, held from June 2–5, 2009, which delved deeply into theoretical and practical aspects of synchrotron X-ray spectroscopy. The fourth annual school on synchrotron techniques in environmental and materials sciences, organized by the Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource (SSRL) at the SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, was designed to introduce new and prospective users to theoretical underpinnings and capabilities of the techniques, data collection procedures, and data analysis approaches. More advanced topics, particularly in data analysis, were also discussed to reinforce and clarify important concepts that are fundamental to data interpretation. Although the school focused principally on applications in environmental and materials sciences, diverse and cross-cutting disciplinary backgrounds were represented, from environmental remediation science and geochemistry, to heterogeneous catalysis and bioinorganic chemistry, to materials sciences and applied physics.     

The development of scientific investigations in solid-state physics in the universities of the USSR

Conclusions Scientific research work in solid-state physics along the lines laid down by the Joint Section of the Scientific and Technical Council of the Ministry of Higher and Secondary Specialized Education USSR is being carried out in more than 60 colleges in the Soviet Union; 25 of these are leading executive and co-executive organs for the most important topics of the Five Year Plan (1966–70). However, these figures do not fully represent the contribution made by the higher educational establishments to the development of science in our country. The higher schools participate indirectly, through the training of personnel, in scientific work in the academic and industrial institutes, and many promising scientific ideas, first conceived in the higher schools, are adopted by the Academy of Sciences and are further developed within its walls.This review of the scientific work of the colleges does not pretend to embrace all the problems of solid-state physics; the authors may have overlooked particular works or allowed some inaccuracy in formulation to remain; the completeness of the review, however, also depended on the material available to the Joint Committee. The reader can find additional material in reports by Academicians G. V. Kurdyumov, S. T. Konobeevskii, S. V. Vonsovskii, and L. F. Vereshchagin, the Corresponding Members AS USSR I. M. Lifshits and B. K. Vainshtein, Doctors A. A. Smirnov, E. I. Kondorskii, and others, to the Jubilee Session of the Council of the USSR Academy of Sciences on solid-state physics (April 1967).An objective estimate of Soviet scientific work, including that of the higher schools, is given in the proceedings of numerous international congresses, conferences, and meetings which take place with the active and effective participation of Soviet scientists. A broad view of the achievements in the field of solid-state physics can be obtained from the Seventh International Crystallographic Congress held in Moscow in July 1966. One-third of the 960 papers read at the Congress were the work of Soviet scientists; the contribution of the colleges amounted to 40% of all Soviet work. These statistics, which are also confirmed by an analysis of the scientific papers in physics journals, appear to reflect correctly the quantitative contribution of the higher schools to the working out of scientific problems of solid-state physics in the USSR.At the same time the scientific standard of the best college works is not inferior to that of the academic institutes in the Soviet Union or in the West, despite the fact that they are carried out under more restricted conditions. Soviet scientists can confidently hold their own in many fields of solid-state physics including those of the theory of symmetry, the theory of electron structure, and the theory of the physical properties of crystals. Soviet experimental investigations in the fields of magnetism and ferroelectricity and the strength, plasticity, and dislocation structure of crystals are not inferior to the best examples abroad, although all branches of study are not equally represented in their entirety in the USSR.A serious misgiving arises, however, on account of the lag in the theoretical and applied work on the growth of single crystals, which is holding back the development of solid-state physics as a whole. One would think that capital investments in this field would completely justify themselves and make it possible to achieve new scientific advances in solid-state physics in the USSR.     

ECR ion source based low energy ion beam facility

Mass analyzed highly charged ion beams of energy ranging from a few keV to a few MeV plays an important role in various aspects of research in modern physics. In this paper a unique low energy ion beam facility (LEIBF) set up at Nuclear Science Centre (NSC) for providing low and medium energy multiply charged ion beams ranging from a few keV to a few MeV for research in materials sciences, atomic and molecular physics is described. One of the important features of this facility is the availability of relatively large currents of multiply charged positive ions from an electron cyclotron resonance (ECR) source placed entirely on a high voltage platform. All the electronic and vacuum systems related to the ECR source including 10 GHz ultra high frequency (UHF) transmitter, high voltage power supplies for extractor and Einzel lens are placed on a high voltage platform. All the equipments are controlled using a personal computer at ground potential through optical fibers for high voltage isolation. Some of the experimental facilities available are also described.     

基本物理化学常数的CODATA最新推荐值

文章给出了由国际科学技术数据委员会（简称CODATA）推荐的基本物理化学常数及转换因子的1998的自洽组的数值,供国际上普遍使用。新推荐值的村准不确定度,与1986年推荐值的相应不确定度比较,在多数情况下,前约为后者的1／5至1／12,而在某些情况下,则为其1／160,然后,几科在所有情况下,1998年数值与1986年相应值之差的绝对值均小于1986年数值的标准不确定度的两倍。     

Multiferroic materials and magnetoelectric physics: symmetry,entanglement, excitation,and topology

Multiferroics are those materials with more than one ferroic order, and magnetoelectricity refers to the mutual coupling between magnetism (spins and/or magnetic field) and electricity (electric dipoles and/or electric field). In spite of the long research history in the whole twentieth century, the discipline of multiferroicity has never been so highly active as that in the first decade of the twenty-first century, and it has become one of the hottest disciplines of condensed matter physics and materials science. A series of milestones and steady progress in the past decade have enabled our understanding of multiferroic physics substantially comprehensive and profound, which is further pushing forward the research frontier of this exciting area. The availability of more multiferroic materials and improved magnetoelectric performance are approaching to make the applications within reach. While seminal review articles covering the major progress before 2010 are available, an updated review addressing the new achievements since that time becomes imperative. In this review, following a concise outline of the basic knowledge of multiferroicity and magnetoelectricity, we summarize the important research activities on multiferroics, especially magnetoelectricity and related physics in the last six years. We consider not only single-phase multiferroics but also multiferroic heterostructures. We address the physical mechanisms regarding magnetoelectric coupling so that the backbone of this divergent discipline can be highlighted. A series of issues on lattice symmetry, magnetic ordering, ferroelectricity generation, electromagnon excitations, multiferroic domain structure and domain wall dynamics, and interfacial coupling in multiferroic heterostructures, will be revisited in an updated framework of physics. In addition, several emergent phenomena and related physics, including magnetic skyrmions and generic topological structures associated with magnetoelectricity will be discussed. The review is ended with a set of prospectives and forward-looking conclusions, which may inevitably reflect the authors' biased opinions but are certainly critical.     

Plasticity and strength of solids

This article reviews research conducted over the past 15 years at the intersection of the physics and mechanics of a deformable solid on the basis of the concept that plastic deformation and failure represent the evolution of shear-stability loss of a loaded material at various scale levels. This research has led to the founding of a new scientific discipline: the physical mesomechanics of materials, in which a deformable solid is regarded as a multilevel self-organizing system. The development of mechanisms and stages of plastic deformation at different scale levels conforms to the principle of scale invariance. This qualitatively changes the methods of describing the plastic deformation and failure of solids. The most pressing areas of research in the physical mesomechanics of materials are noted; these will determine the basic trends in research on the strength of solids in the next decade. Institute of Strength Physics and Materials Science, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences. Translated from Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedenii, Fizika, No. 1, pp. 7–34, January, 1998.     

Intercalation compounds of graphite

A broad review of recent research work on the preparation and the remarkable properties of intercalation compounds of graphite, covering a wide range of topics from the basic chemistry, physics and materials science to engineering applications.     

核数据研究及应用的进展与展望

核数据包括核反应数据与核结构及放射性衰变数据。核反应数据是描述入射粒子与原子核发生相互作用的数据,核结构数据是反映核素自身基本性质方面的数据。核数据是核能利用、核工程建设、核技术应用以及核物理基础研究等方面不可缺少的基础数据,在核医学、材料分析、资源勘探、环境监测、宇航技术以及核天体物理研究领域也有着广泛的应用。本文简要介绍了核数据的种类、产生及应用,评述了国际核数据研究与应用现状以及发展动态、我国核数据研究现状及存在的问题,并对我国核数据工作未来发展方向提出了几点建议。     

The present and planned recoil mass spectrometers at Nuclear Science Centre, New Delhi

Recoil mass spectrometers (RMS) are ideal instruments for identifying weakly populated reaction products in the forward angle from heavy-ion reactions amidst an intense beam background. The Heavy Ion Reaction Analyzer (HIRA) at the Nuclear Science Centre (NSC), New Delhi, is one of the few operating first generation RMSs. The features of and physics studies pursued using HIRA are covered in the paper. With the augmentation of the accelerator facilities at NSC, a second generation RMS combined with a gas-filled separator is planned. The design details of the new facility, Hybrid Recoil Mass Analyzer (HYRA), are presented. HYRA will be operated either stand-alone or in conjunction with a Large Gamma Array (LGA) at its target position. Physics studies planned with these forthcoming facilities are outlined.     

Technical Reports: Time-Resolved Activities at the Advanced Photon Source Requiring the Pulsed Structure of the X-ray Beam

Scientific research in the time domain using the pulsed structure of the X-ray beams from a third-generation synchrotron source, such as the Advanced Photon Source (APS), has become a major interest among synchrotron users. The traditional material science, chemistry, and biology communities are getting an early glimpse of the potential impact of fast time-resolved X-ray studies. The scientific disciplines that have benefited from these studies include atomic and molecular physics, biology, chemical science, condensed matter physics, engineering science, environmental science, material science, and nuclear science. Technically, the turn-key-type femtosecond (fs) optical lasers with high peak power, used as pumps in many X-ray pump-probe experiments, have only recently become available.