Effect of the surface roughness on Bean-Livingston surface barrier

Bean-Livingston barrier for a single Abrikosov vortex interacting with the rough surface is calculated as a function of the random characteristics of the surface roughness. It has been shown that even a respectively smooth surface roughness results in an essential decrease of the Bean-Livingston surface barrier.     

Measurement of surface roughness using dichromatic speckle

The dependence on the surface roughness of the structural difference of two normalized intensity distributions in a dichromatic speckle pattern is studied theoretically. It is shown that the difference of two speckle intensity distributions increases with increase of the object surface roughness. Using this proportional relationship, a new method for measuring surface roughness is proposed. The effective measuring range can be changed by varying the two wavelengths of the illuminating light. Some computer simulation studies are conducted to verify the theoretical results.     

X射线在金属表面产生Compton电流引起的电磁辐射时空分布

 研究了强X射线在金属表面产生的Compton电流时空分布,利用Compton散射公式计算了出射电子动量和微分散射截面随电子出射角的变化关系,发现在光子能量为1 MeV、入射光强为10²¹ W·m^-2的条件下,沿入射光方向形成的Compton电流密度达到10⁷ A·m^-2量级。采用1维电动力学模型计算了斜入射的X射线在金属表面产生的Compton电流密度引起的电磁脉冲,结果表明：X射线在单位长度金属辐射产生的磁场强度达到106 A·m^-1量级,脉冲宽度为ps量级;电磁脉冲沿X射线反射方向传播,具有良好的定向性。     

Non-monotonous dependence of surface roughness on factors influencing energy of adatoms during thin island film growth

Many experimental results show that surface roughness of thin films can increase, decrease, stay constant or pass through the minimum with the change in substrate temperature, energy of arriving atoms or assisted beam (electrons, photons, ions), depending on material and interval of variation of those parameters. The aim of this paper is to explain and analyze this non-monotonous behavior of surface roughness by proposed kinetic model. The model is based on rate equations and includes processes of surface diffusion of adatoms, nucleation, growth and coalescence of islands in the case of thin films growth in Volmer-Weber mode. It is shown by modeling that non-monotonous dependence of surface roughness on the factors influencing energy of adatoms (e.g. temperature, assisted beam irradiation, accelerating voltage) occurs as a result of interplay between diffusion length of adatoms and size of islands, because both parameters depend on energy of adatoms. Variation of island size and diffusion length results in atomic jumps from islands forming rougher or smoother surface. The functions of surface roughness, island size, island density on diffusion length of adatoms and on other parameters are calculated and analyzed in this work.     

Effect of interfacial-roughness replication on the diffuse X-ray reflection from periodical multilayers

The correlation of roughness profiles of different interfaces in a periodical multilayer affects the reciprocalspace distribution of the diffusely reflected X-ray intensity. This distribution has been calculated by means of the Distorted-Wave Born Approximation (DWBA) method and compared with the results of X-ray reflectometry on periodical metallic multilayers. It has been shown that the measurement of the reciprocal-space distribution of diffusely scattered intensity is a suitable non-destructive method to investigate the roughness replication in multilayers.     

表面粗糙度对激光诱导击穿光谱信号的影响

硅橡胶复合绝缘子是高压输电线路的关键设备,长期在复杂外界环境条件下带电运行后会发生表面老化,表现为粉化、褪色、粗糙度和硬度上升等现象。粗糙度作为复合绝缘子的老化特征量之一,其测量是复合绝缘子在线带电检测的难题。激光诱导击穿光谱技术(laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy, LIBS)适用于开展输电线路复合材料的远程在线检测,但粗糙度对LIBS信号的影响还没有得到系统的研究,利用这种基体效应进行绝缘子表面粗糙度的测量尚无报道。制备了不同粗糙度的硅橡胶新样品,与500 kV线路退运的复合绝缘子样品进行对比分析,研究了硅橡胶材料的粗糙度对LIBS信号的影响,结果表明,对于新制备硅橡胶材料随着粗糙度的增加,各主体元素特征谱线强度会随之增强,不同主体元素之间的原子谱线强度比（Si 288.2 nm/C 247.9 nm和Al 394.4 nm/Si 288.2 nm）随之下降,说明样品粗糙度对LIBS测量结果影响显著。但特征谱线强度及不同主体元素原子谱线强度比与粗糙度之间的函数关系不明显,难以用于粗糙度测量。硅橡胶的主体元素为Si,Al,C和O等,考虑元素含量及特征谱线的选取方便选择Si为主要分析元素。对于Si原子谱线强度比,选取了两条上能级相近（E_ki＝40 991.88, 39 955.05 cm-1）的原子谱线（SiⅠ288.2 nm,SiⅠ250.7 nm）作为分析线,在满足局部热力学平衡与光学薄的条件下两条谱线的强度比应为定值,但样品粗糙度的改变会影响脉冲激光烧蚀材料表面的过程,从而改变等离子体的状态,使得谱线强度比值也随之变化。上述两条硅原子谱线强度比和粗糙度建立的定标关系,线性相关系数为0.88。对于500 kV输电线路退运的老化硅橡胶材料,其表面由于老化有部分氢氧化铝填料析出,使得基体成分不均匀性更为显著,其表面也变得更为粗糙,这导致一对谱线强度比值作为定标函数,实用性降低。因此针对老化硅橡胶材料,除了选择Si元素谱线(SiⅠ250.7 nm,SiⅠ251.4 nm,SiⅠ251.9 nm)以外,还引入了Al元素谱线(AlⅠ305.7 nm, AlⅠ305.9 nm),利用三组谱线强度比进行多元回归分析,对于两个实测粗糙度为2.659和2.523 μm老化硅橡胶样品,LIBS测量的相对误差分别为0.218和0.189。结果表明对同样成分的复合材料,表面粗糙度对LIBS信号的影响是必须考虑的,而利用这种基体效应,开展远程在线测试复合绝缘子表面粗糙度,对于高压输电线路检测运维具有重要的应用价值。     

Fe/Al混合膜的PLD法制备及表面分析

 采用脉冲激光气相沉积（PLD）技术制备了Fe/Al混合膜,测量了该混合膜的光电子能谱（XPS）,并采用原子力显微镜（AFM）、扫描电子显微镜（SEM）对Fe/Al混合膜作了表面分析。结果表明：Fe/Al混合膜的表面粗糙度对衬底温度有明显的依赖性, 随着衬底温度的升高,薄膜的表面逐渐变得平滑,膜层变得致密,在200 ℃衬底温度下制得了均方根（rms）粗糙度为0.154 nm、具有原子尺度光滑性的Fe/Al混合膜, 膜中Fe和Al分布比较均匀,其成分比约为1∶3,同时XPS分析也表明Fe/Al混合膜暴露在空气中后表面形成了Al₂O₃和FeO氧化层。     

Measurement of surface roughness properties using speckle patterns with non-gaussian statistics

The surface roughness properties (i.e. the rms surface roughness and the correlation length) of strong diffuse objects are investigated by using the speckle patterns which obeys the non-gaussian statistics. The intimate linear relation is found to exist between the rms surface roughness of objects and the maximum contrast obtained from the varying curves of the average image speckle contrast as a function of the point spread of an optical imaging system. The correlation length of surface roughness of objects is related to the averaged intensity distribution of speckle patterns produced at the far-field diffraction plane. It now becomes clear that the rms roughness and the correlation length of strong diffuse objects are determined, respectively, from the maximum speckle contrast at the image plane and the averaged speckle intensity distribution at the far-field diffraction plane.     

Influence of N+ ion implantation at different temperatures on nanostructural modifications and characteristics of Al alloy surface

Thick (3.0 mm) Al samples (7049 an alloy with 15 elements) were implanted by N⁺ ions of 30 keV energy and fluence of 5 × 10 ¹⁷ N⁺ cm^?2 at different temperatures. The surface modification of the samples was studied using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and atomic force microscope (AFM) analysis. XRD spectra of the samples clearly showed the formation of different phases of AlN. Crystallite sizes (coherently diffracting domains) obtained from AlN diffraction lines showed that at a certain substrate temperature the crystallite size decreases considerably. AFM images showed the formation of grains on Al samples, and it was observed that both grain size and sample surface roughness first decrease and then increase with temperature (i.e. a minimum at a certain temperature is observed). In addition at this temperature, a minimum of intensity is also observed for the intensity of different phases of AlN and the intensity ratio of AlN (200)/AlN (311). This phenomenon is similar to those obtained for thin films and pure metal foils though the sample studied in this work is an Al alloy and the minimum for Al occurred at a value three times larger than that reported for the above cases. Alloy nature of this sample with 14 elements is responsible for the observed results because they may act as defects. Results may also be affected by the residual gases, substrate temperature, dissociation of water in the chamber and the ion energy. Results also showed that the processes of Al nitride and Al oxide formations are competing with each other; decrease of aluminium nitride phases are associated with increase of aluminium oxide phases.     

An optical method and neural network for surface roughness measurement

The measurement of surface roughness using stylus equipment has several disadvantages. A non-contact optical method is needed for measuring the surface roughness of engineering metals with improved accuracy. One candidate for an optical method is the use of a laser source, where the laser light intensity reflected from the surface represents the surface roughness of the illuminated area. A relation can be developed between the reflected laser beam intensity and the surface roughness of the metal. The present study examines the measurement of the surface roughness of the stainless steel samples using a He-Ne laser beam. In the measurement a Gaussian curve parameter of a Gaussian function approximating the peak of the reflected intensity is measured with a fast response photodetector. In order to achieve this, an experimental setup is designed and built. In the experimental apparatus, fiber-optic cables are used to collect the reflected beam from the surface. The output of the fiber-optic system is fed to a back-propagation neural network to classify the resulting surface profile and predict the surface roughness value. The results obtained from the present study are then compared with the stylus measurement results. It is found that the resolution of the surface texture improves considerably in the case of optical method and the neural network developed for this purpose can classify the surface texture according to the control charts developed mathematically.     

环氧树脂的等离子体表面梯度刻蚀及沿面闪络性能研究

结合等离子体表面刻蚀方法与梯度改性方法,实现了氧化铝/环氧树脂表面的等离子体梯度刻蚀。利用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、表面轮廓仪、X射线光电子能谱分析(XPS)、高阻计、闪络电压和表面电位测试系统,对比了未处理、等离子体均匀刻蚀、等离子体梯度刻蚀三种情况的样片表面形貌、化学元素和电气参数,研究了等离子体梯度刻蚀对沿面闪络性能的提升机理。结果表明,等离子体表面刻蚀可提升环氧树脂表面粗糙度、提高样片表面电导率、浅化陷阱能级以及提升沿面闪络电压。等离子体梯度刻蚀对闪络电压的提升效果要优于等离子体均匀刻蚀,相比于未处理样片最大可提升26.5%。分析认为针-针电极的电场分布可划分为三结合点处附近的高场强区和电极之间的低场强区,加快高场强区的表面电荷消散速率并适当控制低场强区表面电荷迁移速率,可以最大程度地提升样片整体的沿面闪络性能。     

An optical method and neural network for surface roughness measurement

The measurement of surface roughness using the stylus equipment has several disadvantages. A non-contact optical method becomes demanding for measuring the surface roughness of the engineering metals with improved accuracy. One of the candidates for the optical method is the use of a laser source in which case the reflected laser light intensity from the surface may represent the surface roughness of the illuminated area. Consequently, a relation can be developed between the reflected laser beam intensity and the surface roughness of the metals. The present study examines the measurement of the surface roughness of the stainless-steel samples using a He–Ne laser beam. In the measurement, a Gaussian curve parameter of a Gaussian function approximating the peak of the reflected intensity is measured with a fast response photodetector. To achieve this, an experimental setup is designed and realized. In the experimental apparatus, fiber-optic cables are used to collect the reflected beam from the surface. The output of the fiber-optic system is fed to a backpropagation neural network to classify the resulting surface profile and predict the surface roughness value. The results obtained from the present study is, then, compared with the stylus measurement results. It is found that the resolution of the surface texture improves considerably in the case of optical method and the neural network developed for this purpose can classify the surface texture according to the control charts developed mathematically.     

New expressions for the surface roughness length and displacement height in the atmospheric boundary layer

An alternative model for the prediction of surface roughness length is developed. In the model a new factor is introduced to compensate for the effects of wake diffusion and interactions between the wake and roughness obstacles. The experiments are carried out by the use of the hot wire anemometry in the simulated atmospheric boundary layer in a wind tunnel. Based on the experimental data, a new expression for the zero-plane displacement height is proposed for the square arrays of roughness elements, which highlights the influence of free-stream speed on the roughness length. It appears that the displacement height increases with the wind speed while the surface roughness length decreases with Reynolds number increasing. It is shown that the calculation results based on the new expressions are in reasonable agreement with the experimental data.     

Optimum surface roughness for surface enhanced Raman scattering

Surface enhanced Raman scattering from copper phthalocyanine thin films deposited onto Ag films roughened by underlayers of gas-evaporated Si particles was investigated. The surface roughness was systematically varied by varying the average size of Si particles. Results of quantitative intensity measurements indicate that there exists an optimum surface roughness depth for SERS. The maximum enhancement factor obtained is ≈1.5 x 10⁴ and a crude estimate of the optimum roughness depth is of the order of 100 Å. The origin of presently observed enhancement is thought to be purely electromagnetic, involving the excitation of the surface plasmon modes via the surface roughness.     

Recent advances in utilizing acoustics to study surface roughness in agricultural surfaces

The evaluation of surface roughness in agricultural settings is investigated. Previous work has shown that sound propagating in a direction parallel to a smooth porous ground attenuates more rapidly than in a free space. This attenuation is due to absorption of the sound in the air filled pores in the ground. Previous work has also shown that a comparable attenuation phenomenon exists for propagation over a rough surface, albeit from different attenuation mechanisms. It is proposed that these additional attenuation mechanisms can be used to quantify the surface roughness, even on a porous surface. Attempts to model observed data with an effective impedance or reflection coefficient, in order to quantify the surface roughness, have had some success but have met with some problems for certain propagation geometries and surface configurations. Experimental data and modeling results will be presented and discussed for a variety of surfaces ranging in surface properties from impermeable to loosely packed soil and ranging in surface roughness scales from low sloped perturbations to steeply sloped wedges.     

表面散射光对激光三角法位移测量的影响

三角测量法是一种位移测量方法, 其测量精度不但受到传感器本身因素如光源、探测器、机械结构特性等因素的影响, 还受到被测表面特性如色泽、材料、粗糙度、倾斜度以及外界环境的影响。国内外的一些学者提出了许多提高传感器测量精度的方法, 但这些研究都是针对某一特性表面进行的, 没有涉及到对不同表面的测量时存在的问题。利用随机行走理论对物体表面的散射场进行了分析, 给出了不同粗糙度表面下弱散射光强与散射角及入射角的关系。由于设计制造的传感器量程范围内接收散射光的角度在15°至25°内变化, 因此取20°作为散射角角度, 理论计算模拟的三种不同粗糙面散射光强变化最大能达到300%左右。该结果对于优化激光三角传感器的设计和提高测量精度有一定的意义。     

X射线散射法测量超光滑平面

介绍了掠入射X射线散射法(GXRS法)测量超光滑表面的原理及基于商业用X射线衍射仪改造而成的实验装置。以3片不同粗糙度的硅片作为实验样品,分别应用一级矢量微扰理论和改进的Harvey-Shack理论对其散射分布进行处理,所得结果与原子力显微镜测量结果基本相符。分析了探测器接收狭缝的宽度和入射光发散度对实验结果的影响,随着探测器接收狭缝宽度和入射光发散度的减小,测量误差呈指数迅速减小。在所测量的空间频率范围内,功率谱密度（PSD）函数的误差随频率的增加而减小。     

Effect of surface roughness on the statistical distribution of image speckle intensity

An experimental investigation is made of the effect of surface roughness on the statistical distribution of image speckle intensity. A speckle pattern is formed by spatially coherent light at the image plane of an object having some surface roughness and its statistical properties are investigated. It is found that the contrast of the speckle is related to the surface roughness. By this relation, a new technique for the measurement of surface roughness is proposed.     

Influence of surface preparation on CdZnTe nuclear radiation detectors

High resolution X-ray diffraction (HRXRD), Atomic Force Microscope (AFM), Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) techniques were used to characterize the surface of CdZnTe (CZT) samples treated by mechanical lapping, polishing and chemical etching processes. The results confirm that the etching process produces the highest intensity diffraction peak, and the best full-width-at-half-maximum (FWHM). Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy shows that fine polishing increases the infrared transmission of the CZT sample, while etching with 2% bromine methanol (BM) etching decreases the infrared transmission. Different etchants and concentrations were investigated by comparing the surface morphology and roughness. The bromine methanol etching has shown more flat surface with lower roughness than the other etchants.