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1.
Low-temperature calorimetric measurements have been performed on DyBr3(s) in the temperature range (5.5 to 420 K ) and on DyI3(s) from T=4 K to T=420 K. The data reveal enhanced heat capacities below T=10 K, consisting of a magnetic and an electronic contribution. From the experimental data on DyBr3(s) a C0p,m (298.15 K) of (102.2±0.2) J·K−1·mol−1 and a value for {S0m (298.15 K)  S0m (5.5 K)} of (205.5±0.5) J·K−1·mol−1, have been obtained. For DyI3(s), {S0m (298.15 K)  S0m (4 K)} and C0p,m (298.15 K) have been determined as (226.9±0.5) J·K−1·mol−1 and (103.4±0.2) J·K−1·mol−1, respectively. The values for {S0m (5.5 K)  S0m (0)} for DyBr3(s) and {S0m (4 K)  S0m (0)} for DyI3(s) have been calculated, giving S0m (298.15 K)=(212.3±0.9) J·K−1·mol−1 in case of DyBr3(s) and S0m (298.15 K) =(233.1±0.7) J·K−1·mol−1 for DyI3(s). The high-temperature enthalpy increment has been measured for DyBr3(s) in the temperature range (525 to 799 K) and for DyI3(s) in the temperature range (525 to 627 K). From the results obtained and enthalpies of formation from the literature, thermodynamic functions for DyBr3(s) and DyI3(s) have been calculated from T→0 to their melting temperatures at 1151.0 K and 1251.5 K, respectively.  相似文献   

2.
Low-temperature heat capacities of the 9-fluorenemethanol (C14H12O) have been precisely measured with a small sample automatic adiabatic calorimeter over the temperature range between T=78 K and T=390 K. The solid–liquid phase transition of the compound has been observed to be Tfus=(376.567±0.012) K from the heat-capacity measurements. The molar enthalpy and entropy of the melting of the substance were determined to be ΔfusHm=(26.273±0.013) kJ · mol−1 and ΔfusSm=(69.770±0.035) J · K−1 · mol−1. The experimental values of molar heat capacities in solid and liquid regions have been fitted to two polynomial equations by the least squares method. The constant-volume energy and standard molar enthalpy of combustion of the compound have been determined, ΔcU(C14H12O, s)=−(7125.56 ± 4.62) kJ · mol−1 and ΔcHm(C14H12O, s)=−(7131.76 ± 4.62) kJ · mol−1, by means of a homemade precision oxygen-bomb combustion calorimeter at T=(298.15±0.001) K. The standard molar enthalpy of formation of the compound has been derived, ΔfHm(C14H12O,s)=−(92.36 ± 0.97) kJ · mol−1, from the standard molar enthalpy of combustion of the compound in combination with other auxiliary thermodynamic quantities through a Hess thermochemical cycle.  相似文献   

3.
Solubilities of l -glutamic acid, 3-nitrobenzoic acid, p -toluic acid, calcium-l -lactate, calcium gluconate, magnesium- dl -aspartate, and magnesium- l -lactate in water were determined in the temperature range 278 K to 343 K. The apparent molar enthalpies of solution at T =  298.15 K as derived from these solubilities areΔsolHm (l -glutamic acid,msat =  0.0565 mol · kg  1)  =  30.2 kJ · mol  1,ΔsolHm (3-nitrobenzoic acid, m =  0.0188 mol · kg  1)  =  28.1 kJ · mol  1, ΔsolHm( p - toluic acid, m =  0.00267 mol · kg  1)  =  23.9 kJ · mol  1,ΔsolHm (calcium- l -lactate tetrahydrate,m =  0.2902 mol · kg  1)  =  25.8 kJ · mol  1,ΔsolHm (calcium gluconate, m =  0.0806 mol · kg  1)  =  22.1 kJ · mol  1, ΔsolHm(magnesium-dl -aspartate tetrahydrate, m =  0.1469 mol · kg  1)  =  11.5 kJ · mol  1, andΔsolHm (magnesium- l -lactate trihydrate,m =  0.3462 mol · kg  1)  =  3.81 kJ · mol  1.  相似文献   

4.
This paper reports the pH values of five NaCl-free buffer solutions and 11 buffer compositions containing NaCl at I = 0.16 mol · kg−1. Conventional paH values are reported for 16 buffer solutions with and without NaCl salt. The operational pH values have been calculated for five buffer solutions and are recommended as pH standards at T = (298.15 and 310.15) K after correcting the liquid junction potentials. For buffer solutions with the composition m1 = 0.04 mol · kg−1, m2 = 0.08 mol · kg−1, m3 = 0.08 mol · kg−1 at I = 0.16 mol · kg−1, the pH at 310.15 K is 7.269, which is close to 7.407, the pH of blood serum. It is recommended as a pH standard for biological specimens.  相似文献   

5.
N-acetyl-3,3-dinitroazetidine (ADNAZ) is an important precursor for synthesizing new multinitroazetidine energetic compounds. Its thermal behaviour was studied under a non-isothermal condition by DSC and TG/DTG methods, the results show that there are one melting process and one endothermic decomposition process. The specific molar heat capacity (Cp,m) of ADNAZ was determined by a continuous Cp mode of micro-calorimeter and theoretical calculation, and the Cp,m of ADNAZ was 240.37 J · K−1 · mol−1 at T = 298.15 K. The detonation velocity (D) and detonation pressure (P) of ADNAZ were estimated using the nitrogen equivalent equation according to the experimental density, the value of D and P are (6685.83 ± 3.12) m · s−1 and (18.36 ± 0.02) GPa, respectively. The free radical signals of ADNAZ were detected by electron spin resonance (ESR) technique, which is used to estimate its sensitivity.  相似文献   

6.
Apparent molar volumes Vϕ and apparent molar heat capacities Cp,ϕ were determined at the pressure 0.35 MPa for aqueous solutions of magnesium nitrate Mg(NO3)2 at molalities m = (0.02 to 1.0) mol · kg−1, strontium nitrate Sr(NO3)2 at m = (0.05 to 3.0) mol · kg−1, and manganese nitrate Mn(NO3)2 at m = (0.01 to 0.5) mol · kg−1. Our Vϕ values were calculated from solution densities obtained at T = (278.15 to 368.15) K using a vibrating-tube densimeter, and our Cp,ϕ values were calculated from solution heat capacities obtained at T = (278.15 to 393.15) K using a twin fixed-cell, differential, temperature-scanning calorimeter. Empirical functions of m and T were fitted to our results, and standard state partial molar volumes and heat capacities were obtained over the ranges of T investigated.  相似文献   

7.
We determined apparent molar volumes V? at 278.15 ? (T/K) ? 368.15 and apparent molar heat capacities Cp,? at 278.15 ? (T/K) ? 393.15 at p = 0.35 MPa for aqueous solutions of tetrahydrofuran at m from (0.016 to 2.5) mol · kg?1, dimethyl sulfoxide at m from (0.02 to 3.0) mol · kg?1, 1,4-dioxane at m from (0.015 to 2.0) mol · kg?1, and 1,2-dimethoxyethane at m from (0.01 to 2.0) mol · kg?1. Values of V? were determined from densities measured with a vibrating-tube densimeter, and values of Cp,? were determined with a twin fixed-cell, differential, temperature-scanning calorimeter. Empirical functions of m and T for each compound were fitted to our V? and Cp,? results.  相似文献   

8.
Vapour pressures of water over saturated solutions of cesium chloride, cesium bromide, cesium nitrate, cesium sulfate, cesium formate, and cesium oxalate were determined as a function of temperature. These vapour pressures were used to evaluate the water activities, osmotic coefficients and molar enthalpies of vapourization. Molar enthalpies of solution of cesium chloride, ΔsolHm(T = 295.73 K; m = 0.0622 mol · kg−1) = (17.83 ± 0.50) kJ · mol−1; cesium bromide, ΔsolHm(T = 293.99 K; m = 0.0238 mol · kg−1) = (26.91 ± 0.59) kJ · mol−1; cesium nitrate, ΔsolHm(T = 294.68 K; m = 0.0258 mol · kg−1) = (37.1 ± 2.3) kJ · mol−1; cesium sulfate, ΔsolHm(T = 296.43 K; m = 0.0284 mol · kg−1) = (16.94 ± 0.43) kJ · mol−1; cesium formate, ΔsolHm(T = 295.64 K; m = 0.0283 mol · kg−1) = (11.10 ± 0.26) kJ · mol−1 and ΔsolHm(T = 292.64 K; m = 0.0577 mol · kg−1) = (11.56 ± 0.56) kJ · mol−1; and cesium oxalate, ΔsolHm(T = 291.34 K; m = 0.0143 mol · kg−1) = (22.07 ± 0.16) kJ · mol−1 were determined calorimetrically. The purity of the chemicals was generally greater than 0.99 mass fraction, except for HCOOCs and (COOCs)2 where purities were approximately 0.95 and 0.97 mass fraction, respectively. The uncertainties are one standard deviations.  相似文献   

9.
We determined apparent molar volumes V? at 298.15 ? (T/K) ? 368.15 and apparent molar heat capacities Cp,? at 298.15 ? (T/K) ? 393.15 for aqueous solutions of HIO3 at molalities m from (0.015 to 1.0) mol · kg?1, and of aqueous KIO3 at molalities m from (0.01 to 0.2) mol · kg?1 at p = 0.35 MPa. We also determined V? at the same p and at 298.15 ? (T/K) ? 368.15 for aqueous solutions of KI at m from (0.015 to 7.5) mol · kg?1. We determined Cp,? at the same p and at 298.15 ? (T/K) ? 393.15 for aqueous solutions of KI at m from (0.015 to 5.5) mol · kg?1, and for aqueous solutions of NaIO3 at m from (0.02 to 0.15) mol · kg?1. Values of V? were determined from densities measured with a vibrating-tube densimeter, and values of Cp,? were determined with a twin fixed-cell, differential temperature-scanning calorimeter. Empirical functions of m and T were fitted to our results for each compound. Values of Ka, ΔrHm, and ΔrCp,m for the proton ionization reaction of aqueous HIO3 are calculated and discussed.  相似文献   

10.
The molar heat capacity Cp,m of 1-cyclohexene-1,2-dicarboxylic anhydride was measured in the temperature range from T=(80 to 360) K with a small sample automated adiabatic calorimeter. The melting point Tm, the molar enthalpy ΔfusHm and the entropy ΔfusSm of fusion for the compound were determined to be (343.46 ± 0.24) K, (11.88 ± 0.02) kJ · mol−1 and (34.60 ± 0.06) J · K−1 · mol−1, respectively. The thermodynamic functions [H(T)H(298.15)] and [S(T)S(298.15)] were derived in the temperature range from T=(80 to 360) K with temperature interval of 5 K. The mass fraction purity of the sample used in the adiabatic calorimetric study was determined to be 0.9928 by using the fractional melting technique. The thermal stability of the compound was investigated by differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) and thermogravimetric (TG) technique, and the process of the mass-loss of the sample was due to the evaporation, instead of its thermal decomposition.  相似文献   

11.
Standard values of Gibbs free energy, entropy, and enthalpy of Na2Ti6O13 and Na2Ti3O7 were determined by evaluating emf-measurements of thermodynamically defined solid state electrochemical cells based on a Na–β″-alumina electrolyte. The central part of the anodic half cell consisted of Na2CO3, while two appropriate coexisting phases of the ternary system Na–Ti–O are used as cathodic materials. The cell was placed in an atmosphere containing CO2 and O2. By combining the results of emf-measurements in the temperature range of 573⩽T/K⩽1023 and of adiabatic calorimetric measurements of the heat capacities in the low-temperature region 15⩽T/K⩽300, the thermodynamic data were determined for a wide temperature range of 15⩽T/K⩽1100. The standard molar enthalpy of formation and standard molar entropy at T=298.15 K as determined by emf-measurements are ΔfHm0=(−6277.9±6.5) kJ · mol−1 and Sm0=(404.6±5.3) J · mol−1 · K−1 for Na2Ti6O13 and ΔfHm0=(−3459.2±3.8) kJ · mol−1 and Sm0=(227.8±3.7) J · mol−1 · K−1 for Na2Ti3O7. The standard molar entropy at T=298.15 K obtained from low-temperature calorimetry is Sm0=399.7 J · mol−1 · K−1 and Sm0=229.4 J · mol−1 · K−1 for Na2Ti6O13 and Na2Ti3O7, respectively. The phase widths with respect to Na2O content were studied by using a Na2O-titration technique.  相似文献   

12.
The molar enthalpies of reaction of metallic barium with 0.047 mol·dm−3 HClO4 as well as the molar enthalpies of dissolution of BaCl2 in 1.01 mol·dm−3 HCl and in water have been measured at T=298.15 K in a sealed swinging calorimeter with an isothermal jacket. From these results the standard molar enthalpy of formation of the barium ion in an aqueous solution at infinite dilution, as well as the enthalpies of formation of barium chloride and barium perchlorate, are calculated to be: ΔfH0m(Ba2+,aq)=−(535.83±1.25) kJ · mol−1; ΔfH0m(BaCl2,cr)=−(855.66±1.28) kJ · mol−1; and ΔfH0m(BaClO4,cr)=−(796.26±1.35) kJ · mol−1. The results obtained are discussed and compared with previous experimental values.  相似文献   

13.
Apparent molar volumes Vϕ and apparent molar heat capacities Cp,ϕ were determined for aqueous solutions of urea, 1,1-dimethylurea, and N,N′-dimethylurea. Measurements were made at molalities m = (0.02 to 6.0) mol · kg−1 for urea, at m = (0.01 to 1.6) mol · kg−1 for 1,1-dimethylurea, and at m = (0.01 to 8.0) mol · kg−1 for N,N′-dimethylurea. Experimental temperatures ranged from (278.15 to 318.15) K for both urea and 1,1-dimethylurea, and from (278.15 to 348.15) K for N,N′-dimethylurea. All measurements were conducted at the pressure p = 0.35 MPa. Density measurements obtained with a vibrating-tube densimeter were used to calculate Vϕ values. Heat capacity measurements obtained with a twin fixed-cell differential temperature-scanning calorimeter were used to calculate Cp,ϕ values. Functions of m and T were fitted to the results and were compared with the literature values. The “structure making/structure breaking” aspects of urea in water are discussed. Comparisons are made between the different urea compounds, and the effects of the methyl-group additions are outlined.  相似文献   

14.
The enthalpies of combustion and of sublimation, respectively, of the three isomeric nitrobenzonitriles have been measured: o-, {(−3456.3±2.9), (88.1±1.4)} kJ·mol−1; m-, {(−3442.8±3.3), (92.8±0.3)} kJ·mol−1; p-, {(−3448.2±3.6), (91.1±1.3)} kJ·mol−1. In turn, from these values, the standard molar enthalpies of formation for the condensed and gaseous state, respectively, have been derived: o-, {(130.1±3.1), (218.2±3.4)} kJ·mol−1; m-, {(116.5±3.5), (209.3±3.5)} kJ·mol−1; p-, {(122.0±3.8), (213.1±4.0)} kJ·mol−1. Destabilization energies associated with the presence of the two electron-withdrawing groups have been determined, for o-, m-, and p-nitrobenzonitrile, {(17.6±4.1), (8.7±4.2), and (12.5±4.6)} kJ·mol−1, respectively, and are consistent with those obtained for the corresponding sets of isomeric methyl benzenedicarboxylates, dicyanobenzenes, dinitrobenzenes, and (neutral and ionized) nitrobenzoic acids.  相似文献   

15.
16.
Microcalorimetry, spectrophotometry, and high-performance liquid chromatography (h.p.l.c.) have been used to conduct a thermodynamic investigation of the glutathione reductase catalyzed reaction {2 glutathionered(aq) + NADPox(aq)=glutathioneox(aq) + NADPred(aq)}. The reaction involves the breaking of a disulfide bond and is of particular importance because of the role glutathionered plays in the repair of enzymes. The measured values of the apparent equilibrium constant K for this reaction ranged from 0.5 to 69 and were measured over a range of temperature (288.15 K to 303.15 K), pH (6.58 to 8.68), and ionic strength Im (0.091 mol · kg−1 to 0.90 mol · kg−1). The results of the equilibrium and calorimetric measurements were analyzed in terms of a chemical equilibrium model that accounts for the multiplicity of ionic states of the reactants and products. These calculations led to values of thermodynamic quantities at T=298.15 K and Im=0 for a chemical reference reaction that involves specific ionic forms. Thus, for the reaction {2 glutathionered(aq) + NADPox3−(aq)=glutathioneox2−(aq) + NADPred4−(aq) + H+(aq)}, the equilibrium constant K=(6.5±4.4)·10−11, the standard molar enthalpy of reaction ΔrHom=(6.9±3.0) kJ · mol−1, the standard molar Gibbs free energy change ΔrGom=(58.1±1.7) kJ · mol−1, and the standard molar entropy change ΔrSom=−(172±12) J · K−1 · mol−1. Under approximately physiological conditions (T=311.15 K, pH=7.0, and Im=0.25 mol · kg−1 the apparent equilibrium constant K≈0.013. The results of the several studies of this reaction from the literature have also been examined and analyzed using the chemical equilibrium model. It was found that much of the literature is in agreement with the results of this study. Use of our results together with a value from the literature for the standard electromotive force Eo for the NADP redox reaction leads to Eo=0.166 V (T=298.15 K and I=0) for the glutathione redox reaction {glutathioneox2−(aq) + 2 H+(aq) + 2 e=2 glutathionered(aq)}. The thermodynamic results obtained in this study also permit the calculation of the standard apparent electromotive force E′o for the biochemical redox reaction {glutathioneox(aq) + 2 e=2 glutathionered(aq)} over a wide range of temperature, pH, and ionic strength. At T=298.15 K, I=0.25 mol · kg−1, and pH=7.0, the calculated value of E′o is −0.265 V.  相似文献   

17.
The thermodynamic parameters, ΔBG, ΔBH, ΔBS, and ΔBCp, of the drugs flurbiprofen (FLP), nabumetone (NAB), and naproxen (NPX) binding to β-cyclodextrin (βCD) and to γ-cyclodextrin (γCD) in 0.10 M sodium phosphate buffer were determined from isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) measurements over the temperature range from 293.15 K to 313.15 K. The heat capacity changes for the binding reactions ranged from −(362 ± 48) J · mol−1 · K−1 for FLP and −(238 ± 90) J · mol−1 · K−1 for NAB binding in the βCD cavity to 0 for FLP and −(25.1 ± 9.2) J · mol−1 · K−1 for NPX binding in the larger γCD cavity, implying that the structure of water is reorganized in the βCD binding reactions but not reorganized in the γCD binding reactions. Comparison of the fluorescence enhancements of FLP and NAB upon transferring from the aqueous buffer to isopropanol with the maximum fluorescence enhancements observed for their βCD binding reactions indicated that some localized water was retained in the FLP–βCD complex and almost none in the NAB–βCD complex. No fluorescence change occurs with drug binding in the larger γCD cavity, indicating the retention of the bulk water environment in the drug–γCD complex. Since the specific drug binding interactions are essentially the same for βCD and γCD, these differences in the retention of bulk water may account for the enthalpically driven nature of the βCD binding reactions and the entropically driven nature of the γCD binding reactions.  相似文献   

18.
The pH values of two buffer solutions without NaCl and seven buffer solutions with added NaCl, having ionic strengths (I = 0.16 mol · kg−1) similar to those of physiological fluids, have been evaluated at 12 temperatures from T = (278.15 to 328.15) K by way of the extended form of the Debye–Hückel equation of the Bates–Guggenheim convention. The residual liquid junction potentials (δEj) between the buffer solutions of TRICINE and saturated KCl solution of the calomel electrode at T = (298.15 and 310.15) K have been estimated by measurement with a flowing junction cell. For the buffer solutions with the molality of TRICINE(m1) = 0.06 mol · kg−1, NaTRICINE(m2) = 0.02 mol · kg−1, and NaCl(m3) = 0.14 mol · kg−1, the pH values at T = 310.15 K obtained from the extended Debye–Hückel equation and the inclusion of the liquid junction correction are 7.342 and 7.342, respectively. These are in excellent agreement. The zwitterionic buffer TRICINE is recommended as a secondary pH standard in the region for clinical application.  相似文献   

19.
A heat-flow Calvet microcalorimeter was adapted for the measurement of sublimation enthalpies by the vacuum-drop method, with samples of masses in the range 1 mg to 5 mg. The electrically calibrated apparatus was tested by determining the enthalpies of sublimation of benzoic acid and ferrocene, at T =  298.15 K. The obtained results, ΔcrgHmo(C7H6O2)  =  (88.3  ±  0.5)kJ · mol  1and ΔcrgHmo(C10H10Fe) =  (73.3  ±  0.1)kJ · mol  1, are in excellent agreement with the corresponding values recommended in the literature. Subsequent application of the apparatus to the determination of the enthalpy of sublimation of η5-bis-pentamethylcyclopentadyenyl iron, at T =  298.15 K, led to ΔcrgHmo(C20H30Fe)  =  (96.8  ±  0.6)kJ · mol  1.  相似文献   

20.
Low-temperature heat capacities of pyrimethanil laurate (C24H37N3O2) were precisely measured with an automated adiabatic calorimeter over the temperature range between T = 78 K and T = 340 K. The sample was observed to melt at (321.52 ± 0.04) K. The molar enthalpy and entropy of fusion as well as the chemical purity of the compound were determined to be (67244 ± 11) J · mol−1, (209.28 ± 0.02) J · mol−1 · K−1, (0.9943 ± 0.0004) mass fraction, respectively. The extrapolated melting temperature for the absolutely pure compound obtained from fractional melting experiments was (322.264 ± 0.006) K.  相似文献   

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