利用色谱法研究α—淀粉酶变性动力学

提出用尺寸排阻色谱法研究酶的变性动力学。此法将高效色谱分离同灵敏的紫外检测结合起来，消除了紫外法测定蛋白质变性速度时变性体的影响。确定了α－淀粉酶在盐酸胍溶液中变性时的反应级数。测定了不同浓度变性剂中酶的变性速度常数，并和答活速度常数进行了比较，讨论了影响酶变性速度的因素。     

肌酸激酶在胍溶液中的变性与失活速度的比较

本文以紫外差光谱、荧光光谱为监测手段测定肌酸激酶的变性与失活过程均为一级反应。在3M胍溶液中,30℃测得的失活速度常数为5.9秒~(-1),变性速度常数为1.9秒~(-1)。1M胍变性时,失活速度常数为4.3秒~(-1),而交性速度常数明显降低为0.04秒~(-1)。0.5M胍变性时,失活为两个一级过程,其速度常数分别为3.6秒~(-1)与0.003秒~(-1),此外酶还保持有3.4％的剩余活力;变性速度常数为0.004秒~(-1)。在0.3M胍中,酶的紫外差吸收及荧光变化都很小,但是60％的活力仍然迅速丧失,最后还保持有30％剩余活力。上述结果表明,酶的活性部位可能比较脆弱。酶分子双体的解聚或盐酸胍的抑制作用也可能引起酶的快速失活。低浓度胍变性时,失活过程的多相性意味着可能存在有部分活力的中间态。     

氨基酰化酶在脲溶液中变性时构象变化速度与失活速度的比较

应用了邹氏不可逆抑制动力学的方法,在变性剂存在的条件下,连续监测酶催化的底物反应过程,测定了氨基酰化酶在不同浓度脲溶液中失活的速度常数,并考察了底物的存在对酶失活的保护作用。同时,还比较了氨基酰化酶在不同浓度脲溶液中变性时失活和构象变化的速度。1mol/L,2mol/L脲变性时失活速度常数为为1.62×10~(-2)S~(-1)和2.05×10~(-2)S~(-1),但是酶分子的整体构象尚未发生明显变化。3mol/L脲变性时,失活速度常数为2.56×10~(-2)S~(-1),而变性速度常数为3.72×10~(-3)S~(-1)。失活速度比构象变化速度快大约一个数量级。在4mol/L,5mol/L,6mol/L脲溶液中变性时,酶分子快速失活,而其构象变化速度常数分别为5.27×10~(-3)S~(-1)。5.47×10~(-3)S~(-1),5.56×10~(-3)S~(-1)。可见,在相同浓度的脲溶液中,氨基酰化酶的失活速度明显快于酶分子整体构象变化的速度。上述结果表明,含有辅基金属离子Zn~(2+)的氨基酰化酶的活性部位较酶分子的整体结构也具有一定的柔性。     

肌酸激酶变性过程中圆二色光谱变化及巯基暴露的速度

本文以 CD光谱及巯基测定两种方法监测了肌酸激酶的变性过程.快速可反应巯基的测定表明,巯基暴露速度与从前报道过的荧光光谱及紫外差光谱的变化速度大体相当.但是,在低浓度胍溶液中,隐蔽的芳香氨基酸尚未暴露时,酶分子的椭圆度值已有了明显可察的变化.变性速度的比较表明,220nm平均残基椭圆度值的变化速度明显地慢于芳香氨基酸、巯基的暴露速度.这可能意味着,肌酸激酶分子内某些肽段具有松散的二级结构,又靠近分子表面,易受到低浓度胍的变性作用.而整个酶分子的二级有序结构的破坏,还是慢于卷曲肽链的伸展速度,也即三级结构的破坏速度。     

镍离子与酵母乙醇脱氢酶的相互作用

不同体系中, 金属离子与蛋白以不同的结合方式相互作用. 酵母乙醇脱氢酶是一个含锌金属酶, 它可催化乙醇脱氢为乙醛的反应. 本文应用紫外-可见光谱、荧光光谱、差示扫描量热法等技术研究了二价镍离子与酵母乙醇脱氢酶的相互作用. 镍离子与酶结合后在320 nm出现了紫外吸收带, 同时荧光光谱反映了酶的构象变化, 紫外与荧光光谱均展现了结合过程的双相动力学. 镍离子与酶的相互作用导致了酶由四聚体向二聚体的解离; 在酶热变性过程中, 镍离子增加了乙醇脱氢酶的变性温度和变性焓. 研究工作揭示了镍离子与酶相互作用复杂和深层的作用机制.     

基于阳离子共轭聚合物比色检测HIV逆转录酶的RNase H活性

利用阳离子聚噻吩衍生物与单链DNA和杂合体DNA/RNA通过静电相结合时所产生的紫外吸收变化,建立了一种检测HIV逆转录酶(RT-HIV)的RNase H活性的方法。阳离子聚噻吩衍生物的紫外吸收最大波长位于短波385nm,与单链DNA结合会使聚噻吩衍生物的紫外吸收最大波长红移至525nm;而与杂合体DNA/RNA结合时对其紫外吸收最大波长几乎没有影响,当利用RT-HIV的核糖核酸酶RNase H活性水解掉杂合体中的RNA时,杂合体溶液又会使聚噻吩衍生物的紫外吸收最大波长发生红移。结果表明,紫外吸收最大波长变化明显,甚至直观用肉眼就可以观察到杂合体水解前后溶液颜色的变化。同时还测定了不同时间下RNase H酶水解杂合体中RNA的吸光度变化曲线,计算出了RNase H酶水解的动力学常数和最大初速度。     

修饰脂肪酶催化水解反应的动力学和热力学研究

采用邻苯二甲酸酐(PA)对猪胰脂肪酶(PPL)进行了化学修饰,以三硝基苯磺酸法测定修饰酶的平均氨基修饰度,并比较了酶修饰前后的紫外光谱和荧光光谱;采用动力学方法考察了酸碱和热对修饰酶水解活性和稳定性的影响,并计算了一系列动力学和热力学参数.实验结果表明:PA对PPL的修饰度为30%,脂肪酶PPL经PA修饰后,其紫外特征吸收峰发生红移,吸收强度降低,而且最大荧光发射峰发生蓝移,荧光强度增大;PPL经PA修饰前后,催化水解反应的最适pH和最适温度未发生变化,仍为pH7.5和40℃,但修饰后酶催化水解的效率和酶与底物的亲和力得到有效提高,反应的活化能Ea、自由能ΔG≠、活化焓ΔH≠及活化熵ΔS≠均明显降低,如最适条件下修饰酶PA-PPL和脂肪酶PPL的转化数kcat和反应的活化能Ea分别为39.8 s-1、25.8 kJ/mol和34.4s-1、43.8kJ/mol;PPL经PA修饰后,酶分子热变性的热力学参数(变性活化能Ea,d、变性自由能ΔGd≠、变性活化焓ΔHd≠及变性活化熵ΔSd≠)均增大,半衰期t1/2延长,酶分子的热稳定性也得到有效提高.     

紫外光谱法实时测定腈水合酶的催化动力学

采用紫外光谱法研究了腈水合酶催化丙烯腈水合的过程,在不同丙烯腈初始浓度下,测定了催化过程中275nm紫外吸光度的变化,计算出丙烯酰胺的生成速率.用Michaelis-Menten方程对不同丙烯腈浓度下的Nocardiasp.腈水合酶催化速率进行了拟合,得到该酶以丙烯腈为底物的米氏常数(K_m)为8.46mmol/L,单位质量腈水合酶的催化速率常数(k_cat)为2398μmol/(min·mg).     

pH值对亚甲基蓝/β-环糊精包合常数的影响

本文用紫外-可见分光光度法测定了亚甲基蓝/β-环糊精包合物的包合平衡常数(简称包合常数K)。并探讨了包合物溶液放置时间、亚甲基蓝初始浓度、溶液pH值对包合常数的影响。结果表明:亚甲基蓝/β-环糊精包合物的包结比为1∶1,溶液放置时间和亚甲基蓝初始浓度不影响亚甲基蓝/β-环糊精的包合常数,溶液pH对包合常数有较大的影响,pH=3~10时包合常数随pH值的增加而增加,包合常数在pH=7时为1×104L/mo。l     

聚羟基烷酸酯酶降解动力学研究

研究了羟基丁酸 羟基戊酸共聚物 (PHBV)在脂肪酶中的降解行为 ,用滴定法测定降解速度并进行酶促反应动力学研究 .探讨了降解速度与酶浓度和底物浓度的数学关系和Michaelis Menten常数 ,从实验上和理论上证实了PHBV的物理形态和几何尺寸对酶降解过程的影响 ,以及实验数据与非均相动力学模型的拟合     

二氧化碳和丙烯直接合成甲基丙烯酸的NiPMo/TiO2催化剂的研究

用溶胶-凝胶法以磷钼酸(MPA)的镍盐溶液水解钛酸四丁酯制备了NiPMo/TiO2催化剂.使用ICP、 XRD、 TG-DTA、 IR、 TPD-MS和微反应技术研究了催化剂的化学组成、热稳定性、化学吸附性质和催化反应性能.杂多钼酸盐与TiO2通过O2-在TiO2表面发生了键合.在623 K下,杂多阴离子仍保持原有的Keggin结构.CO2在Lewis酸位Ni(Ⅱ)和Lewis碱位Ni-O-Mo的桥氧协同作用下生成CO2卧式吸附态Ni(Ⅱ)←O-(CO)←(O--Ni).丙烯有多种吸附态在催化剂上吸附.在563 K、 1 MPa和空速1500 h-1的反应条件下,丙烯的摩尔转化率为3.2%,产物MAA选择性为95%.     

Synthesis of 1-benzyloxypyrazin-2(1H)-one derivatives

Different approaches for the synthesis of 1-benzyloxypyrazin-2(1H)-one derivatives from simple amino acids have been investigated. A library of 33 precursors for the preparation of N-hydroxy pyrazinones was obtained in moderate to good yields.     

A general and convenient synthesis of 4-(tosylmethyl)semicarbazones and their use in amidoalkylation of hydrogen,heteroatom, and carbon nucleophiles

A general synthesis of previously unknown semicarbazone-based α-amidoalkylating reagents, 4-(tosylmethyl)semicarbazones, has been developed. The synthesis involved three-component condensation of semicarbazones of aliphatic or aromatic aldehydes with the same or other aldehydes and p-toluenesulfinic acid. The scope and limitations of this reaction were investigated. The compounds obtained were demonstrated to be an efficient α-(4-semicarbazono)alkylating agents. They were reacted with H- (sodium borohydride), O- (sodium methylate), S- (sodium phenylthiolate), N- (pyrrolidine, sodium succinimide), P- (trialkyl phosphites), and C-nucleophiles (sodium diethyl malonate) to give the corresponding products of the tosyl group substitution, 4-substituted semicarbazones, including analogues of nitrofurazone. Among the prepared compounds tested in vitro for antibacterial and antifungal activity, three nitrofuryl-containing semicarbazones exhibited high biological activities with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of 8–32 μg/mL.     

Synthesis of novel chiral bidentate hydroxyalkyl-N-heterocyclic carbene ligands and their application in palladium-catalyzed Mizoroki–Heck couplings and asymmetric addition of diethylzinc to benzaldehyde

A small library of new chiral bidentate hydroxyalkyl-imidazolium salts 1 is conveniently synthesized on multi-gram scale from inexpensive and commercially available chiral pool amino acids. The corresponding carbenes, generated by deprotonation of imidazolium salts 1, in combination with palladium(II) chloride were tested in the Mizoroki–Heck coupling reaction. The most significant results in terms of yields and reactivities were achieved with low catalyst loading. The catalytic activities of these imidazolium salts were also investigated in the asymmetric addition of diethylzinc to benzaldehyde. The use of MgO nanoparticles as an additive in conjunction with these ligands played a crucial role in increasing the efficiency of these reactions.     

Toward new camptothecins. Part 6: Synthesis of crucial ketones and their use in Friedländer reaction

In the context of the preparation of camptothecin and luotonin A analogs, the synthesis of some key keto-precursors and their use in Friedländer condensation are described. This paper also focuses on the stability of these keto intermediates and emphasizes the major differences between indolizinones and pyrroloquinazolinones series. Noteworthy is also the report of some original structures isolated as by-products of some experiments.     

α-Amino acid derived enaminones and their application in the synthesis of N-protected methyl 5-substituted-4-hydroxypyrrole-3-carboxylates and other heterocycles

A new and simple synthesis of novel N-protected methyl 5-substituted-4-hydroxypyrrole-3-carboxylates, which exist in equilibrium with their 4-oxo tautomers, has been developed in two steps starting from N-protected α-amino acids. The key intermediates are enaminones, which can also be isolated, characterized, and used for the construction of other functionalized heterocycles, before they spontaneously decompose to pyrrole products. 4-Hydroxypyrroles are prone to partial aerial oxidation but can be efficiently alkylated or reduced to stable polysubstituted pyrrolidine derivatives.     

Specific intramolecular aromatic CH insertion of diazosulfonamides

The chemoselectivity in the intramolecular CH insertion of various diazosulfonamides has been experimentally studied. The results reveal that the aliphatic 1,4-, 1,5-, or 1,6-C(sp³)?H insertions of diazosulfonamides are not accessible, while the aromatic 1,5-C(sp²)?H insertion can be realized specifically by adjusting the diazo-adjacent group. In addition, the general chemoselectivities in the intramolecular CH insertions of diazosulfonyl compounds are summarized. Generally, diazosulfones undergo both aromatic 1,5-C(sp²)?H and aliphatic 1,5- and 1,6-C(sp³)?H insertions, while diazosulfonates undergo aliphatic 1,5- and 1,6-C(sp³)?H insertions. However, diazosulfonamides only undergo aromatic 1,5-C(sp²)?H insertion.     

CoFe2O4自形成磁性液体场致结构化对磁化的影响

The Langevin paramagnetic theory can’t describe the relation between magnetization of ferrofluids and applied magnetic field. The structuralization of ferrofluids, which is considered the main influence factor of the magnetization, is regarded. The part of magnetization works is deposited when the structure is forming. This action influences the magnetization of ferrofluids directly or indirectly. On the base of the “compressing” model, the Langevin function that usually describes the magnetization of ferrofluid is modified, and a well-fitted curve is obtained. An equation of the relation between the equivalent volume fraction after being “compressed” and the intensity of magnetic field is discovered, which approximately describes the process of magnetization. The relation between the approximate initial susceptibility and the volume fraction can be obtained from modified formula.     

Microwave-assisted copper-catalyzed stereoselective ring expansion of three-membered heterocycles with α-diazo-β-dicarbonyl compounds

Microwave-assisted copper-catalyzed ring expansions of three-membered heterocycles with α-diazo-β-dicarbonyl compounds were investigated. Thiiranes generated 3-acyl-5,6-dihydro-1,4-oxathiines in the presence of copper sulfate and trans-3-acyl-5,6-dihydro-1,4-oxathiines as stereospecific products for 1,2-disubstituted cis-thiiranes through an intramolecular S_N2 process. Oxiranes gave rise to 2-acyl-5,6-dihydro-1,4-dioxines under the catalysis of copper hexafluoroacetylacetonate and cis-3-acyl-5,6-dihydro-1,4-dioxines as stereospecific products for 1,2-disubstituted cis-oxiranes via an intimate ion-pair mechanism. The current method provides a direct and simple strategy in efficient preparation of 3-acyl-5,6-dihydro-1,4-oxathiines and 2-acyl-5,6-dihydro-1,4-dioxines, important agents in medicinal and agricultural chemistry, from readily available thiiranes and oxiranes, respectively.     

KMnO4-mediated oxidative CN bond cleavage of tertiary amines: Synthesis of amides and sulfonamides

KMnO₄-mediated oxidative CN bond cleavage of tertiary amines producing secondary amine was introduced, which was trapped by electrophiles (acyl chloride and sulfonyl chloride) to form amides and sulfonamides. The reaction could take place at mild condition, tolerating a wide range of function groups and affording products in moderate to excellent yields.